Language/Kashmiri/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation
In this lesson, you will find a table listing the different letters and sounds in Kashmiri, videos to help you listen to the various sounds, and a keyboard to enable you to write the different letters on your computer. After mastering the basics of Kashmiri Pronunciation, you can further enhance your language skills by exploring Kashmiri Grammar - How to Use "Have", learning how to Say Hello and Greetings in Kashmiri, and expanding your vocabulary with Kashmiri Vocabulary - Fruits. Dive into the fascinating world of the Kashmiri language and enjoy your learning journey! 📚🎉
Kashmiri is part of the Indo-Aryan language family. This language is also known as Cashmeeree, Cashmiri, Kacmiri, Kaschemiri, Keshur or Koshur.
Kashmiri first appeared in writing during the 8th century AD in the Sharda alphabet, which is still used in religious ceremonies. After the arrival of Islam in Kashmir, the Arabic script was adapted to write Kashmiri. Today Kashmiri Muslims write their language with the Arabic script, and Kashmiri Hindus used the Devanagari alphabet.
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Vowels[edit | edit source]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | ɨ ɨː | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | ə əː | o oː |
| Low | a aː | ɔ ɔː |
Consonants[edit | edit source]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./
Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Stop/
Affricate |
plain | p⠀b | t⠀d | t͡s | ʈ⠀ɖ | t͡ʃ⠀d͡ʒ | k⠀ɡ | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡sʰ | ʈʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| Fricative | s⠀z | ʃ | h | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
Writing System[edit | edit source]
Perso-Arabic[edit | edit source]
| Name | IPA | Isolated glyph |
|---|---|---|
| الف | /aː, ʔ/, ∅ | ا |
| بے | /b/ | ب |
| پے | /p/ | پ |
| تے | /t̪/ | ت |
| ٹے | /ʈ/ | ٹ |
| ثے | /s/ | ث |
| جیم | /d͡ʒ/ | ج |
| چے | /t͡ʃ/ | چ |
| بڑی حے | /h, ɦ/ | ح |
| خے | /kʰ/ | خ |
| دال | /d̪/ | د |
| ڈال | /ɖ/ | ڈ |
| ذال | /z/ | ذ |
| رے | /r/ | ر |
| ڑے | /ɽ/ | ڑ |
| زے | /z/ | ز |
| ژے | /t͡s/ | ژ |
| سین | /s/ | س |
| شین | /ʃ/ | ش |
| صواد | /s/ | ص |
| ضواد | /z/ | ض |
| طوئے | /t̪/ | ط |
| ظوئے | /z/ | ظ |
| عین | /aː, oː, eː, ʔ/, ∅ | ع |
| غین | /g/ | غ |
| فے | /f, pʰ/ | ف |
| بڑی قاف | /k/ | ق |
| كاف | /k/ | ک |
| گاف | /ɡ/ | گ |
| لام | /l/ | ل |
| میم | /m/ | م |
| نون | /n, ̃/ | ن |
| واؤ | /w, uː, oː, ɔː/ | و |
| هے | /h, ɦ/ or /ʰ, ʱ/ | ھ |
| همزہ | /ʔ/, ∅ | ء |
| چھوٹی یے | /j, iː, aː/ | ؠ |
| بڑی یے | /ɛː, eː/ | ے |
| IPA | Digraph | |
| [pʰ] | پھ | |
| [t̪ʰ] | تھ | |
| [ʈʰ] | ٹھ | |
| [t͡ʃʰ] | چھ | |
| [t͡sʰ] | ژھ | |
| [kʰ] | کھ |
Devanagari[edit | edit source]
| Devanagari | Consonant letter | क | ख | ग | च | छ | ज | च़ | छ़ | ज़ | ट | ठ | ड | त | थ | द | न | प | फ | ब | म | य | ल | व | श | स | ह | ज़ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | [k] | [kʰ] | [g] | [t͡ʃ] | [t͡ʃʰ] | [d͡ʒ] | [t͡s] | [t͡sʰ] | [z] | [ʈ] | [ʈʰ] | [ɖ] | [t] | [tʰ] | [d] | [n] | [p] | [pʰ] | [b] | [m] | [j] | [l] | [w] | [ʃ] | [s] | [h] | [z] | |
| Vowel letter | अ | आ | अॅ | ऑ | ए' | ए | अ' | आ' | इ | ई | उ' | ऊ' | उ | ऊ | ओ' | ओ | ँ | |||||||||||
| IPA | [a] | [aː] | [ɔ] | [ɔː] | [e] | [eː] | [ə] | [əː] | [i] | [iː] | [ɨ] | [ɨː] | [u] | [uː] | [o] | [oː] | [◌̃] |
Video: Kashmiri Alphabet Pronunciation[edit | edit source]
Kashmiri Online Virtual Keyboard[edit | edit source]
Sources[edit | edit source]