Language/Dari/Grammar/Pronouns

Dari Grammar - Pronouns

Hi Dari learners! 😊
In this lesson, we will learn about pronouns in Dari grammar. Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns or refer to a noun previously mentioned in a sentence. Pronouns make it easier to read and write by avoiding the repetition of nouns, and they are often a key part of sentence structure. Let’s dive into the world of pronouns in Dari!

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are used to replace the names of people and things in sentences. They are the most commonly used type of pronoun in Dari. Here are the personal pronouns in Dari:

Dari	Pronunciation	English
من	man	I, me
تو	to	You (singular familiar)
شما	shomaa	You (singular polite or plural)
او	oo	He, she, it
ما	maa	We, us
شماها	shomaahaa	You (plural)
ایشان	ayshaan	They

Example:

• Person 1: من به آقا حسین گفتم که دوست دارم به دانشگاه بروم. (I told Mr. Hossein that I want to go to university.)
• Person 2: او همینطور دوست داره. (He also wants to.)

Note: You can also use the verb ending (-am, -i, -id) instead of pronouns to show the subject of the sentence.

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate ownership or possession of something. They replace a possessive noun or pronoun in a sentence. Here are the possessive pronouns in Dari:

Dari	Pronunciation	English
من	man	my, mine
تو	to	your, yours (singular familiar)
شما	shomaa	your, yours (singular polite or plural)
او	oo	his, her, its
ما	maa	our, ours
شماها	shomaahaa	your, yours (plural)
ایشان	ayshaan	their, theirs

Example:

• Person 1: دفتر کتاب من است. (The book is mine.)
• Person 2: من هم دفتر دارم. (I also have a book.)

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns point to or refer to nouns that have already been mentioned or that are about to be mentioned. They indicate whether a noun is near or far in the context of the sentence. Here are the demonstrative pronouns in Dari:

Dari	Pronunciation	English
این	een	This, these
آن	aan	That, those
آنها	aanhaa	Those (people, things)

Example:

• Person 1: این کتاب خوبه. (This book is good.)
• Person 2: آن کتاب هم خوبه. (That book is also good.)

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions about people and things. They replace a noun or pronoun in a sentence. Here are the interrogative pronouns in Dari:

Dari	Pronunciation	English
چه	che	What
کدام	kad-am	Which
چه کس	che kas	Who

Example:

• Person 1: چه چیزی بدون آب نمی‌تواند زنده بماند؟ (What can't survive without water?)
• Person 2: همه چیز بوجود نمی‌آید بدون آب. (Nothing can exist without water.)

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of a sentence and are used to show that the action of the verb is being performed by the subject. They end in -khodam, -khodet, -khodash, -khodim, -khodeton, and -khodeshan. Here are the reflexive pronouns in Dari:

Dari	Pronunciation	English
خودم	khod-am	Myself
خودت	khod-et	Yourself (singular familiar)
خودش	khod-ash	Himself, Herself, Itself
خودمان	khod-imaa	Ourselves
خودتان	khod-etan	Yourselves
خودشان	khod-eshan	Themselves

Example:

• Person 1: من خودم را می‌شورم. (I am washing myself.)
• Person 2: او هم خودش را می‌شورد. (He is also washing himself.)

Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to introduce a relative clause, which describes a noun in a sentence. They refer back to the noun or pronoun previously mentioned in the sentence. Here are the relative pronouns in Dari:

Dari	Pronunciation	English
که	ke	Who, which, that
که … را	ke … raa	Whom, which (object)
هر	har	Whoever, whichever

Example:

• Person 1: مردی که دیدم قد بلندی داشت. (The man I saw was tall.)
• Person 2: می‌دانی که کی بود؟ (Do you know who he was?)

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns refer to people or things in a general way, without specifying who or what they are. They are often used when you don't know the specific noun or when you want to emphasize a general idea. Here are the indefinite pronouns in Dari:

Dari	Pronunciation	English
هیچکس	hichkas	Anyone, nobody
هر چیز	har chiz	Anything, nothing
هر کس	har kas	Anyone, everyone
هرگز	hargez	Never, ever

Example:

• Person 1: هر کس می‌تواند این را بخواند. (Anyone can read this.)
• Person 2: هرگز نمی‌توانم از دوستانم دور شوم. (I can never be away from my friends.)

Now that you have learned about pronouns, try to use them in your sentences and practice speaking with find native speakers and ask them any questions. You can also check out our Grammar section for more lessons on Dari grammar.

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Sources

• Dari language
• Pronoun
• Relative Pronoun

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