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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Croatian|Croatian]]  → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Introduction to Croatian Grammar → Verbs and Tenses</div>


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Croatian|Croatian]]  → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar|Grammar]] → Verbs and Tenses</div>
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== Introduction ==
 
Welcome to the lesson on Croatian verb conjugation and tenses! In this lesson, we will delve into the intricacies of Croatian verbs, including their various forms and tenses. Verbs are an essential part of any language, and mastering them will greatly enhance your communication skills in Croatian. Whether you want to talk about the present, past, or future, understanding verb conjugation is crucial. Additionally, we will explore the imperative mood, which is used to give commands or express requests. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in Croatian verb conjugation and be able to confidently use verbs in various tenses and moods.
 
== Verbs and Tenses ==
 
=== Present Tense ===


Verbs and Tenses in Croatian Grammar
The present tense is used to describe actions or states that are happening at the moment of speaking or are generally true. In Croatian, verbs in the present tense undergo conjugation to agree with the subject of the sentence. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the present tense:


As a language teacher with over 20 years of experience teaching Croatian to foreigners, I understand that verbs and tenses could be the most difficult aspect of learning Croatian for beginners. But you don't have to worry, as we will go through this step-by-step and help you build a strong foundation in Croatian verb conjugation.
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| raditi || /rǎːditi/ || to work
|-
| živjeti || /ʒîːvjeti/ || to live
|-
| govoriti || /gǒːvoriti/ || to speak
|-
| jesti || /jěːsti/ || to eat
|-
| piti || /pîːti/ || to drink
|-
| spavati || /spǎːvati/ || to sleep
|-
| voljeti || /vǒːljeti/ || to love
|}


Croatian verbs change depending on the person, number, tense, mood and, sometimes, the gender of the subject. Croatian also has a rich system of aspect, which is an important grammatical category that distinguishes between the completion or duration of an action.
To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, simply remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:


Before we dive into Croatian verb tenses, we need to cover two essential elements of Croatian verbs: the present tense and infinitives.  
* For the first-person singular (I), add -m.
* For the second-person singular (you), add -š.
* For the third-person singular (he/she/it), add -.
* For the first-person plural (we), add -mo.
* For the second-person plural (you), add -te.
* For the third-person plural (they), add -.


The Present Tense
Here are some examples:


In Croatian, the present tense is used for current actions or states in the present, general statements that are always true, and future events that are planned or scheduled.
* radim (I work)
* radiš (you work)
* radi (he/she/it works)
* radimo (we work)
* radite (you work)
* rade (they work)


To form the present tense in Croatian, we basically remove the infinitive ending -ti and add subject endings. There are two groups of verbs depending on the ending, either -iti or -ati. The table below shows the conjugation of two verbs, raditi (to work) and kupovati (to buy) in the present tense:
=== Past Tense ===


The past tense is used to talk about actions or states that occurred before the present moment. In Croatian, the past tense is formed by adding different endings to the verb stem. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense:


<span link>Finish this lesson and explore these related pages: [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Advanced-Noun-and-Adjective-Declension|Advanced Noun and Adjective Declension]] & [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Croatian-Idiomatic-Expressions|Croatian Idiomatic Expressions]].</span>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Radim || Radim || I work
| raditi || /rǎːditi/ || to work
|-
| živjeti || /ʒîːvjeti/ || to live
|-
|-
| Radiš || Radiʃ || You work (singular)
| govoriti || /gǒːvoriti/ || to speak
|-
|-
| Radi || Radi || He/she/it works
| jesti || /jěːsti/ || to eat
|-
|-
| Radimo || Radimo || We work
| piti || /pîːti/ || to drink
|-
|-
| Radite || Radite || You work (plural)
| spavati || /spǎːvati/ || to sleep
|-
|-
| Rade || Rade || They work
| voljeti || /vǒːljeti/ || to love
|}
|}
To conjugate regular verbs in the past tense, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:
* For the first-person singular (I), add -o.
* For the second-person singular (you), add -e.
* For the third-person singular (he/she/it), add -.
* For the first-person plural (we), add -i.
* For the second-person plural (you), add -ite.
* For the third-person plural (they), add -i.
Here are some examples:
* radio/radila sam (I worked)
* radio/radila si (you worked)
* radio/radila je (he/she/it worked)
* radili/radile smo (we worked)
* radili/radile ste (you worked)
* radili/radile su (they worked)
=== Future Tense ===
The future tense is used to talk about actions or states that will happen after the present moment. In Croatian, the future tense is formed by adding different endings to the verb stem. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the future tense:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Kupujem || Kupuʝem || I buy
| raditi || /rǎːditi/ || to work
|-
| živjeti || /ʒîːvjeti/ || to live
|-
|-
| Kupuješ || Kupuʝeʃ || You buy (singular)
| govoriti || /gǒːvoriti/ || to speak
|-
|-
| Kupuje || Kupuʝe || He/she/it buys
| jesti || /jěːsti/ || to eat
|-
|-
| Kupujemo || Kupuʝemo || We buy
| piti || /pîːti/ || to drink
|-
|-
| Kupujete || Kupuʝete || You buy (plural)
| spavati || /spǎːvati/ || to sleep
|-
|-
| Kupuju || Kupuʝu || They buy
| voljeti || /vǒːljeti/ || to love
|}
|}


Infinitives
To conjugate regular verbs in the future tense, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:
 
* For all persons, add -.


The infinitive in Croatian is used to express an action in its simplest and most general form. In Croatian, the infinitive ends in -ti or -ći. The most commonly used infinitives frequently used are:  
Here are some examples:


* raditi (to work)
* radit ću (I will work)
* govoriti (to speak)
* radit ćeš (you will work)
* čitati (to read)
* radit će (he/she/it will work)
* pisati (to write)
* radit ćemo (we will work)
* kupovati (to buy)
* radit ćete (you will work)
* prodavati (to sell)
* radit će (they will work)
* jesti (to eat)
* piti (to drink)


To form the infinitive, remove -ti or -ći from the verb stem. For example:
=== Imperative Mood ===


* Infinitive of raditi (to work) is rad
The imperative mood is used to give commands or express requests. In Croatian, the imperative mood has different forms for the second-person singular (you) and second-person plural (you all). Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the imperative mood:
* Infinitive of govoriti (to speak) is govor
* Infinitive of čitati (to read) is čit
* Infinitive of pisati (to write) is piš
* Infinitive of kupovati (to buy) is kupuj
* Infinitive of prodavati (to sell) is prodaj
* Infinitive of jesti (to eat) is jed
* Infinitive of piti (to drink) is pij


Verbs Tenses in Croatian
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| raditi || /rǎːditi/ || to work
|-
| živjeti || /ʒîːvjeti/ || to live
|-
| govoriti || /gǒːvoriti/ || to speak
|-
| jesti || /jěːsti/ || to eat
|-
| piti || /pîːti/ || to drink
|-
| spavati || /spǎːvati/ || to sleep
|-
| voljeti || /vǒːljeti/ || to love
|}


Croatian has the following tenses: present tense, imperfect tense, aorist tense (sometimes called past simple), perfect tense, pluperfect tense (also known as past perfect), future I tense (sometimes called the future simple), future II tense (also known as the future perfect), conditional mood in the present tense, and conditional mood in the past tense (sometimes called conditional perfect).
To conjugate regular verbs in the imperative mood, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:


Let's look at the tenses in more detail:
* For the second-person singular (you), add -i.
* For the second-person plural (you all), add -ite.


* The Present Tense: We have discussed this already, but let's remind ourselves that the present tense is used for current actions, general statements that are always true, and future events that are planned or scheduled.
Here are some examples:
* The Imperfect Tense: The imperfect tense is formed by adding endings to the base of the infinitive, which are different from the present tense. The imperfect tense is used for actions that were ongoing or repeated in the past or to describe a state of being in the past.
* The Aorist Tense or simple past: In spoken language, Croats use the perfect tense with the adverb jučer, which means yesterday for the simple past. In written language, we use the aorist. The aorist tense is used for actions that are completed in the past.
* The Perfect Tense: To form the perfect tense, we use the present tense of verb "to be" (biti in Croatian) and the past participle of the main verb. We use the perfect tense to describe an action that is completed at the time of speaking, and the emphasis is on the result rather than the duration of an action.
* The Pluperfect Tense: To form the pluperfect tense, use the perfect tense of "to be" (biti) and the past participle of the main verb. The pluperfect tense is used to describe an action that was completed before another action in the past or a specific point in the past.
* The Future I Tense: The future I tense is used to describe an action that will occur in the future. It is formed by adding the endings to the base of the infinitive. We use the future tense to describe events that will take place in the future.
* The Future II Tense: This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed by a certain point in the future. It's constructed by using the future tense of "to be" (biti) and the past participle.
* The Conditional Mood in the Present Tense: This mood is used to describe hypothetical or uncertain situations or to express a wish. It's formed by adding endings to the base of the infinitive.
* The Conditional Mood in the Past Tense: This mood is used to describe hypothetical, uncertain situations or to express a wish that was not fulfilled in the past. It is constructed by using the conditional mood of "to be" (biti) and the past participle.


Imperative Mood
* radi (work)
* živi (live)
* govori (speak)
* jedi (eat)
* pij (drink)
* spavaj (sleep)
* voli (love)


There is generally an imperative in Croatian for each personal pronoun or subject. To form the imperative in Croatian, remove -ti from the verb stem for -ti verbs or -i from -iti verbs. Then add the required endings. For example:
== Regional Variations and Cultural Insights ==


* Raditi (to work) — Radi! (you singular), radite! (you plural)
Croatia has several regional variations in verb usage and understanding. For example, in the coastal regions, you may hear a slight difference in verb conjugation compared to the continental regions. These variations are influenced by historical and cultural factors. Additionally, certain dialects may have unique verb forms that differ from the standard Croatian. It's interesting to explore these regional variations and understand the historical reasons behind them. This cultural insight adds depth to your understanding of the Croatian language and allows you to appreciate the diversity within the language itself.
* Htjeti (to want) — Hoću! (I want), Hocite! (you plural want)


Keep in mind that in Croatian, the imperative is used more often than in English, for example, when giving directions, instructions or advice.
== Exercises ==


This lesson should give you an overview of Croatian verb conjugation and tenses. Practice is essential, so keep working on it, and you'll gradually become more comfortable with Croatian verbs. In the next lesson, we will discuss prepositions and pronouns.  
Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Here are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of Croatian verb conjugation and tenses. Try to complete the exercises on your own, and then check your answers below.
 
Sources


* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_verbs Croatian verbs]
1. Conjugate the verb "raditi" (to work) in the present tense for the following pronouns:
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_grammar Croatian grammar]
 
* Ja (I):
* Ti (you):
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
* Mi (we):
* Vi (you):
* Oni/One/Ona (they):
 
2. Conjugate the verb "živjeti" (to live) in the past tense for the following pronouns:
 
* Ja (I):
* Ti (you):
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
* Mi (we):
* Vi (you):
* Oni/One/Ona (they):
 
3. Conjugate the verb "govoriti" (to speak) in the future tense for the following pronouns:
 
* Ja (I):
* Ti (you):
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
* Mi (we):
* Vi (you):
* Oni/One/Ona (they):
 
4. Conjugate the verb "jesti" (to eat) in the imperative mood for the second-person singular (you) and second-person plural (you all):
 
* Ti (you):
* Vi (you all):
 
== Exercise Solutions ==
 
1. Conjugation of "raditi" (to work) in the present tense:
 
* Ja (I): radim
* Ti (you): radiš
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): radi
* Mi (we): radimo
* Vi (you): radite
* Oni/One/Ona (they): rade
 
2. Conjugation of "živjeti" (to live) in the past tense:
 
* Ja (I): živio/živjela sam
* Ti (you): živio/živjela si
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): živio/živjela je
* Mi (we): živjeli/živjele smo
* Vi (you): živjeli/živjele ste
* Oni/One/Ona (they): živjeli/živjele su
 
3. Conjugation of "govoriti" (to speak) in the future tense:
 
* Ja (I): govorit ću
* Ti (you): govorit ćeš
* On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): govorit će
* Mi (we): govorit ćemo
* Vi (you): govorit ćete
* Oni/One/Ona (they): govorit će
 
4. Conjugation of "jesti" (to eat) in the imperative mood:
 
* Ti (you): jedi
* Vi (you all): jedite
 
Congratulations on completing the exercises! Keep practicing to reinforce your knowledge of Croatian verb conjugation and tenses.


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Introduction to Croatian Grammar: Verbs and Tenses
|title=Croatian Grammar: Verbs and Tenses
|keywords=Croatian Grammar, Croatian verbs, Croatian verb conjugation, Croatian tenses, Croatian imperative, Croatian language
|keywords=Croatian verbs, Croatian verb conjugation, Croatian tenses, Croatian imperative mood, Croatian grammar
|description=Learn about Croatian verb conjugation, including the present, past, and future tenses, as well as the imperative mood. This lesson is part of a larger course titled "Complete 0 to A1 Croatian Course".
|description=In this lesson, you will explore Croatian verb conjugation, including the present, past, and future tenses, as well as the imperative mood. Delve into the details of Croatian grammar and gain a solid understanding of verb forms and tenses. Practice exercises provided.
}}
}}
{{Croatian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
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[[Category:Croatian-Course]]
[[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
[[Category:Croatian-0-to-A1-Course]]
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==Videos==
==Videos==
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===Learn Croatian - Present tense verbs #2 - YouTube===
===Learn Croatian - Present tense verbs #2 - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uz1YfJkAt8w</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uz1YfJkAt8w</youtube>
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar Serbo-Croatian grammar - Wikipedia]
* [https://languageboost.biz/best-detailed-introduction-to-croatian-verbs/ Croatian Verbs, the Best Detailed Introduction - tenses, aspect, and ...]
* [https://learn-croatian.com/detailed-guide-through-a-croatian-past-tense/ Detailed Guide through a Croatian Past Tense]
* [https://speakcro.com/croatian-language-and-grammar/the-present-tense-in-the-croatian-language-affirmative/ The present tense in the Croatian language, affirmative - SpeakCRO ...]


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]


<span class='maj'></span>
 
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar Serbo-Croatian grammar - Wikipedia]
* [https://languageboost.biz/best-detailed-introduction-to-croatian-verbs/ Croatian Verbs, the Best Detailed Introduction - tenses, aspect, and ...]
* [https://learn-croatian.com/detailed-guide-through-a-croatian-past-tense/ Detailed Guide through a Croatian Past Tense]
* [https://speakcro.com/croatian-language-and-grammar/the-present-tense-in-the-croatian-language-affirmative/ The present tense in the Croatian language, affirmative - SpeakCRO ...]


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Revision as of 04:48, 18 June 2023


Croatian-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Croatian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Introduction to Croatian Grammar → Verbs and Tenses

Introduction

Welcome to the lesson on Croatian verb conjugation and tenses! In this lesson, we will delve into the intricacies of Croatian verbs, including their various forms and tenses. Verbs are an essential part of any language, and mastering them will greatly enhance your communication skills in Croatian. Whether you want to talk about the present, past, or future, understanding verb conjugation is crucial. Additionally, we will explore the imperative mood, which is used to give commands or express requests. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in Croatian verb conjugation and be able to confidently use verbs in various tenses and moods.

Verbs and Tenses

Present Tense

The present tense is used to describe actions or states that are happening at the moment of speaking or are generally true. In Croatian, verbs in the present tense undergo conjugation to agree with the subject of the sentence. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the present tense:

Croatian Pronunciation English
raditi /rǎːditi/ to work
živjeti /ʒîːvjeti/ to live
govoriti /gǒːvoriti/ to speak
jesti /jěːsti/ to eat
piti /pîːti/ to drink
spavati /spǎːvati/ to sleep
voljeti /vǒːljeti/ to love

To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, simply remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:

  • For the first-person singular (I), add -m.
  • For the second-person singular (you), add -š.
  • For the third-person singular (he/she/it), add -.
  • For the first-person plural (we), add -mo.
  • For the second-person plural (you), add -te.
  • For the third-person plural (they), add -.

Here are some examples:

  • radim (I work)
  • radiš (you work)
  • radi (he/she/it works)
  • radimo (we work)
  • radite (you work)
  • rade (they work)

Past Tense

The past tense is used to talk about actions or states that occurred before the present moment. In Croatian, the past tense is formed by adding different endings to the verb stem. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense:

Croatian Pronunciation English
raditi /rǎːditi/ to work
živjeti /ʒîːvjeti/ to live
govoriti /gǒːvoriti/ to speak
jesti /jěːsti/ to eat
piti /pîːti/ to drink
spavati /spǎːvati/ to sleep
voljeti /vǒːljeti/ to love

To conjugate regular verbs in the past tense, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:

  • For the first-person singular (I), add -o.
  • For the second-person singular (you), add -e.
  • For the third-person singular (he/she/it), add -.
  • For the first-person plural (we), add -i.
  • For the second-person plural (you), add -ite.
  • For the third-person plural (they), add -i.

Here are some examples:

  • radio/radila sam (I worked)
  • radio/radila si (you worked)
  • radio/radila je (he/she/it worked)
  • radili/radile smo (we worked)
  • radili/radile ste (you worked)
  • radili/radile su (they worked)

Future Tense

The future tense is used to talk about actions or states that will happen after the present moment. In Croatian, the future tense is formed by adding different endings to the verb stem. Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the future tense:

Croatian Pronunciation English
raditi /rǎːditi/ to work
živjeti /ʒîːvjeti/ to live
govoriti /gǒːvoriti/ to speak
jesti /jěːsti/ to eat
piti /pîːti/ to drink
spavati /spǎːvati/ to sleep
voljeti /vǒːljeti/ to love

To conjugate regular verbs in the future tense, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:

  • For all persons, add -.

Here are some examples:

  • radit ću (I will work)
  • radit ćeš (you will work)
  • radit će (he/she/it will work)
  • radit ćemo (we will work)
  • radit ćete (you will work)
  • radit će (they will work)

Imperative Mood

The imperative mood is used to give commands or express requests. In Croatian, the imperative mood has different forms for the second-person singular (you) and second-person plural (you all). Let's take a look at the conjugation of regular verbs in the imperative mood:

Croatian Pronunciation English
raditi /rǎːditi/ to work
živjeti /ʒîːvjeti/ to live
govoriti /gǒːvoriti/ to speak
jesti /jěːsti/ to eat
piti /pîːti/ to drink
spavati /spǎːvati/ to sleep
voljeti /vǒːljeti/ to love

To conjugate regular verbs in the imperative mood, remove the infinitive ending (-ti) and add the appropriate endings:

  • For the second-person singular (you), add -i.
  • For the second-person plural (you all), add -ite.

Here are some examples:

  • radi (work)
  • živi (live)
  • govori (speak)
  • jedi (eat)
  • pij (drink)
  • spavaj (sleep)
  • voli (love)

Regional Variations and Cultural Insights

Croatia has several regional variations in verb usage and understanding. For example, in the coastal regions, you may hear a slight difference in verb conjugation compared to the continental regions. These variations are influenced by historical and cultural factors. Additionally, certain dialects may have unique verb forms that differ from the standard Croatian. It's interesting to explore these regional variations and understand the historical reasons behind them. This cultural insight adds depth to your understanding of the Croatian language and allows you to appreciate the diversity within the language itself.

Exercises

Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Here are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of Croatian verb conjugation and tenses. Try to complete the exercises on your own, and then check your answers below.

1. Conjugate the verb "raditi" (to work) in the present tense for the following pronouns:

  • Ja (I):
  • Ti (you):
  • On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
  • Mi (we):
  • Vi (you):
  • Oni/One/Ona (they):

2. Conjugate the verb "živjeti" (to live) in the past tense for the following pronouns:

  • Ja (I):
  • Ti (you):
  • On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
  • Mi (we):
  • Vi (you):
  • Oni/One/Ona (they):

3. Conjugate the verb "govoriti" (to speak) in the future tense for the following pronouns:

  • Ja (I):
  • Ti (you):
  • On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it):
  • Mi (we):
  • Vi (you):
  • Oni/One/Ona (they):

4. Conjugate the verb "jesti" (to eat) in the imperative mood for the second-person singular (you) and second-person plural (you all):

  • Ti (you):
  • Vi (you all):

Exercise Solutions

1. Conjugation of "raditi" (to work) in the present tense:

  • Ja (I): radim
  • Ti (you): radiš
  • On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): radi
  • Mi (we): radimo
  • Vi (you): radite
  • Oni/One/Ona (they): rade

2. Conjugation of "živjeti" (to live) in the past tense:

  • Ja (I): živio/živjela sam
  • Ti (you): živio/živjela si
  • On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): živio/živjela je
  • Mi (we): živjeli/živjele smo
  • Vi (you): živjeli/živjele ste
  • Oni/One/Ona (they): živjeli/živjele su

3. Conjugation of "govoriti" (to speak) in the future tense:

  • Ja (I): govorit ću
  • Ti (you): govorit ćeš
  • On/Ona/Ono (he/she/it): govorit će
  • Mi (we): govorit ćemo
  • Vi (you): govorit ćete
  • Oni/One/Ona (they): govorit će

4. Conjugation of "jesti" (to eat) in the imperative mood:

  • Ti (you): jedi
  • Vi (you all): jedite

Congratulations on completing the exercises! Keep practicing to reinforce your knowledge of Croatian verb conjugation and tenses.

Table of Contents - Croatian Course - 0 to A1


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Daily Activities


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Drink


Croatian Culture and Traditions

Videos

Learn Croatian - Present tense verbs #3 - YouTube

Learn Croatian - Present tense verbs #2 - YouTube


Sources


Other Lessons



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