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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Slovenian|Slovenian]]  → [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Unit 5 - Intermediate Grammar and Communication → Complex sentences and subordinations</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Slovenian|Slovenian]]  → [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar|Grammar]] → Complex sentences and subordinations</div>


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As a Slovenian language teacher with over 20 years of experience, I’ve come to appreciate the beauty and complexity of Slovenian grammar. In this lesson, we will delve deeper into intermediate grammar and communication, specifically focusing on complex sentences and subordinations. By the end of this lesson, students will learn how to form complex sentences in Slovenian, including relative and causative clauses, and subordinate conjunctions, such as if, when, and because.  
In this unit, we will delve into the intricacies of forming complex sentences in Slovenian. Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses provide additional information or add complexity to the main clause. We will explore various types of subordinate clauses, including relative and causative clauses, as well as the use of subordinate conjunctions such as if, when, and because. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to construct complex sentences in Slovenian.


== Relative Clauses ==


<span link>Finish this lesson and explore these related pages: [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be|How to Use Be]] & [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar/Cases|Cases]].</span>
Relative clauses are used to provide additional information about a noun in the main clause. In Slovenian, relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns, which agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they refer to. Let's look at some examples:
== Complex Sentences ==


Complex sentences, also known as compound-complex sentences, are sentences that contain at least two clauses, a main clause, and a subordinate clause. The main clause is the most important part of the sentence, conveying the main idea, while the subordinate clause adds extra information.
=== Relative Pronouns ===


A subordinate clause can function in different ways within a complex sentence. It can act as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. Let's dive into each of these functions in more detail.
Here are the most common relative pronouns in Slovenian:


=== Relative Clauses ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Slovenian !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| ki || ki || who, which, that
|-
| kar || kar || what, which
|-
| kamor || kamor || where
|-
| od kod || od kod || from where
|}


Relative clauses are subordinate clauses that function as adjectives, providing additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Relative clauses always begin with a relative pronoun or adverb, such as "who", "whom", "whose", "which", and "that."
=== Examples ===


Here is an example of a relative clause in Slovenian:
1. To je oseba, **ki** mi je pomagala. (This is the person **who** helped me.)
2. To je knjiga, **ki** sem jo prebral. (This is the book **that** I read.)
3. To je stvar, **ki** sem jo kupil. (This is the thing **that** I bought.)
4. To je kraj, **kamor** sem šel na dopust. (This is the place **where** I went on vacation.)
5. To je kraj, **od kod** sem prišel. (This is the place **where** I came from.)


{| class="wikitable"
In these examples, the relative pronouns "ki," "kar," "kamor," and "od kod" introduce the relative clauses and provide additional information about the nouns in the main clauses. Notice how the relative pronouns agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they refer to.
! Slovenian !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
== Causative Clauses ==
| Knjiga, ki sem jo prebral. || [knjíga kí sem yo prebrrral] || The book that I read.
|}


In this example, "ki" is the relative pronoun meaning "that" or "who". The relative clause "ki sem jo prebral" modifies the noun "knjiga" (book). Notice how the verb "prebral" (read) agrees with the gender and number of "knjiga". This is a characteristic feature of Slovenian grammar.  
Causative clauses are used to indicate the cause or reason behind an action or event in the main clause. In Slovenian, causative clauses are introduced by the conjunction "ker" (because) or "zato ker" (because). Let's see some examples:


=== Causative Clauses ===
=== Examples ===


Causative clauses are subordinate clauses that indicate why something has happened or will happen. In Slovenian, causative clauses usually begin with the subordinating conjunctions "ker" (because) or "zato ker" (therefore).
1. Ne morem priti, **ker** sem zelo zaposlen. (I can't come **because** I'm very busy.)
2. Nisem šel na zabavo, **ker** sem bil bolan. (I didn't go to the party **because** I was sick.)
3. Ne morem iti na potovanje, **ker** nimam denarja. (I can't go on a trip **because** I don't have money.)
4. Prišel sem **zato ker** sem te pogrešal. (I came **because** I missed you.)
5. Nisem kupil tega avtomobila **zato ker** ni bil v dobrem stanju. (I didn't buy that car **because** it wasn't in good condition.)


Here is an example of a causative clause in Slovenian:
In these examples, the conjunctions "ker" and "zato ker" introduce the causative clauses and provide the cause or reason behind the actions or events in the main clauses.


{| class="wikitable"
== Subordinate Conjunctions ==
! Slovenian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Ljubim te, ker si tako smešen. || [ljoobeem te ker see tahko smeeshen] || I love you because you are so funny.
|}


In this example, "ker" is the subordinating conjunction meaning "because". The causative clause "ker si tako smešen" provides extra information about why the speaker loves the person addressed in the main clause.
Subordinate conjunctions are used to introduce subordinate clauses and establish a relationship between the main clause and the subordinate clause. Let's explore some common subordinate conjunctions in Slovenian:


=== Subordinate Conjunctions ===
=== Subordinate Conjunctions ===


Subordinate conjunctions are words that connect subordinate clauses to main clauses. They indicate relationships between different parts of the sentence, such as time, cause and effect, contrast, or condition.
Here are some commonly used subordinate conjunctions in Slovenian:


Here are some examples of Slovenian subordinate conjunctions:
* če (if)
* ko (when)
* ker (because)
* čeprav (although)
* kadar (whenever)
* dokler (until)
* če že (even if)
* čeprav je (even though)
* tako da (so that)


* Ko – When
=== Examples ===
* Ker – Because
* Če – If
* Kot – Like
* Da – In order that
* Medtem ko – Meanwhile
* Čeprav – Although
* Ko pa – But when


It is important to note that the use of some subordinate conjunctions in Slovenian can be quite different from the use of the equivalent conjunctions in English. One example is "da", which can mean "in order that", but also "that" or "so that".
1. Če prideš na zabavo, prinesi s seboj nekaj hrane. (If you come to the party, bring some food with you.)
2. Ko sem bil v Ljubljani, sem obiskal staro prijateljico. (When I was in Ljubljana, I visited an old friend.)
3. Ker je bil deževen dan, smo ostali doma. (Because it was a rainy day, we stayed at home.)
4. Čeprav je bil zelo utrujen, je šel na tekmo. (Although he was very tired, he went to the match.)
5. Kadar se srečava, se vedno pogovarjava o knjigah. (Whenever we meet, we always talk about books.)


== Conclusion ==
In these examples, the subordinate conjunctions "če," "ko," "ker," "čeprav," and "kadar" introduce the subordinate clauses and establish a relationship with the main clauses.


Congratulations on learning about complex sentences and subordinations in Slovenian. By mastering relative clauses, causative clauses and subordinate conjunctions, you will be able to construct more complex, diverse, and meaningful sentences. Keep practicing, and you will become more fluent and confident in your Slovenian communication skills.
== Cultural Insights ==


In Slovenian culture, the use of complex sentences and subordinations is highly valued as it allows for more precise and nuanced communication. Slovenians appreciate clarity and specificity in their language, and the use of complex sentences helps to convey complex ideas and thoughts.
Historically, Slovenian has been influenced by neighboring languages such as German, Italian, and Hungarian. This has resulted in a rich and diverse linguistic landscape, with different regional variations in the usage and understanding of complex sentences. For example, in some regions, the use of relative clauses may be more prevalent, while in others, causative clauses may be favored. This regional variation adds depth and complexity to the language, reflecting the cultural diversity of Slovenia.
Interesting fact: Slovenian is known for its extensive use of diminutives, which are formed by adding suffixes to nouns, adjectives, and even verbs. The use of diminutives adds a sense of familiarity, affection, and warmth to the language. It is not uncommon to hear Slovenians using diminutives in everyday conversation, as they contribute to the overall charm and friendliness of the language.
== Exercises ==
Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Here are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of complex sentences and subordinations in Slovenian. Try to complete each exercise to the best of your ability, and then check your answers below.
Exercise 1: Relative Clauses
Complete the sentences with the appropriate relative pronouns.
1. To je oseba, **ki** _______ je pomagala.
2. To je knjiga, **ki** _______ sem prebral.
3. To je stvar, **ki** _______ sem kupil.
4. To je kraj, **kamor** _______ sem šel na dopust.
5. To je kraj, **od kod** _______ sem prišel.
Exercise 2: Causative Clauses
Rewrite the sentences using the conjunctions "ker" or "zato ker."
1. Ne morem priti, **saj** sem zelo zaposlen.
2. Nisem šel na zabavo, **saj** sem bil bolan.
3. Ne morem iti na potovanje, **saj** nimam denarja.
4. Prišel sem **saj** sem te pogrešal.
5. Nisem kupil tega avtomobila **saj** ni bil v dobrem stanju.
Exercise 3: Subordinate Conjunctions
Choose the correct subordinate conjunction to complete each sentence.
1. _______ prideš na zabavo, prinesi s seboj nekaj hrane.
2. _______ sem bil v Ljubljani, sem obiskal staro prijateljico.
3. _______ je bil deževen dan, smo ostali doma.
4. _______ je bil zelo utrujen, je šel na tekmo.
5. _______ se srečava, se vedno pogovarjava o knjigah.
Answers:
Exercise 1: Relative Clauses
1. To je oseba, **ki** mi je pomagala.
2. To je knjiga, **ki** sem jo prebral.
3. To je stvar, **ki** sem jo kupil.
4. To je kraj, **kamor** sem šel na dopust.
5. To je kraj, **od kod** sem prišel.
Exercise 2: Causative Clauses
1. Ne morem priti, **ker** sem zelo zaposlen.
2. Nisem šel na zabavo, **ker** sem bil bolan.
3. Ne morem iti na potovanje, **ker** nimam denarja.
4. Prišel sem **zato ker** sem te pogrešal.
5. Nisem kupil tega avtomobila **zato ker** ni bil v dobrem stanju.
Exercise 3: Subordinate Conjunctions
1. Če prideš na zabavo, prinesi s seboj nekaj hrane.
2. Ko sem bil v Ljubljani, sem obiskal staro prijateljico.
3. Ker je bil deževen dan, smo ostali doma.
4. Čeprav je bil zelo utrujen, je šel na tekmo.
5. Kadar se srečava, se vedno pogovarjava o knjigah.
Congratulations on completing the exercises! You are well on your way to mastering complex sentences and subordinations in Slovenian.


<span link>With this lesson finished, you may want to explore these additional pages: [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar/Gender|Gender]] & [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar/Writing-and-composing-simple-texts|Writing and composing simple texts]].</span>
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|title=Slovenian Grammar → Unit 5 - Intermediate Grammar and Communication → Complex sentences and subordinations
|keywords=Slovenian grammar, complex sentences, causative clauses, relative clauses, subordinate conjunctions
|keywords=Slovenian grammar, complex sentences, subordinations, relative clauses, causative clauses, subordinate conjunctions
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form complex sentences in Slovenian, including relative and causative clauses, and subordinate conjunctions.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form complex sentences in Slovenian, including relative and causative clauses, and subordinate conjunctions such as if, when, and because.
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==Sources==
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24600165 Natural Syntax of Slovenian: The Complex Sentence]


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]
* [[Language/Slovenian/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]


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==Sources==
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24600165 Natural Syntax of Slovenian: The Complex Sentence]


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Revision as of 05:26, 21 June 2023


Slovenian-Language-PolyglotClub.png
SlovenianGrammar0 to A1 Course → Unit 5 - Intermediate Grammar and Communication → Complex sentences and subordinations

In this unit, we will delve into the intricacies of forming complex sentences in Slovenian. Complex sentences consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses provide additional information or add complexity to the main clause. We will explore various types of subordinate clauses, including relative and causative clauses, as well as the use of subordinate conjunctions such as if, when, and because. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to construct complex sentences in Slovenian.

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses are used to provide additional information about a noun in the main clause. In Slovenian, relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns, which agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they refer to. Let's look at some examples:

Relative Pronouns

Here are the most common relative pronouns in Slovenian:

Slovenian Pronunciation English Translation
ki ki who, which, that
kar kar what, which
kamor kamor where
od kod od kod from where

Examples

1. To je oseba, **ki** mi je pomagala. (This is the person **who** helped me.) 2. To je knjiga, **ki** sem jo prebral. (This is the book **that** I read.) 3. To je stvar, **ki** sem jo kupil. (This is the thing **that** I bought.) 4. To je kraj, **kamor** sem šel na dopust. (This is the place **where** I went on vacation.) 5. To je kraj, **od kod** sem prišel. (This is the place **where** I came from.)

In these examples, the relative pronouns "ki," "kar," "kamor," and "od kod" introduce the relative clauses and provide additional information about the nouns in the main clauses. Notice how the relative pronouns agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they refer to.

Causative Clauses

Causative clauses are used to indicate the cause or reason behind an action or event in the main clause. In Slovenian, causative clauses are introduced by the conjunction "ker" (because) or "zato ker" (because). Let's see some examples:

Examples

1. Ne morem priti, **ker** sem zelo zaposlen. (I can't come **because** I'm very busy.) 2. Nisem šel na zabavo, **ker** sem bil bolan. (I didn't go to the party **because** I was sick.) 3. Ne morem iti na potovanje, **ker** nimam denarja. (I can't go on a trip **because** I don't have money.) 4. Prišel sem **zato ker** sem te pogrešal. (I came **because** I missed you.) 5. Nisem kupil tega avtomobila **zato ker** ni bil v dobrem stanju. (I didn't buy that car **because** it wasn't in good condition.)

In these examples, the conjunctions "ker" and "zato ker" introduce the causative clauses and provide the cause or reason behind the actions or events in the main clauses.

Subordinate Conjunctions

Subordinate conjunctions are used to introduce subordinate clauses and establish a relationship between the main clause and the subordinate clause. Let's explore some common subordinate conjunctions in Slovenian:

Subordinate Conjunctions

Here are some commonly used subordinate conjunctions in Slovenian:

  • če (if)
  • ko (when)
  • ker (because)
  • čeprav (although)
  • kadar (whenever)
  • dokler (until)
  • če že (even if)
  • čeprav je (even though)
  • tako da (so that)

Examples

1. Če prideš na zabavo, prinesi s seboj nekaj hrane. (If you come to the party, bring some food with you.) 2. Ko sem bil v Ljubljani, sem obiskal staro prijateljico. (When I was in Ljubljana, I visited an old friend.) 3. Ker je bil deževen dan, smo ostali doma. (Because it was a rainy day, we stayed at home.) 4. Čeprav je bil zelo utrujen, je šel na tekmo. (Although he was very tired, he went to the match.) 5. Kadar se srečava, se vedno pogovarjava o knjigah. (Whenever we meet, we always talk about books.)

In these examples, the subordinate conjunctions "če," "ko," "ker," "čeprav," and "kadar" introduce the subordinate clauses and establish a relationship with the main clauses.

Cultural Insights

In Slovenian culture, the use of complex sentences and subordinations is highly valued as it allows for more precise and nuanced communication. Slovenians appreciate clarity and specificity in their language, and the use of complex sentences helps to convey complex ideas and thoughts.

Historically, Slovenian has been influenced by neighboring languages such as German, Italian, and Hungarian. This has resulted in a rich and diverse linguistic landscape, with different regional variations in the usage and understanding of complex sentences. For example, in some regions, the use of relative clauses may be more prevalent, while in others, causative clauses may be favored. This regional variation adds depth and complexity to the language, reflecting the cultural diversity of Slovenia.

Interesting fact: Slovenian is known for its extensive use of diminutives, which are formed by adding suffixes to nouns, adjectives, and even verbs. The use of diminutives adds a sense of familiarity, affection, and warmth to the language. It is not uncommon to hear Slovenians using diminutives in everyday conversation, as they contribute to the overall charm and friendliness of the language.

Exercises

Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Here are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of complex sentences and subordinations in Slovenian. Try to complete each exercise to the best of your ability, and then check your answers below.

Exercise 1: Relative Clauses Complete the sentences with the appropriate relative pronouns.

1. To je oseba, **ki** _______ je pomagala. 2. To je knjiga, **ki** _______ sem prebral. 3. To je stvar, **ki** _______ sem kupil. 4. To je kraj, **kamor** _______ sem šel na dopust. 5. To je kraj, **od kod** _______ sem prišel.

Exercise 2: Causative Clauses Rewrite the sentences using the conjunctions "ker" or "zato ker."

1. Ne morem priti, **saj** sem zelo zaposlen. 2. Nisem šel na zabavo, **saj** sem bil bolan. 3. Ne morem iti na potovanje, **saj** nimam denarja. 4. Prišel sem **saj** sem te pogrešal. 5. Nisem kupil tega avtomobila **saj** ni bil v dobrem stanju.

Exercise 3: Subordinate Conjunctions Choose the correct subordinate conjunction to complete each sentence.

1. _______ prideš na zabavo, prinesi s seboj nekaj hrane. 2. _______ sem bil v Ljubljani, sem obiskal staro prijateljico. 3. _______ je bil deževen dan, smo ostali doma. 4. _______ je bil zelo utrujen, je šel na tekmo. 5. _______ se srečava, se vedno pogovarjava o knjigah.

Answers:

Exercise 1: Relative Clauses 1. To je oseba, **ki** mi je pomagala. 2. To je knjiga, **ki** sem jo prebral. 3. To je stvar, **ki** sem jo kupil. 4. To je kraj, **kamor** sem šel na dopust. 5. To je kraj, **od kod** sem prišel.

Exercise 2: Causative Clauses 1. Ne morem priti, **ker** sem zelo zaposlen. 2. Nisem šel na zabavo, **ker** sem bil bolan. 3. Ne morem iti na potovanje, **ker** nimam denarja. 4. Prišel sem **zato ker** sem te pogrešal. 5. Nisem kupil tega avtomobila **zato ker** ni bil v dobrem stanju.

Exercise 3: Subordinate Conjunctions 1. Če prideš na zabavo, prinesi s seboj nekaj hrane. 2. Ko sem bil v Ljubljani, sem obiskal staro prijateljico. 3. Ker je bil deževen dan, smo ostali doma. 4. Čeprav je bil zelo utrujen, je šel na tekmo. 5. Kadar se srečava, se vedno pogovarjava o knjigah.

Congratulations on completing the exercises! You are well on your way to mastering complex sentences and subordinations in Slovenian.

Table of Contents - Slovenian Course - 0 to A1


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Food and Drink


Adjectives and Adverbs


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Hobbies and Free Time


Slovenian Customs and Traditions


Sources


Other Lessons