Difference between revisions of "Language/Czech/Culture/Czech-Film-and-Music"

Latest revision as of 19:06, 18 June 2023

◀️ Architecture and Landmark — Previous Lesson

Czech → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Art and Heritage → Czech Film and Music

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Welcome to the lesson on Czech film and music! In this lesson, we will explore the rich and vibrant world of Czech cinema and music. Czech Republic has a long and celebrated history in both these art forms, with numerous talented artists and iconic productions that have made a significant impact on the global stage. As language learners, it is essential to delve into the cultural aspects of a language, and film and music provide a perfect gateway to understand the Czech culture and its people on a deeper level.

In this lesson, we will start by exploring Czech cinema, including its history, prominent filmmakers, and notable films. We will then shift our focus to Czech music, discussing its diverse genres, famous musicians, and popular songs. Throughout the lesson, we will also touch upon the cultural significance of these art forms and how they have shaped the Czech identity.

So, let's dive into the fascinating world of Czech film and music!

Czech Cinema[edit | edit source]

History of Czech Cinema[edit | edit source]

Czech cinema has a rich and storied history that dates back to the late 19th century. The first-ever Czech film, titled "The Lumière Brothers' First Films," was screened in Prague in 1896, marking the beginning of an illustrious journey for Czech cinema. Over the years, Czech filmmakers have made significant contributions to the art form, creating groundbreaking films that have garnered international acclaim and recognition.

One of the most important periods in Czech cinema history is the Czech New Wave, which emerged in the 1960s. This movement was characterized by its experimental and innovative approach to filmmaking, challenging the traditional norms and pushing the boundaries of storytelling. Directors like Milos Forman, Vera Chytilova, and Jiri Menzel gained international recognition for their unique and thought-provoking films during this period.

Prominent Czech Filmmakers[edit | edit source]

Czech cinema has produced several talented filmmakers who have left an indelible mark on the industry. Let's take a look at some of the most influential directors in Czech film history:

- **Milos Forman**: Milos Forman is one of the most renowned Czech directors, known for his critically acclaimed films such as "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" and "Amadeus." He was a key figure in the Czech New Wave and later achieved great success in Hollywood.

- **Vera Chytilova**: Vera Chytilova was a pioneering female director whose work challenged societal norms and conventions. Her film "Daisies" is considered a masterpiece of the Czech New Wave and a feminist classic.

- **Jiri Menzel**: Jiri Menzel gained international recognition for his film "Closely Watched Trains," which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1968. His work often combines humor and satire to explore the complexities of Czech society.

- **Jan Svankmajer**: Jan Svankmajer is a renowned animator and filmmaker who is known for his unique blend of live-action and stop-motion animation techniques. His films often delve into surreal and macabre themes, creating a distinct visual style.

Notable Czech Films[edit | edit source]

Czech cinema has produced a plethora of remarkable films across various genres. Here are some notable examples that have left an enduring impact:

- **Closely Watched Trains (Ostře sledované vlaky)**: Directed by Jiri Menzel, this film is a coming-of-age story set during World War II. It explores themes of love, courage, and resistance against oppression, all with a touch of humor.

- **The Firemen's Ball (Hoří, má panenko)**: Directed by Milos Forman, this satirical comedy follows the chaos that ensues during a firemen's ball in a small Czech town. It offers a biting critique of bureaucracy and societal norms.

- **Kolya (Kolja)**: Directed by Jan Sverak, this heartwarming film tells the story of a middle-aged man who forms an unexpected bond with a young Russian boy. It explores themes of love, family, and the power of human connection.

- **Alice (Něco z Alenky)**: Directed by Jan Svankmajer, this surreal adaptation of Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" combines live-action and stop-motion animation to create a dark and mesmerizing visual experience.

These films represent just a small fraction of the vast and diverse Czech film industry. Exploring Czech cinema not only provides a window into the country's culture and history but also exposes us to unique storytelling techniques and perspectives.

Czech Music[edit | edit source]

Diverse Genres of Czech Music[edit | edit source]

Czech music is incredibly diverse, with a wide range of genres that have evolved over the years. From classical music to folk traditions and contemporary pop, Czech musicians have contributed to various styles and have achieved both national and international recognition.

- **Classical Music**: Czech Republic has a rich classical music tradition, with composers like Antonin Dvorak, Bedrich Smetana, and Leos Janacek being some of the most celebrated figures in the genre. Their compositions continue to be performed and appreciated worldwide.

- **Folk Music**: Folk music plays a significant role in Czech culture, with its roots dating back centuries. Traditional folk songs often feature themes of love, nature, and daily life, and are performed using traditional instruments such as the fiddle, bagpipes, and accordion.

- **Rock and Pop**: Czech rock and pop music gained popularity during the 1960s and 1970s, with bands like Olympic and Blue Effect paving the way for the genre. In recent years, artists like Kryštof and Lucie have achieved mainstream success and continue to dominate the charts.

- **Electronic Music**: The Czech Republic has a thriving electronic music scene, with festivals like "Let It Roll" attracting renowned DJs and electronic music enthusiasts from around the world. Czech DJs and producers have also made a name for themselves internationally.

Famous Czech Musicians[edit | edit source]

Czech music has produced numerous talented musicians who have left a lasting impact on the industry. Here are some notable Czech musicians across different genres:

- **Antonin Dvorak**: Antonin Dvorak is one of the most celebrated composers in classical music history. His compositions, such as the "New World Symphony" and the "Slavonic Dances," continue to be performed and revered worldwide.

- **Karel Gott**: Karel Gott, often referred to as the "Golden Voice of Prague," was a popular Czech singer whose career spanned over five decades. He achieved great success both in Czechoslovakia and internationally, becoming one of the most beloved Czech musicians of all time.

- **Jaromir Nohavica**: Jaromir Nohavica is a renowned singer-songwriter known for his poetic lyrics and storytelling. His songs often touch upon social and political themes, making him a prominent figure in the Czech folk music scene.

- **Eva Pilarova**: Eva Pilarova was a prominent Czech jazz and pop singer known for her powerful and soulful voice. Her interpretations of jazz standards and popular songs captivated audiences and cemented her status as one of the country's most beloved vocalists.

These musicians represent just a fraction of the incredible talent that has emerged from Czech Republic. Exploring Czech music allows us to appreciate the country's rich musical heritage and the diverse range of artists it has produced.

Cultural Significance[edit | edit source]

Film and music play a crucial role in shaping the cultural identity of Czech Republic. They provide a platform for artists to express their creativity, share their stories, and reflect the social and political climate of the country. Czech cinema has been instrumental in bringing Czech stories to the global stage, while Czech music has served as a medium to preserve and celebrate the country's cultural traditions.

Film and music also serve as a means of cultural exchange, allowing Czech artists to collaborate with international filmmakers and musicians, and vice versa. This interaction enhances cultural understanding and fosters a sense of unity and appreciation for different artistic styles and perspectives.

Furthermore, film festivals and music events have become an integral part of Czech culture, attracting visitors from around the world. The Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and the Prague Spring International Music Festival are just a few examples of the vibrant cultural scene in Czech Republic.

Exercises[edit | edit source]

To reinforce your understanding of Czech film and music, let's engage in some exercises:

Exercise 1: Match the Czech filmmaker with their notable film:

Czech Filmmaker	Notable Film
Milos Forman	One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Vera Chytilova	Daisies
Jiri Menzel	Closely Watched Trains
Jan Svankmajer	Alice

Exercise 2: Fill in the blank with the correct genre of Czech music:

Antonin Dvorak was a renowned composer in the field of ____________ music.
Karel Gott was a popular singer in the ____________ genre.
Jaromir Nohavica is a prominent figure in ____________ music.

Exercise 3: Discuss the cultural significance of film and music in Czech Republic. How do these art forms contribute to the country's identity?

Solutions[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1:

Czech Filmmaker	Notable Film
Milos Forman	One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Vera Chytilova	Daisies
Jiri Menzel	Closely Watched Trains
Jan Svankmajer	Alice

Exercise 2:

Antonin Dvorak was a renowned composer in the field of classical music.
Karel Gott was a popular singer in the pop genre.
Jaromir Nohavica is a prominent figure in folk music.

Exercise 3:

The cultural significance of film and music in Czech Republic is immense. These art forms provide a platform for artists to express their creativity, share their stories, and reflect the social and political climate of the country. Czech cinema has played a pivotal role in bringing Czech stories and perspectives to the global stage, allowing the world to appreciate and understand the country's culture. Similarly, Czech music has served as a medium to preserve and celebrate the country's cultural traditions, allowing artists to express their identity through various genres and styles. Film festivals and music events have become integral to Czech culture, attracting visitors from around the world and fostering cultural exchange. Overall, film and music contribute to the country's identity by showcasing its artistic talent, preserving its traditions, and promoting cultural understanding and appreciation.

Table of Contents - Czech Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Course Presentation

Alphabet and Pronunciation

Nouns and Pronouns

Verbs

Adjectives and Adverbs

Greetings and Introductions

At the Restaurant

Daily Life

History and Traditions

Art and Heritage

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

◀️ Architecture and Landmark — Previous Lesson

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Czech|Czech]]  → [[Language/Czech/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Czech/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Art and Heritage → Czech Film and Music</div>
-<div class="pg_page_title">Czech Culture →  → Czech Film and Music</div>
 __TOC__
-As a Czech language teacher, I cannot stress enough the importance of incorporating cultural elements into language learning. Not only does it make the learning process more interesting and engaging, but it also provides learners with a deeper appreciation of the language and its speakers. In this lesson, we will dive into the world of Czech film and music, two major components of Czech culture that have gained recognition worldwide.
+== Introduction ==
+Welcome to the lesson on Czech film and music! In this lesson, we will explore the rich and vibrant world of Czech cinema and music. Czech Republic has a long and celebrated history in both these art forms, with numerous talented artists and iconic productions that have made a significant impact on the global stage. As language learners, it is essential to delve into the cultural aspects of a language, and film and music provide a perfect gateway to understand the Czech culture and its people on a deeper level.
+In this lesson, we will start by exploring Czech cinema, including its history, prominent filmmakers, and notable films. We will then shift our focus to Czech music, discussing its diverse genres, famous musicians, and popular songs. Throughout the lesson, we will also touch upon the cultural significance of these art forms and how they have shaped the Czech identity.
+So, let's dive into the fascinating world of Czech film and music!
+== Czech Cinema ==
+=== History of Czech Cinema ===
+Czech cinema has a rich and storied history that dates back to the late 19th century. The first-ever Czech film, titled "The Lumière Brothers' First Films," was screened in Prague in 1896, marking the beginning of an illustrious journey for Czech cinema. Over the years, Czech filmmakers have made significant contributions to the art form, creating groundbreaking films that have garnered international acclaim and recognition.
+One of the most important periods in Czech cinema history is the Czech New Wave, which emerged in the 1960s. This movement was characterized by its experimental and innovative approach to filmmaking, challenging the traditional norms and pushing the boundaries of storytelling. Directors like Milos Forman, Vera Chytilova, and Jiri Menzel gained international recognition for their unique and thought-provoking films during this period.
+=== Prominent Czech Filmmakers ===
+Czech cinema has produced several talented filmmakers who have left an indelible mark on the industry. Let's take a look at some of the most influential directors in Czech film history:
+- **Milos Forman**: Milos Forman is one of the most renowned Czech directors, known for his critically acclaimed films such as "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" and "Amadeus." He was a key figure in the Czech New Wave and later achieved great success in Hollywood.
+- **Vera Chytilova**: Vera Chytilova was a pioneering female director whose work challenged societal norms and conventions. Her film "Daisies" is considered a masterpiece of the Czech New Wave and a feminist classic.
+- **Jiri Menzel**: Jiri Menzel gained international recognition for his film "Closely Watched Trains," which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1968. His work often combines humor and satire to explore the complexities of Czech society.
+- **Jan Svankmajer**: Jan Svankmajer is a renowned animator and filmmaker who is known for his unique blend of live-action and stop-motion animation techniques. His films often delve into surreal and macabre themes, creating a distinct visual style.
+=== Notable Czech Films ===
+Czech cinema has produced a plethora of remarkable films across various genres. Here are some notable examples that have left an enduring impact:
+- **Closely Watched Trains (Ostře sledované vlaky)**: Directed by Jiri Menzel, this film is a coming-of-age story set during World War II. It explores themes of love, courage, and resistance against oppression, all with a touch of humor.
+- **The Firemen's Ball (Hoří, má panenko)**: Directed by Milos Forman, this satirical comedy follows the chaos that ensues during a firemen's ball in a small Czech town. It offers a biting critique of bureaucracy and societal norms.
+- **Kolya (Kolja)**: Directed by Jan Sverak, this heartwarming film tells the story of a middle-aged man who forms an unexpected bond with a young Russian boy. It explores themes of love, family, and the power of human connection.
+- **Alice (Něco z Alenky)**: Directed by Jan Svankmajer, this surreal adaptation of Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" combines live-action and stop-motion animation to create a dark and mesmerizing visual experience.
+These films represent just a small fraction of the vast and diverse Czech film industry. Exploring Czech cinema not only provides a window into the country's culture and history but also exposes us to unique storytelling techniques and perspectives.
+== Czech Music ==
+=== Diverse Genres of Czech Music ===
+Czech music is incredibly diverse, with a wide range of genres that have evolved over the years. From classical music to folk traditions and contemporary pop, Czech musicians have contributed to various styles and have achieved both national and international recognition.
+- **Classical Music**: Czech Republic has a rich classical music tradition, with composers like Antonin Dvorak, Bedrich Smetana, and Leos Janacek being some of the most celebrated figures in the genre. Their compositions continue to be performed and appreciated worldwide.
+- **Folk Music**: Folk music plays a significant role in Czech culture, with its roots dating back centuries. Traditional folk songs often feature themes of love, nature, and daily life, and are performed using traditional instruments such as the fiddle, bagpipes, and accordion.
+- **Rock and Pop**: Czech rock and pop music gained popularity during the 1960s and 1970s, with bands like Olympic and Blue Effect paving the way for the genre. In recent years, artists like Kryštof and Lucie have achieved mainstream success and continue to dominate the charts.
+- **Electronic Music**: The Czech Republic has a thriving electronic music scene, with festivals like "Let It Roll" attracting renowned DJs and electronic music enthusiasts from around the world. Czech DJs and producers have also made a name for themselves internationally.
+=== Famous Czech Musicians ===
+Czech music has produced numerous talented musicians who have left a lasting impact on the industry. Here are some notable Czech musicians across different genres:
+- **Antonin Dvorak**: Antonin Dvorak is one of the most celebrated composers in classical music history. His compositions, such as the "New World Symphony" and the "Slavonic Dances," continue to be performed and revered worldwide.
-<span link>Take some time to dive into these other pages after completing this lesson: [[Language/Czech/Culture/Czech-Republic-Timeline|Czech Republic Timeline]] & [[Language/Czech/Culture/Festivals-and-Celebrations|Festivals and Celebrations]].</span>
+- **Karel Gott**: Karel Gott, often referred to as the "Golden Voice of Prague," was a popular Czech singer whose career spanned over five decades. He achieved great success both in Czechoslovakia and internationally, becoming one of the most beloved Czech musicians of all time.
-== Czech Film ==
-When it comes to Czech cinema, one cannot overlook the works of legendary filmmaker Miloš Forman. Born in Čáslav, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic), Forman went on to direct critically acclaimed films both in Czechoslovakia and the United States. Some of his most notable works include "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" and "Amadeus," both of which won Oscars for Best Picture. Other prominent Czech filmmakers include Jan Švankmajer, a puppeteer and animator known for his surrealist works, and Věra Chytilová, a female director known for her feminist films.
-Czech cinema also has a rich history of animated films, dating back to the 1920s. Jiří Trnka, considered the father of Czech animation, created numerous shorts and feature-length films throughout his career, many of which are still popular today. Another renowned Czech animator is Jan Svěrák, who won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for his 1996 film "Kolya."
+- **Jaromir Nohavica**: Jaromir Nohavica is a renowned singer-songwriter known for his poetic lyrics and storytelling. His songs often touch upon social and political themes, making him a prominent figure in the Czech folk music scene.
-Here are some of the most important Czech films:
+- **Eva Pilarova**: Eva Pilarova was a prominent Czech jazz and pop singer known for her powerful and soulful voice. Her interpretations of jazz standards and popular songs captivated audiences and cemented her status as one of the country's most beloved vocalists.
+These musicians represent just a fraction of the incredible talent that has emerged from Czech Republic. Exploring Czech music allows us to appreciate the country's rich musical heritage and the diverse range of artists it has produced.
+== Cultural Significance ==
+Film and music play a crucial role in shaping the cultural identity of Czech Republic. They provide a platform for artists to express their creativity, share their stories, and reflect the social and political climate of the country. Czech cinema has been instrumental in bringing Czech stories to the global stage, while Czech music has served as a medium to preserve and celebrate the country's cultural traditions.
+Film and music also serve as a means of cultural exchange, allowing Czech artists to collaborate with international filmmakers and musicians, and vice versa. This interaction enhances cultural understanding and fosters a sense of unity and appreciation for different artistic styles and perspectives.
+Furthermore, film festivals and music events have become an integral part of Czech culture, attracting visitors from around the world. The Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and the Prague Spring International Music Festival are just a few examples of the vibrant cultural scene in Czech Republic.
+== Exercises ==
+To reinforce your understanding of Czech film and music, let's engage in some exercises:
+Exercise 1: Match the Czech filmmaker with their notable film:
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Czech !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
+! Czech Filmmaker !! Notable Film
-|-
-| Hoří, má panenko || 'ho-rzee ma pa-nen-ko || The Firemen's Ball
 |-
-| Ostře sledované vlaky || 'os-tre se-dova-ne vla-ky || Closely Watched Trains
+| Milos Forman || One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
 |-
-| Kolya || 'ko-lya || Kolya
+| Vera Chytilova || Daisies
 |-
-| Obecná škola || 'o-bet-sna shko-la || The Elementary School
+| Jiri Menzel || Closely Watched Trains
 |-
-| Šílení || 'shee-le-nee || Lunacy
+| Jan Svankmajer || Alice
 |}
-== Czech Music ==
+Exercise 2: Fill in the blank with the correct genre of Czech music:
-Music is an integral part of Czech culture, with a rich tradition dating back centuries. Perhaps one of the most well-known Czech composers is Antonín Dvořák, who created a number of symphonies, chamber works, and operas during the late 19th century. Bedřich Smetana is another renowned composer who is often referred to as the father of Czech music, with works like "The Moldau" and "My Country" depicting the beauty and grandeur of the Czech landscape.
+* Antonin Dvorak was a renowned composer in the field of ____________ music.
+* Karel Gott was a popular singer in the ____________ genre.
+* Jaromir Nohavica is a prominent figure in ____________ music.
-In addition to classical music, Czech Republic has a vibrant contemporary music scene as well. From rock to pop to alternative, Czech musicians have made their mark both locally and internationally. Here are some noteworthy Czech musicians and bands:
+Exercise 3: Discuss the cultural significance of film and music in Czech Republic. How do these art forms contribute to the country's identity?
-* Karel Gott – Often referred to as the Czech Elvis Presley, Gott was one of the most popular Czech singers of all time, with a career spanning over 50 years.
+== Solutions ==
-* Lucie – A popular rock band formed in the 1980s, Lucie is known for their catchy melodies and socially conscious lyrics.
-* Kryštof – Formed in 1995, Kryštof is a popular alternative rock band with a devoted fanbase in the Czech Republic.
-* Jana Kirschner – A singer-songwriter known for her soulful voice and introspective lyrics, Kirschner has released several successful albums throughout her career.
-Here are some of the most important Czech songs and albums:
+Exercise 1:
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Czech !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
+! Czech Filmmaker !! Notable Film
-|-
-| "Květy" || 'kvye-ty || Flowers
 |-
-| "Sám" || 'sa:m || Alone
+| Milos Forman || One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
 |-
-| "Ostrovy" || 'os-tro-vi || Islands
+| Vera Chytilova || Daisies
 |-
-| "Chci zas v tobě spát" || 'kh-tsee zas f to-beh spa:t || I Want to Sleep with You Again
+| Jiri Menzel || Closely Watched Trains
 |-
-| "Unaveni a zničeni" || oo-na-ve-ni a zni-che-ni || Tired and Destroyed
+| Jan Svankmajer || Alice
 |}
-I hope this lesson has introduced you to the world of Czech film and music, and has inspired you to explore more of Czech culture. By immersing yourself in these artistic expressions, not only can you improve your language skills, but you can also gain a deeper understanding of the Czech people and their way of life.
+Exercise 2:
+* Antonin Dvorak was a renowned composer in the field of classical music.
+* Karel Gott was a popular singer in the pop genre.
+* Jaromir Nohavica is a prominent figure in folk music.
+Exercise 3:
-<span class='maj'></span>
+The cultural significance of film and music in Czech Republic is immense. These art forms provide a platform for artists to express their creativity, share their stories, and reflect the social and political climate of the country. Czech cinema has played a pivotal role in bringing Czech stories and perspectives to the global stage, allowing the world to appreciate and understand the country's culture. Similarly, Czech music has served as a medium to preserve and celebrate the country's cultural traditions, allowing artists to express their identity through various genres and styles. Film festivals and music events have become integral to Czech culture, attracting visitors from around the world and fostering cultural exchange. Overall, film and music contribute to the country's identity by showcasing its artistic talent, preserving its traditions, and promoting cultural understanding and appreciation.
-==Sources==
-* [https://www.newpraguetimes.com/new-prague-times-montgomery-messenger/content/film-highlights-role-music-czech-culture Film highlights role of music in Czech culture | MN South News]
-* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Czech-Republic/Theatre Czech Republic - Theatre | Britannica]
-* [https://catalog.ufl.edu/UGRD/courses/las_ls_mod_for_lang_czech/ Czech | Languages, Literatures, and Cultures < University of Florida]
-* [https://clcl.uiowa.edu/language-resources/czech-language-and-culture-resources Czech Language and Culture Resources | Center for Language and ...]
 {{#seo:
-|title=Complete 0 to A1 Czech Course: Czech Film and Music
+|title=Czech Culture → Art and Heritage → Czech Film and Music
-|keywords=Czech, language, culture, film, music, Miloš Forman, Jan Švankmajer, Věra Chytilová, Jirí Trnka, Jan Svěrák, Antonín, Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana, Karel, Gott, Lucie, Kryštof, Jana Kirschner
+|keywords=Czech film, Czech music, Czech cinema, Czech musicians, Czech filmmakers, Czech New Wave
-|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the most important Czech film and music artists and productions, from legendary filmmaker Miloš Forman to popular rock band Lucie.
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the rich history of Czech cinema, prominent Czech filmmakers, notable Czech films, diverse genres of Czech music, famous Czech musicians, and the cultural significance of film and music in Czech Republic.
 }}
@@ Line 83: / Line 154: @@
 [[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
 [[Category:Czech-0-to-A1-Course]]
+<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo-16k></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
+==Sources==
+* [https://www.newpraguetimes.com/new-prague-times-montgomery-messenger/content/film-highlights-role-music-czech-culture Film highlights role of music in Czech culture | MN South News]
+* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Czech-Republic/Theatre Czech Republic - Theatre | Britannica]
+* [https://catalog.ufl.edu/UGRD/courses/las_ls_mod_for_lang_czech/ Czech | Languages, Literatures, and Cultures < University of Florida]
+* [https://clcl.uiowa.edu/language-resources/czech-language-and-culture-resources Czech Language and Culture Resources | Center for Language and ...]
 ==Other Lessons==
@@ Line 91: / Line 173: @@
 * [[Language/Czech/Culture/History-and-Czech-Lands|History and Czech Lands]]
 * [[Language/Czech/Culture/Architecture-and-Landmark|Architecture and Landmark]]
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