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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]  → [[Language/Kinyarwanda/Vocabulary|Vocabulary]] → [[Language/Kinyarwanda/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Greetings and Introductions → Basic Greetings</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]  → [[Language/Kinyarwanda/Vocabulary|Vocabulary]] → [[Language/Kinyarwanda/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Greetings and Introductions → Basic Greetings</div>


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<p>Welcome to the Kinyarwanda course! This lesson is designed to help you learn basic greetings in Kinyarwanda. Greeting someone is one of the most important ways to show respect and build connections with people, whether you're traveling in Rwanda, meeting new people, or just saying hello.</p>
== Introduction ==
 
Welcome to the lesson on basic greetings in Kinyarwanda! In this lesson, we will learn how to greet people in Kinyarwanda, including formal and informal greetings, as well as how to say goodbye and thank you. Greetings are an essential part of any language, as they allow us to connect with others and establish positive relationships. By learning how to greet people in Kinyarwanda, you will be able to make a great impression and show respect to the Rwandan culture and its people.
 
In this lesson, we will start by exploring the importance of greetings in the context of the Kinyarwanda language. We will then delve into the details of basic greetings, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. To make the learning experience more engaging and relatable, we will also include cultural information and interesting facts about greetings in Rwanda. Finally, we will conclude the lesson with a series of exercises and practice scenarios, where you can apply what you have learned and reinforce your understanding of basic greetings in Kinyarwanda.


<h2>Formal and Informal Greetings<h2>
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to confidently greet people in Kinyarwanda, whether you are in a formal or informal setting. So let's get started and embark on this exciting journey to learn Kinyarwanda greetings!
<p> In Kinyarwanda, greetings can be formal, informal or ubiquitous. Here are some of the most commonly used greetings:</p>


<h3>Formal Greetings</h3>
== The Importance of Greetings in Kinyarwanda ==
<p>Formal greetings are used with people whom you don't know, older people, and people in authority or high social standing.</p>
 
In Kinyarwanda culture, greetings are highly valued and play a significant role in social interactions. Greetings are not just a way to say hello, but they also reflect respect, politeness, and a genuine interest in the well-being of others. When you greet someone in Kinyarwanda, you are acknowledging their presence, showing them that you care, and establishing a positive connection. In Rwandan society, it is considered impolite to ignore or neglect greetings, as they are seen as a way to foster a sense of community and harmony.
 
Moreover, greetings in Kinyarwanda can vary depending on the level of formality and the relationship between the individuals involved. For instance, when greeting elders or people in authority, it is customary to use more formal greetings to show respect. On the other hand, when greeting friends and peers, informal greetings are commonly used to convey familiarity and camaraderie. By understanding the nuances of greetings in Kinyarwanda, you will be able to navigate various social situations with ease and cultural sensitivity.
 
== Basic Greetings in Kinyarwanda ==
 
Now, let's explore some basic greetings in Kinyarwanda. We will start with formal greetings, followed by informal greetings, and conclude with how to say goodbye and thank you.
 
=== Formal Greetings ===
 
When greeting someone in a formal setting, such as a workplace or a formal event, it is important to use respectful language and gestures. Here are some common formal greetings in Kinyarwanda:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Kinyarwanda !! Pronunciation !! English
! Kinyarwanda !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| Muraho || moo-ra-ho || Good morning/hello
| Muraho || Moo-rah-ho || Hello
|-
|-
| Mwaramutse || mwa-ra-moo-tse || Good morning (specifically used before noon)
| Murakoze || Moo-rah-koh-zay || Thank you
|-
|-
| Mwiriwe || mwi-ri-we || Good afternoon
| Murabeho || Moo-rah-beh-ho || Goodbye (when leaving)
|-
|-
| Mwiriyehe || mwi-ri-ye-he || Good evening
| Murakaza neza || Moo-rah-kah-zah neh-zah || Welcome
|-
|-
| Murabeho || moo-ra-be-ho || Goodbye (used when the person leaving is younger or of lower status)
| Ndagukunda || N-dah-goo-koon-dah || I love you
|-
| Murakoze || moo-ra-ko-ze || Thank you (used for formal gratitude)
|}
|}


<h3>Informal Greetings</h3>
Let's break down each greeting and understand its usage:
<p> Informal greetings are used within family and friend circles, and with people of the same age and social standing. </p>
 
- "Muraho" is a versatile greeting that can be used to say hello, good morning, good afternoon, or good evening. It is a polite and respectful way to acknowledge someone's presence and start a conversation.
 
- "Murakoze" is an essential phrase that means thank you. It is important to express gratitude when someone does something kind or helpful for you. Using "Murakoze" shows appreciation and respect.
 
- "Murabeho" is used to say goodbye when you are leaving. It is a way to bid farewell to someone in a formal manner. Remember to use this phrase when you are the one leaving the conversation or the place.
 
- "Murakaza neza" is a warm welcome greeting. It is used to greet someone when they arrive at a place or join a gathering. This phrase conveys hospitality and friendliness.
 
- "Ndagukunda" is an expression of love and affection. It is a powerful phrase that can be used to express love for family members, friends, or romantic partners. However, it is important to use this phrase with caution and only in appropriate contexts.
 
=== Informal Greetings ===
 
In more casual or informal settings, such as among friends or peers, Kinyarwanda greetings can be more relaxed and friendly. Here are some common informal greetings:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Kinyarwanda !! Pronunciation !! English
! Kinyarwanda !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| Yewe! || ye-we || Hey! / Hi!
| Amakuru || Ah-mah-koo-roo || What's up?
|-
|-
| Bite? || bee-te || What’s up?
| Neza || Neh-zah || Fine
|-
|-
| Nziza. || nzi-za || Nice (to greet someone or when someone asks you how you are doing)
| Yego || Yeh-goh || Yes
|-
|-
| Ni meza || nee-meh-za  || I am fine
| Oya || Oh-yah || No
|-
| Muraho || Moo-rah-ho || Hello
|}
|}


<h2>Goodbye and Thank You</h2>
Let's explore the meanings and usage of these informal greetings:
<p> Just as saying hello is important, so too is saying goodbye and thank you. Here are some common words for saying goodbye and thank you.</p>
 
- "Amakuru" is an informal way to ask "What's up?" or "How are you?". It is a casual greeting used among friends and peers. It shows interest in the well-being of the other person.
 
- "Neza" is a simple response to "Amakuru". It means "fine" or "good". This response indicates that everything is going well in your life.
 
- "Yego" is the Kinyarwanda word for "yes". It is a straightforward and affirmative response to questions or statements.
 
- "Oya" is the Kinyarwanda word for "no". It is a direct and negative response to questions or statements.


<h3>Goodbye</h3>
- "Muraho" is a versatile greeting that can be used in both formal and informal settings. When used informally, it conveys a friendly and casual hello.
 
=== Goodbye and Thank You ===
 
In addition to greetings, it is important to know how to say goodbye and thank you in Kinyarwanda. Here are some common phrases:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Kinyarwanda !! Pronunciation !! English
! Kinyarwanda !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| Murabeho || moo-ra-be-ho || Goodbye (used when the person leaving is younger or of lower status)
| Murabeho || Moo-rah-beh-ho || Goodbye (when leaving)
|-
|-
| Murakoze || moo-ra-ko-ze || Thank you/ Goodbye (used for formal gratitude or with people you know well)
| Murakoze || Moo-rah-koh-zay || Thank you
|-
|-
| Seeya/Bye || see-ya / bye || Bye (used informally)
| Murakoze cyane || Moo-rah-koh-zay chyanay || Thank you very much
|-
| Ni meza || Nee meh-zah || You're welcome
|-
| Aho neza || Ah-hoh neh-zah || Take care
|}
|}


<h3>Thank You</h3>
- "Murabeho" is used to say goodbye when you are leaving. It is a polite and respectful way to bid farewell to someone.
 
- "Murakoze" is the general expression for thank you. It is important to express gratitude when someone does something kind or helpful for you.
 
- "Murakoze cyane" is an enhanced version of "Murakoze" and means "thank you very much". It is used when you want to express deep gratitude and appreciation.
 
- "Ni meza" is the response to "Murakoze" and means "you're welcome". It is a polite way to acknowledge someone's gratitude and show that their thanks are appreciated.
 
- "Aho neza" is a common phrase used to wish someone to take care. It is a way to show concern for someone's well-being and safety.
 
== Cultural Insights and Interesting Facts ==
 
Greetings in Kinyarwanda are not just about exchanging words; they also reflect the values and traditions of Rwandan culture. Here are some cultural insights and interesting facts about greetings in Rwanda:
 
1. Handshakes: In Rwanda, it is customary to greet someone with a handshake. When shaking hands, it is important to use your right hand and make eye contact. This gesture shows respect and establishes a personal connection.
 
2. Greeting Elders: Rwandan culture places a strong emphasis on respect for elders. When greeting an elder, it is customary to lower your head slightly as a sign of deference and use a more formal greeting.
 
3. Greetings and Time of Day: In Kinyarwanda, the time of day can influence the choice of greeting. For example, "Muraho" can be used as a general greeting throughout the day, but "Murakose neza" is more commonly used in the morning to greet someone and wish them a good day.
 
4. Greetings and Relationships: The choice of greeting can also depend on the relationship between individuals. Close friends and family members may use more informal greetings, while formal greetings are reserved for strangers or people in positions of authority.
 
5. Greetings and Gender: In Rwandan culture, it is important to recognize gender differences when greeting someone. Men and women may use different greetings or variations of the same greeting to show respect and maintain social norms.
 
6. Greetings and Introductions: In Kinyarwanda culture, greetings often go hand in hand with introductions. When meeting someone for the first time, it is common to exchange greetings and ask each other's names. This helps establish a personal connection and shows interest in getting to know the other person.
 
== Exercises and Practice Scenarios ==
 
Now it's time to practice what you have learned! Here are some exercises and practice scenarios to help you solidify your understanding of basic greetings in Kinyarwanda:
 
Exercise 1: Formal or Informal?
For each greeting, determine whether it is a formal or informal greeting. Write "Formal" or "Informal" next to each greeting.


{| class="wikitable"
1. Muraho
! Kinyarwanda !! Pronunciation !! English
2. Murabeho
|-
3. Murakoze
| Murakoze || moo-ra-ko-ze || Thank You (used for formal gratitude)
4. Amakuru
|-
5. Neza
| Ni meza cyane || nee meh-za chya-ne || Thank you very much
 
|-
Exercise 2: Match the Greetings
| Urakoze cy’umwihariko || oo-ra-ko-ze ch’yoo-mwe-ha-rick-o || Thank you for helping me out
Match each Kinyarwanda greeting with its English translation. Write the corresponding letter next to each number.
|}
 
1. Muraho
2. Murakoze
3. Amakuru
4. Murabeho
5. Neza
 
A. Thank you
B. Goodbye
C. Hello
D. What's up?
E. Fine
 
Practice Scenario 1: Formal Greetings
Imagine you are attending a formal event in Rwanda. Practice greeting the following people with appropriate formal greetings:
 
1. Your boss
2. A government official
3. An elder in the community
 
Practice Scenario 2: Informal Greetings
Imagine you are meeting up with friends in Rwanda. Practice using informal greetings with the following scenarios:
 
1. Greeting a friend you haven't seen in a while
2. Greeting a group of friends at a social gathering
 
Remember to use the appropriate greetings based on the relationship and level of formality in each scenario.
 
== Conclusion ==


<h2>Cultural Information and Interesting Facts</h2>
Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on basic greetings in Kinyarwanda. In this lesson, you have learned how to greet people in Kinyarwanda, including formal and informal greetings, as well as how to say goodbye and thank you. Greetings are an essential part of the Kinyarwanda language and Rwandan culture, as they reflect respect, politeness, and a genuine interest in others.
<p> Kinyarwanda has several interesting cultural aspects, one being the use of the prefix 'mu-' which can be used to refer to place, time, or status of people. For example, Kigali is known as 'umujyi wa Kigali,' meaning city of Kigali. Also, the national language of Rwanda is Kinyarwanda, but Rwanda has several official languages including English, French, and Swahili which are widely spoken.</p>


<p>In addition, Rwandans are known for their hospitality and traditions. The most important festival is Umuganda, which means "coming together for a common Purpose." The festival takes place on the last Saturday of each month and everyone is expected to participate in cleaning and development work within their communities. This type of communal work is considered an essential part of Rwanda's culture and reflects the values of hard work and self-help.</p>
By understanding the importance of greetings in Kinyarwanda and practicing the various greetings, you will be able to navigate social interactions with confidence and cultural sensitivity. Remember to always consider the context, relationship, and level of formality when choosing the appropriate greeting.


<p> Another interesting tradition is that when meeting someone for the first time, it's important to greet them in Kinyarwanda and ask "Amakuru?" (How are you?). Then you should take a few minutes to ask about the person's family, work, and health.</p>
Continue practicing your Kinyarwanda greetings in everyday conversations and explore more cultural insights to deepen your understanding of the language. In the next lesson, we will learn how to introduce ourselves and ask for someone's name in Kinyarwanda, as well as how to say 'nice to meet you'.


<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Keep up the great work, and "Murakoze cyane" for your dedication to learning Kinyarwanda!
<p>By the end of this lesson, you should have a basic understanding of how to greet people in Kinyarwanda, how to say goodbye and thank you, as well as information about Rwandan culture and traditions. Remember, welcoming greetings and goodbyes are a good way to build and maintain relationships, demonstrate respect and positive intentions towards others. Move on confidently to the next lesson to learn how to introduce yourself and ask for someone's name in Kinyarwanda.</p>


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==Videos==
 
===Basic Kinyarwanda words+phrases for TRAVELERS - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXubNjQjuAc</youtube>








==Videos==
==Sources==
* [https://sites.google.com/a/wisc.edu/learning-kinyarwanda/lessons-in-kinyarwanda/greetings-and-introductions 1.) Greetings and Introductions - Learning Kinyarwanda]
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/kinyarwanda.php Useful phrases in Kinyarwanda]


===Basic Kinyarwanda words+phrases for TRAVELERS - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXubNjQjuAc</youtube>




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<span class='maj'></span>
 
==Sources==
* [https://sites.google.com/a/wisc.edu/learning-kinyarwanda/lessons-in-kinyarwanda/greetings-and-introductions 1.) Greetings and Introductions - Learning Kinyarwanda]
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/kinyarwanda.php Useful phrases in Kinyarwanda]


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Latest revision as of 11:32, 22 June 2023

Next Lesson — Introducing Yourself ▶️

Kinyarwanda-flag-polyglotclub.fw.png
Kinyarwanda → Vocabulary → 0 to A1 Course → Greetings and Introductions → Basic Greetings

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Welcome to the lesson on basic greetings in Kinyarwanda! In this lesson, we will learn how to greet people in Kinyarwanda, including formal and informal greetings, as well as how to say goodbye and thank you. Greetings are an essential part of any language, as they allow us to connect with others and establish positive relationships. By learning how to greet people in Kinyarwanda, you will be able to make a great impression and show respect to the Rwandan culture and its people.

In this lesson, we will start by exploring the importance of greetings in the context of the Kinyarwanda language. We will then delve into the details of basic greetings, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. To make the learning experience more engaging and relatable, we will also include cultural information and interesting facts about greetings in Rwanda. Finally, we will conclude the lesson with a series of exercises and practice scenarios, where you can apply what you have learned and reinforce your understanding of basic greetings in Kinyarwanda.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to confidently greet people in Kinyarwanda, whether you are in a formal or informal setting. So let's get started and embark on this exciting journey to learn Kinyarwanda greetings!

The Importance of Greetings in Kinyarwanda[edit | edit source]

In Kinyarwanda culture, greetings are highly valued and play a significant role in social interactions. Greetings are not just a way to say hello, but they also reflect respect, politeness, and a genuine interest in the well-being of others. When you greet someone in Kinyarwanda, you are acknowledging their presence, showing them that you care, and establishing a positive connection. In Rwandan society, it is considered impolite to ignore or neglect greetings, as they are seen as a way to foster a sense of community and harmony.

Moreover, greetings in Kinyarwanda can vary depending on the level of formality and the relationship between the individuals involved. For instance, when greeting elders or people in authority, it is customary to use more formal greetings to show respect. On the other hand, when greeting friends and peers, informal greetings are commonly used to convey familiarity and camaraderie. By understanding the nuances of greetings in Kinyarwanda, you will be able to navigate various social situations with ease and cultural sensitivity.

Basic Greetings in Kinyarwanda[edit | edit source]

Now, let's explore some basic greetings in Kinyarwanda. We will start with formal greetings, followed by informal greetings, and conclude with how to say goodbye and thank you.

Formal Greetings[edit | edit source]

When greeting someone in a formal setting, such as a workplace or a formal event, it is important to use respectful language and gestures. Here are some common formal greetings in Kinyarwanda:

Kinyarwanda Pronunciation English Translation
Muraho Moo-rah-ho Hello
Murakoze Moo-rah-koh-zay Thank you
Murabeho Moo-rah-beh-ho Goodbye (when leaving)
Murakaza neza Moo-rah-kah-zah neh-zah Welcome
Ndagukunda N-dah-goo-koon-dah I love you

Let's break down each greeting and understand its usage:

- "Muraho" is a versatile greeting that can be used to say hello, good morning, good afternoon, or good evening. It is a polite and respectful way to acknowledge someone's presence and start a conversation.

- "Murakoze" is an essential phrase that means thank you. It is important to express gratitude when someone does something kind or helpful for you. Using "Murakoze" shows appreciation and respect.

- "Murabeho" is used to say goodbye when you are leaving. It is a way to bid farewell to someone in a formal manner. Remember to use this phrase when you are the one leaving the conversation or the place.

- "Murakaza neza" is a warm welcome greeting. It is used to greet someone when they arrive at a place or join a gathering. This phrase conveys hospitality and friendliness.

- "Ndagukunda" is an expression of love and affection. It is a powerful phrase that can be used to express love for family members, friends, or romantic partners. However, it is important to use this phrase with caution and only in appropriate contexts.

Informal Greetings[edit | edit source]

In more casual or informal settings, such as among friends or peers, Kinyarwanda greetings can be more relaxed and friendly. Here are some common informal greetings:

Kinyarwanda Pronunciation English Translation
Amakuru Ah-mah-koo-roo What's up?
Neza Neh-zah Fine
Yego Yeh-goh Yes
Oya Oh-yah No
Muraho Moo-rah-ho Hello

Let's explore the meanings and usage of these informal greetings:

- "Amakuru" is an informal way to ask "What's up?" or "How are you?". It is a casual greeting used among friends and peers. It shows interest in the well-being of the other person.

- "Neza" is a simple response to "Amakuru". It means "fine" or "good". This response indicates that everything is going well in your life.

- "Yego" is the Kinyarwanda word for "yes". It is a straightforward and affirmative response to questions or statements.

- "Oya" is the Kinyarwanda word for "no". It is a direct and negative response to questions or statements.

- "Muraho" is a versatile greeting that can be used in both formal and informal settings. When used informally, it conveys a friendly and casual hello.

Goodbye and Thank You[edit | edit source]

In addition to greetings, it is important to know how to say goodbye and thank you in Kinyarwanda. Here are some common phrases:

Kinyarwanda Pronunciation English Translation
Murabeho Moo-rah-beh-ho Goodbye (when leaving)
Murakoze Moo-rah-koh-zay Thank you
Murakoze cyane Moo-rah-koh-zay chyanay Thank you very much
Ni meza Nee meh-zah You're welcome
Aho neza Ah-hoh neh-zah Take care

- "Murabeho" is used to say goodbye when you are leaving. It is a polite and respectful way to bid farewell to someone.

- "Murakoze" is the general expression for thank you. It is important to express gratitude when someone does something kind or helpful for you.

- "Murakoze cyane" is an enhanced version of "Murakoze" and means "thank you very much". It is used when you want to express deep gratitude and appreciation.

- "Ni meza" is the response to "Murakoze" and means "you're welcome". It is a polite way to acknowledge someone's gratitude and show that their thanks are appreciated.

- "Aho neza" is a common phrase used to wish someone to take care. It is a way to show concern for someone's well-being and safety.

Cultural Insights and Interesting Facts[edit | edit source]

Greetings in Kinyarwanda are not just about exchanging words; they also reflect the values and traditions of Rwandan culture. Here are some cultural insights and interesting facts about greetings in Rwanda:

1. Handshakes: In Rwanda, it is customary to greet someone with a handshake. When shaking hands, it is important to use your right hand and make eye contact. This gesture shows respect and establishes a personal connection.

2. Greeting Elders: Rwandan culture places a strong emphasis on respect for elders. When greeting an elder, it is customary to lower your head slightly as a sign of deference and use a more formal greeting.

3. Greetings and Time of Day: In Kinyarwanda, the time of day can influence the choice of greeting. For example, "Muraho" can be used as a general greeting throughout the day, but "Murakose neza" is more commonly used in the morning to greet someone and wish them a good day.

4. Greetings and Relationships: The choice of greeting can also depend on the relationship between individuals. Close friends and family members may use more informal greetings, while formal greetings are reserved for strangers or people in positions of authority.

5. Greetings and Gender: In Rwandan culture, it is important to recognize gender differences when greeting someone. Men and women may use different greetings or variations of the same greeting to show respect and maintain social norms.

6. Greetings and Introductions: In Kinyarwanda culture, greetings often go hand in hand with introductions. When meeting someone for the first time, it is common to exchange greetings and ask each other's names. This helps establish a personal connection and shows interest in getting to know the other person.

Exercises and Practice Scenarios[edit | edit source]

Now it's time to practice what you have learned! Here are some exercises and practice scenarios to help you solidify your understanding of basic greetings in Kinyarwanda:

Exercise 1: Formal or Informal? For each greeting, determine whether it is a formal or informal greeting. Write "Formal" or "Informal" next to each greeting.

1. Muraho 2. Murabeho 3. Murakoze 4. Amakuru 5. Neza

Exercise 2: Match the Greetings Match each Kinyarwanda greeting with its English translation. Write the corresponding letter next to each number.

1. Muraho 2. Murakoze 3. Amakuru 4. Murabeho 5. Neza

A. Thank you B. Goodbye C. Hello D. What's up? E. Fine

Practice Scenario 1: Formal Greetings Imagine you are attending a formal event in Rwanda. Practice greeting the following people with appropriate formal greetings:

1. Your boss 2. A government official 3. An elder in the community

Practice Scenario 2: Informal Greetings Imagine you are meeting up with friends in Rwanda. Practice using informal greetings with the following scenarios:

1. Greeting a friend you haven't seen in a while 2. Greeting a group of friends at a social gathering

Remember to use the appropriate greetings based on the relationship and level of formality in each scenario.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on basic greetings in Kinyarwanda. In this lesson, you have learned how to greet people in Kinyarwanda, including formal and informal greetings, as well as how to say goodbye and thank you. Greetings are an essential part of the Kinyarwanda language and Rwandan culture, as they reflect respect, politeness, and a genuine interest in others.

By understanding the importance of greetings in Kinyarwanda and practicing the various greetings, you will be able to navigate social interactions with confidence and cultural sensitivity. Remember to always consider the context, relationship, and level of formality when choosing the appropriate greeting.

Continue practicing your Kinyarwanda greetings in everyday conversations and explore more cultural insights to deepen your understanding of the language. In the next lesson, we will learn how to introduce ourselves and ask for someone's name in Kinyarwanda, as well as how to say 'nice to meet you'.

Keep up the great work, and "Murakoze cyane" for your dedication to learning Kinyarwanda!

Table of Contents - Kinyarwanda Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Drink


Questions and Negation


Travel and Transportation


Rwandan Customs and Traditions

Videos[edit | edit source]

Basic Kinyarwanda words+phrases for TRAVELERS - YouTube[edit | edit source]



Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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