Language/Javanese/Culture/Politeness-Levels
Javanese culture places high importance on proper manners and social etiquette. Politeness is a fundamental aspect of Javanese society and language. In this lesson, you will learn about the different levels of politeness in Javanese language and culture, and how to use them appropriately in various social situations.
Politeness Levels
In Javanese language, there are different levels of politeness that are used to show respect and deference to others. These levels are known as "Ngoko", "Madya", and "Krama". The choice of which level to use depends on the social status and relationship between the speaker and the listener.
Ngoko
Ngoko is the most basic and informal level of politeness in Javanese language. It is used when speaking to family members, close friends, or people who are considered to be of equal or lower social status. Using Ngoko with someone of higher social status can be seen as disrespectful.
Examples:
| Javanese | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| Ngoko: Nggih | /ˈŋɡɪh/ | Yes (informal) |
| Ngoko: Suwun | /suˈwun/ | Thank you (informal) |
| Ngoko: Sampeyan | /sampɛ'jan/ | You (informal) |
Madya
Madya is an intermediate level of politeness in Javanese language. It is used when speaking to people who are older or of higher social status, such as teachers, bosses, or strangers. Madya is also used when addressing a group of people of mixed social status.
Examples:
| Javanese | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| Madya: Ingsun | /iŋ'sun/ | I (intermediate) |
| Madya: Matur nuwun | /ma'tur nuwun/ | Thank you (intermediate) |
| Madya: Kulo | /'kulo/ | You (intermediate) |
Krama
Krama is the most formal level of politeness in Javanese language. It is used when speaking to people of high social status, such as government officials, religious leaders, or royalty. Krama is also used in formal settings, such as ceremonies, speeches, or business meetings.
Examples:
| Javanese | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| Krama: Kula | /'kula/ | I (formal) |
| Krama: Suwargo | /su'warɡɔ/ | Thank you (formal) |
| Krama: Kersaning Gusti | /'kɛrsanɪŋ 'gusti/ | You (formal) |
Mixing Politeness Levels
It is possible to mix different levels of politeness together in Javanese language. This is known as "Campur" or "Ngecampur". Mixing politeness levels depends on the social situation and the relationship between the speaker and the listener.
For example, a person might use Ngoko with their younger sibling, Madya with their teacher, and Krama with a government official.
Social Context
In Javanese culture, the use of politeness levels is not solely based on grammar and vocabulary. It is also influenced by social context, such as the age, gender, occupation, and social status of the people involved.
For example, Javanese people often use specific honorific titles when addressing older or respected people. The honorific titles depend on the relationship between the speaker and the listener, and the listener's social status.
Examples:
| Javanese | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| Bapak / Urip Pujiastuti | /ˈbapak/ /'urip pu'dʒias.tuti/ | Mr. / Mrs. (used for elderly or respected people) |
| Mas / Mbak Slamet | /maʃ/ /mbak s'lamɛt/ | Brother / Sister (used for younger people or friends) |
| Ki Ageng Suromo | /ki a'ɡəŋ su'rɔmɔ/ | Grandfather (used for elderly people) |
It is important to pay attention to social context and use the appropriate level of politeness. Using the wrong level can be seen as disrespectful or rude.
Conclusion
Learning about the different levels of politeness in Javanese language and culture is important for effective communication and building relationships. By understanding the appropriate use of Ngoko, Madya, and Krama, you can show respect and deference to others in various social situations. Remember to pay attention to social context and use the appropriate honorific titles when necessary.
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