Difference between revisions of "Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Separable-verbs"
m (Quick edit) |
|||
Line 149: | Line 149: | ||
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/7/70/Verb-object-chinese.jpg | |og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/7/70/Verb-object-chinese.jpg | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Related Lessons== | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Be-Polite|Be Polite]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/How-to-ask-a-question-in-Chinese|How to ask a question in Chinese]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Questions-with-不-(bù)|Questions with 不 (bù)]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Mastering-Chinese-Grammar-Easily-–-8-Rules-You-Need-to-Know|Mastering Chinese Grammar Easily – 8 Rules You Need to Know]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/是...的|是...的]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Ask-for-directions-in-Chinese|Ask for directions in Chinese]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/不-(bù)|不 (bù)]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Express-possession-with-有-(yǒu)|Express possession with 有 (yǒu)]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Basic-structure-of-a-sentence|Basic structure of a sentence]] | |||
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/也-yě|也 yě]] |
Revision as of 16:36, 26 February 2023
Hello everybody!
In today's lesson, we will teach you how to use certain kinds of verbs that still need a complement.
“Separable words”(離合詞/离合词, líhécí) or “separable verbs”(離合動詞/离合动词, líhédòngcí) get their name from their ability to "separate" into two parts (mainly a verb part and an object part), with other words in between. In fact, you could also simply call separable verbs "verb-object phrases". Some linguistics consider a “verb-object phrase” as two words, some consider it as a phrase, the other consider in both ways.
Feel free to edit this wiki page, if you think it can be improved.
Rules
If the verb 說/说 (shuō) "to speak" is followed by a complement, it is used alone:
- 我說漢語。/我说汉语。 (Wǒ shuō hànyǔ.)
I speak Chinese.
But if we simply mean “I speak”, we must add a “standard complement”: 話/话 (huà).
To say “He speaks”, we have to use 他說話。/他说话。 (Tā shuō huà.) and not simply 他說。/他说。 (Tā shuō.).
We also have already seen “write” 寫/写 (xiě) which requires the standard complement 字 (zì):
- 她寫字。/她写字。 (Tā xiě zì.)
She writes.
Attention, it is absolutely necessary to remove the standard complement when another complement is specified.
The following sentence is therefore false: 他說話漢語/他说话汉语。 (Tā shuō huà hànyǔ.)
A verb-object may be heard alone, but in this case the complement is implied:
- (漢語)我會說,不會寫。/(汉语)我会说,不会写。 [(Hànyǔ) wǒ huì shuō, bú huì xiě]
(Chinese) I can speak it, but not write it.
Special words between separable words
The following special words can be inserted between separable words:
- 了 (le);
- 著/着 (zhe);
- 過/过 (guò);
- 不 (bù);
- 得 (de);
- result complement (e.g. 好, 起);
- classifier (e.g. 個/个, 節/节).
3 categories
Separable words can be classified into 3 categories:
- verb and object, e.g. 上課/上课 (shàng kè), 開車/开车 (kāi chē), only 了 (le), 著/着 (zhāo), 過/过 (guò), result complement, classifier, 了 + classifier, 著/着 + classifier (rare), 不 + result complement, 得 + result complement can be inserted, letting alone attributes of the object;
- verb and result complement, e.g. 看見/看见 (kàn jiàn), 撥動/拨动 (bō dòng), only 不, 得 can be inserted;
- verb and directional verb, e.g. 出來/出来 (chū lái), 分開/分开 (fēn kāi), only 不, 得, can be inserted.
Examples
- 我上了節課。/我上了节课。 (Wǒ shàng le jié kè.)
I went to class.
- 我上了節有趣的課。/我上了节有趣的课。 (Wǒ shàng le jié yǒuqùde kè.)
I went to an interesting class.
- 我睡不好覺。/我睡不好覺。 (Wǒ shuì bì hǎo jiào.)
I can't sleep well.
- 我開起車來。/我开起车来。 (Wǒ kāi qǐ chē lái.)
I started driving.
- 我看得見。/我看得见。 (Wǒ kàn de jiàn.)
I can see it.
- 我出不來。/我出不来。 (Wǒ chū bù lái.)
I can't get out.
Some Common Separable Words
*Note: In dictionaries, separable words are noted with “//” between their pinyin.
Chinese | Pinyin (dictionary form) * | Translation |
---|---|---|
上課/上课 | shàng//kè | to have a class |
住院 | zhù//yuàn | to be hospitalised |
發燒/发烧 | fā//shāo | to get a fever |
吃飯/吃饭 | chī//fàn | to eat |
開學/开学 | kāi//xué | to start a new term of school |
開車/开车 | kāi//chē | to drive |
打的 | dǎ//dī | to get a taxi |
游泳 | yóu//yǒng | to swim |
看病 | kàn//bìng | to see a doctor |
睡覺/睡觉 | shuì//jiào | to sleep |
聊天 | liáo//tiān | to chat |
說話/说话 | shuō//huà | to speak |
起床 | qǐ//chuáng | to get up |
Sources
https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Separable_verb
http://www.chine-culture.com/chinois/cours-de-chinois-6-grammaire.php