Language/Javanese/Grammar/Past-Tense
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In the fascinating realm of Javanese language, understanding the past tense is essential for expressing completed actions. This lesson will help English-speaking learners grasp how to conjugate and use Javanese verbs in the past tense, so that they can narrate their experiences and share stories with others. As we delve into this topic, we’ll explore the structure of past tense verbs, provide numerous examples, and engage in practical exercises that will solidify your understanding.
Throughout this lesson, you'll learn:
- The formation of past tense verbs in Javanese
- Examples of past tense conjugations
- Common verbs used in the past tense
- Practice scenarios to apply your new knowledge
With that said, let's get started!
Understanding Javanese Past Tense[edit | edit source]
In Javanese, expressing the past tense is often about conveying actions that have already been completed. This is crucial for effective communication, as it allows speakers to relate experiences and narrate events in a coherent manner.
Javanese verbs can change in form to indicate past actions. Generally, the past tense can be formed by adding specific prefixes or utilizing certain words that denote a completed action.
Structure of Past Tense Verbs[edit | edit source]
In Javanese, the past tense is marked by the addition of prefixes or alterations to the base verb. Here are some common ways to express past tense:
1. Adding the prefix "wis": This prefix is commonly used to indicate that an action has been completed.
2. Using the suffix "-ne": This indicates the completion of the action in some contexts.
Now, let’s look at some examples to illustrate these concepts:
| Javanese | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| wis mangan | wis maŋan | have eaten |
| wis pinter | wis pintər | have been smart |
| wis sinau | wis siˈnaw | have studied |
| wis ndelok | wis ndɛˈlok | have seen |
| wis lunga | wis luŋa | have gone |
| wis nulis | wis nuˈlis | have written |
| wis dolan | wis doˈlan | have played |
| wis ngombe | wis ŋombɛ | have drunk |
| wis ngendikan | wis ŋɛnˈdikan | have said |
| wis kerja | wis kərˈdʒa | have worked |
Common Verbs in Past Tense[edit | edit source]
Understanding how to use common verbs in the past tense will greatly enhance your ability to communicate. Below are more examples of frequently used verbs:
| Javanese | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| wis maca | wis maˈtʃa | have read |
| wis nonton | wis nɔntɔn | have watched |
| wis mlebu | wis mɛˈlɛbu | have entered |
| wis metu | wis mɛˈtu | have exited |
| wis tuku | wis tuˈku | have bought |
| wis nyanyi | wis ˈɲaɲi | have sung |
| wis ngajar | wis ˈŋaɪdʒar | have taught |
| wis nglukis | wis nɡluˈkis | have painted |
| wis ngatasi | wis ɡnataˈsi | have solved |
| wis ngatur | wis naˈtur | have arranged |
Using the Past Tense in Sentences[edit | edit source]
Let’s explore how these verbs can be incorporated into sentences. Here are some examples:
| Javanese | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| Aku wis mangan roti. | aˈku wis maŋan ˈroti | I have eaten bread. |
| Dheweke wis nonton film. | dɛˈwɛkɛ wis nɔntɔn ˈfilm | She has watched a movie. |
| Kita wis sinau bareng. | ˈkita wis siˈnaw ˈbarɛŋ | We have studied together. |
| Wong-wong wis lunga. | ˈwoŋ woŋ wis luŋa | They have gone away. |
| Aku wis nulis surat. | aˈku wis nuˈlis ˈsuːrat | I have written a letter. |
By practicing these sentences, you will become more comfortable using the past tense in Javanese.
Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]
Now that we have explored the structure and usage of the past tense, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some engaging exercises.
Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]
Complete the following sentences using the appropriate past tense form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Aku ___ (mangan) nasi.
2. Dheweke ___ (maca) buku.
3. Kita ___ (dolanan) bareng.
4. Wong-wong ___ (ngombe) teh.
5. Aku ___ (ngendikan) karo kanca.
Solutions:
1. Aku wis mangan nasi.
2. Dheweke wis maca buku.
3. Kita wis dolanan bareng.
4. Wong-wong wis ngombe teh.
5. Aku wis ngendikan karo kanca.
Exercise 2: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]
Translate the following sentences from English to Javanese.
1. I have bought a book.
2. They have sung a song.
3. She has painted a picture.
4. We have worked hard.
5. He has entered the room.
Solutions:
1. Aku wis tuku buku.
2. Wong-wong wis nyanyi lagu.
3. Dheweke wis nglukis gambar.
4. Kita wis kerja keras.
5. Dheweke wis mlebu kamar.
Exercise 3: Verb Conjugation[edit | edit source]
Conjugate the following verbs in the past tense.
1. Makan
2. Belajar
3. Berenang
4. Menari
5. Berbicara
Solutions:
1. Wis mangan
2. Wis sinau
3. Wis berenang
4. Wis menari
5. Wis berbicara
Exercise 4: Sentence Creation[edit | edit source]
Create your own sentences in Javanese using the past tense. Use the following verbs:
1. Makan
2. Beli
3. Nonton
4. Baca
5. Tidur
Sample Answers:
1. Aku wis mangan soto.
2. Dheweke wis beli sepatu.
3. Kita wis nonton acara TV.
4. Wong-wong wis baca koran.
5. Aku wis tidur telat.
Exercise 5: Matching Exercise[edit | edit source]
Match the Javanese past tense sentences with their English translations.
1. Aku wis ngunjungi omah.
2. Dheweke wis nyanyi lagu.
3. Kita wis dolan.
4. Wong-wong wis lunga.
5. Aku wis nulis cathetan.
A. I have visited home.
B. They have left.
C. We have played.
D. She has sung a song.
E. I have written notes.
Solutions:
1 - A: Aku wis ngunjungi omah. - I have visited home.
2 - D: Dheweke wis nyanyi lagu. - She has sung a song.
3 - C: Kita wis dolan. - We have played.
4 - B: Wong-wong wis lunga. - They have left.
5 - E: Aku wis nulis cathetan. - I have written notes.
Exercise 6: Correct the Errors[edit | edit source]
Identify and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1. Aku wis ndelok film. (correct)
2. Dheweke wis nulis surat. (correct)
3. Kita wis nonton konser. (correct)
4. Wong-wong wis dolan karo kanca. (correct)
5. Aku wis ngombe kopi. (correct)
Answers: All sentences are correct.
Exercise 7: Create a Dialogue[edit | edit source]
Write a short dialogue using the past tense between two friends discussing what they did last weekend.
Sample Dialogue:
A: Aku wis dolan menyang pantai.
B: Oh, aku wis nonton film ing bioskop.
A: Keren! Apa film kasebut apik?
B: Ya, film kasebut banget apik!
Exercise 8: Fill in the Gaps with Past Tense Verbs[edit | edit source]
Fill in the gaps with the correct past tense forms of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Dheweke ___ (menari) ing pesta.
2. Kita ___ (berbicara) babagan rencana.
3. Aku ___ (makan) ing restoran.
4. Wong-wong ___ (belajar) anyar.
5. Dheweke ___ (bermain) game.
Solutions:
1. Dheweke wis menari ing pesta.
2. Kita wis berbicara babagan rencana.
3. Aku wis mangan ing restoran.
4. Wong-wong wis sinau anyar.
5. Dheweke wis bermain game.
Exercise 9: Create Your Own Story[edit | edit source]
Write a short story using at least five different past tense verbs.
Sample Story:
Aku wis lunga menyang pasar. Ing pasar, aku wis tuku sayuran lan woh-wohan. Aku wis ketemu kanca lawas, lan kita wis ngobrol suwe. Banjur, aku wis mulih.
Exercise 10: Group Discussion[edit | edit source]
In groups, discuss what you did last summer using the past tense. Each group member should take turns sharing their experiences.
By participating in these exercises, you will reinforce your understanding of the past tense and gain confidence in your ability to communicate in Javanese.
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
Congratulations on completing this lesson on Javanese past tense! You have learned how to conjugate verbs to express actions that have already occurred. Remember, practice is key to mastering any language. As you continue your journey in learning Javanese, keep using the past tense in your conversations and writing.
Feel free to revisit this lesson whenever you need a refresher. The more you practice, the more fluent you'll become!
Sources[edit | edit source]
Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
- Adverbs of Manner
- Present Tense
- Pronouns
- Possessive Pronouns
- Plurals
- Questions and Negations
- Adjectives
- Subject Verb Object
- Give your Opinion
| ◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️ |