Language/Kashmiri/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation
< Language | Kashmiri | Pronunciation
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Rate this lesson: 
Kashmiri Alphabet & Pronunciation (कॉशुर / كٲشُر)
In this lesson, you will find a table listing the different letters and sounds in Kashmiri, videos to listen to the different sounds and a keyboard to be able to write on your computer the different letters.
Kashmiri is part of the Indo-Aryan language family. This language is also known as Cashmeeree, Cashmiri, Kacmiri, Kaschemiri, Keshur or Koshur.
Kashmiri first appeared in writing during the 8th century AD in the Sharda alphabet, which is still used in religious ceremonies. After the arrival of Islam in Kashmir, the Arabic script was adapted to write Kashmiri. Today Kashmiri Muslims write their language with the Arabic script, and Kashmiri Hindus used the Devanagari alphabet.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | ɨ ɨː | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | ə əː | o oː |
| Low | a aː | ɔ ɔː |
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./
Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Stop/
Affricate |
plain | p⠀b | t⠀d | t͡s | ʈ⠀ɖ | t͡ʃ⠀d͡ʒ | k⠀ɡ | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡sʰ | ʈʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| Fricative | s⠀z | ʃ | h | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
Writing System
Perso-Arabic
| Perso-Arabic | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | IPA | Isolated glyph |
| الف | /aː, ʔ/, ∅ | ا |
| بے | /b/ | ب |
| پے | /p/ | پ |
| تے | /t̪/ | ت |
| ٹے | /ʈ/ | ٹ |
| ثے | /s/ | ث |
| جیم | /d͡ʒ/ | ج |
| چے | /t͡ʃ/ | چ |
| بڑی حے | /h, ɦ/ | ح |
| خے | /kʰ/ | خ |
| دال | /d̪/ | د |
| ڈال | /ɖ/ | ڈ |
| ذال | /z/ | ذ |
| رے | /r/ | ر |
| ڑے | /ɽ/ | ڑ |
| زے | /z/ | ز |
| ژے | /t͡s/ | ژ |
| سین | /s/ | س |
| شین | /ʃ/ | ش |
| صواد | /s/ | ص |
| ضواد | /z/ | ض |
| طوئے | /t̪/ | ط |
| ظوئے | /z/ | ظ |
| عین | /aː, oː, eː, ʔ/, ∅ | ع |
| غین | /g/ | غ |
| فے | /f, pʰ/ | ف |
| بڑی قاف | /k/ | ق |
| كاف | /k/ | ک |
| گاف | /ɡ/ | گ |
| لام | /l/ | ل |
| میم | /m/ | م |
| نون | /n, ̃/ | ن |
| واؤ | /w, uː, oː, ɔː/ | و |
| هے | /h, ɦ/ or /ʰ, ʱ/ | ھ |
| همزہ | /ʔ/, ∅ | ء |
| چھوٹی یے | /j, iː, aː/ | ؠ |
| بڑی یے | /ɛː, eː/ | ے |
| IPA | Digraph | |
| [pʰ] | پھ | |
| [t̪ʰ] | تھ | |
| [ʈʰ] | ٹھ | |
| [t͡ʃʰ] | چھ | |
| [t͡sʰ] | ژھ | |
| [kʰ] | کھ | |
Devanagari
| Devanagari | Consonant letter | क | ख | ग | च | छ | ज | च़ | छ़ | ज़ | ट | ठ | ड | त | थ | द | न | प | फ | ब | म | य | ल | व | श | स | ह | ज़ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | [k] | [kʰ] | [g] | [t͡ʃ] | [t͡ʃʰ] | [d͡ʒ] | [t͡s] | [t͡sʰ] | [z] | [ʈ] | [ʈʰ] | [ɖ] | [t] | [tʰ] | [d] | [n] | [p] | [pʰ] | [b] | [m] | [j] | [l] | [w] | [ʃ] | [s] | [h] | [z] | |
| Vowel letter | अ | आ | अॅ | ऑ | ए' | ए | अ' | आ' | इ | ई | उ' | ऊ' | उ | ऊ | ओ' | ओ | ँ | |||||||||||
| IPA | [a] | [aː] | [ɔ] | [ɔː] | [e] | [eː] | [ə] | [əː] | [i] | [iː] | [ɨ] | [ɨː] | [u] | [uː] | [o] | [oː] | [◌̃] |
Video: Kashmiri Alphabet Pronunciation
Kashmiri Online Virtual Keyboard