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[[File:PTGHIip6S-Hf7UI9Ebqakq-Hfsy7q2bkXqJy_d8FLu0.png|thumb]]
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[[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Etymologies|Etymologies main page]]
This is a page of the etymology of common words and morphemes in modern Indo-European languages.
This is a page of the etymology of common words and morphemes in modern Indo-European languages.


In progress.
In progress.
This page is planned to be renewed.


== Proto-Albanian ==
== Proto-Albanian ==
Line 32: Line 37:


It is chronologically spoken approximately between the '''30th''' and the '''16th''' century BC.
It is chronologically spoken approximately between the '''30th''' and the '''16th''' century BC.
{| class="wikitable"
!etymon
!derivative
!etymon's cognate
!etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
|-
|*mā́tēr
|Ancient Greek: μήτηρ, μᾱ́τηρ
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀔𐀳𐀩
Tsakonian: μάτη
|
|*méh₂tēr
|-
|*patḗr
|Ancient Greek: πατήρ
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀳
|
|*ph₂tḗr
|-
|*wóikos
|Ancient Greek: ϝοῖκος, οἶκος
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀒
|Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃
Latin: vīcus
Proto-Slavic *vьsь
Sanskrit: विश्, वेश
|*weyḱ-
|}


=== [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Vocabulary/Ancient-Greek-Etymology Ancient Greek] ===
=== [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Vocabulary/Ancient-Greek-Etymology Ancient Greek] ===
Line 40: Line 77:
!etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
!etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
|-
|-
|'''ἔτυμος'''  : true, real, genuine
|λύκος
|Modern Greek: λύκος
|Latin: lupus


'''ἔτυμος''' < ἔτεF-μος : (Ομήρ. Ὀδ. δ 140: ψεύσομαι ἦ ἔτυμον ἐρέω;)
Sanskrit: वृक
|['''ἐτυμολογία''' -'''etymology''' ]
|*wĺ̥kʷos
|-
|μήτηρ
|Modern Greek: μητέρα
|Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭‎
Church Slavic: мати


(true meaning, etymological meaning of a word)
Latin: māter
|'''ἐτεός''' < ἐτεF-ός  


( probably cognate with verb"εἰμί")
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀔𐀳𐀩


'''ἐτάζω, ἐξετάζω''' : examine, test,
Old Armenian: մայր


'''Ἐτεοκλῆς : Eteocles'''
Old English: mōdor


(truly glorious)
Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠
|'''ἐτεός''' and '''ἐτός'''


without reason, in vain, only with neg.
Phrygian: ματαρ


'''οὐκ ἐτός''' :no wonder
Sanskrit: मातृ
|*méh₂tēr
|-
|-
| *woikos-> (F)οῖκος , αλλά *wĺ̥kʷos > Λύκος (wolf)
|πατήρ
|
|Modern Greek: πατήρ, πατέρας
|
Yevanic: פַטִיר‎
|
|Latin: pater
|-
 
|'''mother''' (latin)  
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀳
'''μητέρα'''  (“metera” in greec)              
 
Old Armenian: հայր
 
Old English: fæder
 
Phrygian: πατερης


'''मातृ''' (“matar” in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit: पितृ
|
|*ph₂tḗr
|
|
|-
|-
|'''pater''' (latin)  
|τίς;
'''πατέρας''' ( pateras in Greek)
|Modern Greek: ποιος; (who? which?)
 
'''vater''' (“fa-ter”) in German
|
|
|
|
|*kʷis
|}
|}


Line 131: Line 174:
!etymon's cognate
!etymon's cognate
!etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
!etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>a</big></big>
|-
|-
|*ab
|*ab
Line 162: Line 207:


Swedish: av, af
Swedish: av, af
*Westrobothnian: åv, å, a


Vlaams: of
Vlaams: of
Line 243: Line 289:
Limburgish: ènde, ènd, èn, è
Limburgish: ènde, ènd, èn, è


Low German: un, on, en
Low German:
*Dutch Low Saxon: en
*German Low German: un, on
*Urkers: in


Luxembourgish: an
Luxembourgish: an
Line 289: Line 338:
|Latin: ad
|Latin: ad
|*h₂éd
|*h₂éd
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>b</big></big>
|-
|-
|*beuną
|*beuną
Line 297: Line 348:


Sanskrit: भवति
Sanskrit: भवति
|*bʰuH-
|*bʰéwH-ti
|-
|*bi
|'''Alemannic German''': bii
 
Dutch: bij
 
English: by
 
German: bei
 
Limburgish: bie
 
Low German: bi
 
North Frisian: bi
 
Saterfrisisch: bie
 
Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'
 
Swedish: bi
 
Wymysorys: by
 
West Frisian: by
 
Yiddish: בײַ‎
|Ancient Greek: ἐπί
|*h₁epi
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>d</big></big>
|-
|*dōną
|'''Alemannic German''': tue, due, tuä
 
'''Central Franconian''': donn, don, dun
 
Afrikaans: doen
 
Bavarian: doa
* Viennese: tuan
 
Cimbrian: tüan, tüunan
 
Dutch: doen
 
English: do
 
German: tun
 
Hunsrik: dun
 
Kölsch: dunn
 
Limburgish: doon
 
Low German: doon
* Paderbornisch: deoen
* Münsterländisch: dohn
 
Luxembourgish: doen, dinn, dunn
 
North Frisian:
* Föhr-Amrum: du
* Mooring: düünj
 
Pennsylvania German: duh
 
Saterfriesisch: dwo
 
Scots: dae
 
Swabian: dua, doa
 
West Frisian: dwaan
 
Yiddish: טאָן‎
|
|*dʰéh₁t, *dʰédʰeh₁ti
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>þ</big></big>
|-
|*þai
|Danish: de
 
English: tho, those; they
 
Faroese: teir
 
''Gutnish'': dair, di
 
Icelandic: þeir
 
Norwegian: dei, de
 
Saterfrisisch: do
 
Scots: tha, thai, thais; they
 
Swedish: de, di, da
*Jamtish: dei
*Westrobothnian: de, di, däi
|
|*só
|-
|-
|*þat
|*þat
|Afrikaans: dat
|'''Central Franconian''': dat, datt
 
Afrikaans: dat


Danish: det
Danish: det
Line 350: Line 507:


Low German: düsse, disse
Low German: düsse, disse
Saterfrisisch: disse


West Frisian: dizze
West Frisian: dizze
Line 355: Line 514:
|*só
|*só
|-
|-
|*dōną
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>e</big></big>
|Afrikaans: doen
|-
 
|*ek, *ik
Bavarian: doa
|'''Alemannic German''': ich, ig, i
* Viennese: tuan
 
Cimbrian: tüan, tüunan
 
Dutch: doen
 
English: do
 
German: tun
 
Hunsrik: dun
 
Kölsch: dunn
 
Limburgish: doon
 
Low German: doon
* Paderbornisch: deoen
* Münsterländisch: dohn
 
Luxembourgish: doen, dinn, dunn
 
North Frisian:
* Föhr-Amrum: du
* Mooring: düünj


Pennsylvania German: duh
'''Central Franconian''': ich, eich, ech


Saterfriesisch: dwo
Afrikaans: ek
 
Scots: dae
 
Swabian: dua, doa
 
West Frisian: dwaan
 
Yiddish: טאָן‎
|
|*dʰeh₁-
|-
|*ek, *ik
|Afrikaans: ek


Bavarian: i
Bavarian: i
*Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i, iχχe


Cimbrian: ich, i
Cimbrian: ich, i
Line 417: Line 539:


German: ich
German: ich
*Erzgebirgisch: iech
*Hessian: aisch
*Hunsrückisch: äijsch


Hunsrik: ich
Hunsrik: ich
Line 429: Line 554:


Luxembourgish: ech
Luxembourgish: ech
Mainfränkisch: i, iech


Mócheno: i
Mócheno: i
Line 435: Line 562:


Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj
Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj
*Bokmål: jeg
 
*Nynorsk: eg
Norwegian Bokmål: jeg
 
NorwegianNynorsk: eg


Pennsylvania German: ich
Pennsylvania German: ich


Saterfriesisch: iek
Saterfriesisch: iek
''Scanian'': jağ


Scots: ik; A, I
Scots: ik; A, I
Line 449: Line 580:


Swedish: jag
Swedish: jag
*Jamtish: jeg
*Westrobothnian: jäg, jeg, jig, jög


Upper Saxon: isch, ische
Upper Saxon: isch, ische
Line 458: Line 591:
Yiddish: איך‎
Yiddish: איך‎
|
|
|*éǵh₂
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>f</big></big>
|-
|*fram
|Danish: fra; frem
English: from; fro
*Northumbrian: frae, fra
Faroese: frá; fram, frá
Icelandic: frá; fram
Norwegian: fram
Norwegian Bokmål: fra; frem
Norwegian Nynorsk: frå
Scots: from, frome; frae, fra, fro, fae
Swedish: från; fram
*Westrobothnian: frå, fra; frånn, frönn; framm
|
|
|*pro-
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>h</big></big>
|-
|-
|*habjaną
|*habjaną
Line 476: Line 636:


German: haben; heben
German: haben; heben
*Berlinerisch: ham
*Erzgebirgisch: hamm
*Ruhrpott: habn
*Upper Hessian: hu, hunn


Hunsrik: hon
Hunsrik: hon


Icelandic: hafa; hefja
Icelandic: hafa; hefja
Javindo: geef


Kölsch: han
Kölsch: han
Line 497: Line 663:
*Helgoland: hoa
*Helgoland: hoa


Norwegian:
Norwegian Bokmål: have, ha; heve
*Bokmål: have, ha; heve
 
*Nynorsk: hava, have, ha; hevja, hevje
NorwegianNynorsk: hava, have, ha; hevja, hevje


Pennsylvania German: hawwe
Pennsylvania German: hawwe
Line 530: Line 696:
|
|
|*keh₂p-, *kh₂pyéti
|*keh₂p-, *kh₂pyéti
|-
|*hezōi
|'''Alemannic German''': ire
Dutch: haar
English: her
German: ihr
Low German: ehr, hör, eer, er
Luxembourgish: hir
North Frisian: hör
Scots: her
West Frisian: har
Yiddish: איר‎
|
|*ḱís
|-
|*hijō
|English: hoo, she
Saterfrisisch: jo, ju
Scots: scho, shu
West Frisian: so, sy, se
|
|
|-
|-
|*hit
|*hit
Line 551: Line 751:
|-
|-
|*hiz
|*hiz
|Dutch: hij, ie
|'''Central Franconian''': hä
 
Dutch: hij, ie


English: he
English: he
Line 572: Line 774:
Wymysorys: hār
Wymysorys: hār
|
|
|*ḱe +‎ *ís
|*ḱís
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>i</big></big>
|-
|-
|*in
|*in
|Afrikaans: in
|'''Central Franconian''': en, ön, on
'''Rhine Franconian''': in, en
 
Afrikaans: in


Bavarian: i
Bavarian: i
Line 610: Line 817:


Swedish: i
Swedish: i
*Westrobothnian: i, öy, äi


West Frisian: yn
West Frisian: yn
Line 618: Line 826:
|-
|-
|*izwiz
|*izwiz
|Afrikaans: jou
|'''Alemannic German''': öi; üüch
 
Afrikaans: jou


Cimbrian: òich
Cimbrian: òich
Line 649: Line 859:
|
|
|*yū́
|*yū́
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>n</big></big>
|-
|-
|*ne, *ni
|*ne, *ni
Line 662: Line 874:
|
|
|*ne
|*ne
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>s</big></big>
|-
|-
|*sa
|*sa
|Afrikaans: die
|'''Alemannic German''': dr
 
Afrikaans: die


Bavarian: da
Bavarian: da
Line 675: Line 891:


German: der
German: der
*Hessian: dè


Faroese: sá
Faroese: sá
Line 707: Line 924:
Tocharian B: se
Tocharian B: se
|*só
|*só
|-
|*sagjaną
|'''Alemannic German''': säge
'''Central Franconian''': sage
Afrikaans: sê, seg
Bavarian: sogn, soon, sång
Danish: sige
Dutch: zeggen
Elfdalian: saja
English: say
Faroese: siga
German: sagen
''Gutnish'': säge
Icelandic: segja
Low German: seggen
Luxembourgish: soen
Norwegian Bokmål: si
Norwegian Nynorsk: seie
''Scanian'': siğa, sæğa
Scots: say, sa
Swabian:
*Sathmar: sage
Swedish: säga
*Jamtish: segi
*Westrobothnian: saaij
Swiss German:
*Alsatian: soeje, sawe, sàge
Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége
West Frisian: sizze
Wymysorys: ziön
Yiddish: זאָגן‎
|
|*sokʷ-h₁-yé-
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>t</big></big>
|-
|-
|*ta
|*ta
|Afrikaans: te, tot
|'''East Central German''': ze
 
'''East Franconian''': ze
 
Afrikaans: te, tot


Dutch: te, tot
Dutch: te, tot


German: zu
German: zu
West Frisian: ta
|
|
|*do
|*do
|-
|-
|*tō
|*tō
|Afrikaans: tot; toe
|'''East Central German''': zu
 
Afrikaans: tot; toe


Cimbrian: zo
Cimbrian: zo
Line 747: Line 1,031:
|
|
|*doh₁
|*doh₁
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>ū</big></big>
|-
|*ūt
|'''Alemannic German''': us
Cimbrian: aus, auz
Danish: ud
Dutch: uit
English: out
Faroese: út
German: out, outen; aus
Icelandic: út
Low German: ut
*German Low German: uut
Luxembourgish: aus
Norwegian: ut
Saterfrisisch: uut
Scots: out, oot
Swedish: ut
West Frisian: út
Yiddish: אויס‎
|
|*úd
|-
|*ūtai
|Danish: ude
English: out
Faroese: úti
Icelandic: úti
Swedish: ute
|
|
|-
|*ūtanē
|Danish: uden
English: outen
Faroese: uttan
German: außen
Icelandic: utan
Low German: uten
Norwegian: utan
Swedish: utan
|
|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | <big><big>w</big></big>
|-
|-
|*wiþrą
|*wiþrą
Line 796: Line 1,151:
|Proto-Slavic: *veťь
|Proto-Slavic: *veťь
|*wekti-
|*wekti-
|-
|*wīz
|'''Alemannic German''': mir, mier
Bavarian: mia
Cimbrian: biar, bar
Danish: vi
Dutch: wij
Elfdalian: wįð
English: we
Faroese: vær
German: wir; mir
Hunsrik: meer
Icelandic: vér
Jamaican Creole English: wi
Low German:
*Dutch Low Saxon: wi
*German Low German: wi, wî
Luxembourgish: mir, mer
Mócheno: biar
North Frisian: wi, wü
Norwegian: vi
Norwegian Nynorsk: me
Pennsylvania German: mer
Plautdietsch: wie
Saterfrisisch: wie
Scots: we, wee, wa
Sranan Tongo: wi
Swedish: vi
*Jamtish: mæð
*Westrobothnian: ve
West Frisian: wy
Yiddish: מיר‎
|
|*wéy
|}
|}


== Proto-Tocharian ==
== Proto-Tocharian ==
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots|Must‐Know Words for Polyglots]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Tribology|Tribology]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Greetings-Evening-greeting|Greetings Evening greeting]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Cinema-in-many-languages|Cinema in many languages]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Chemical-Element|Chemical Element]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Similarities-between-French-and-Italian|Similarities between French and Italian]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Mechanism|Mechanism]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Metalworking|Metalworking]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Collocations-with-get|Collocations with get]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns|Pronouns]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 22:32, 15 May 2024

PTGHIip6S-Hf7UI9Ebqakq-Hfsy7q2bkXqJy d8FLu0.png

Etymologies main page

This is a page of the etymology of common words and morphemes in modern Indo-European languages.

In progress.

This page is planned to be renewed.

Proto-Albanian[edit | edit source]

Proto-Anatolian[edit | edit source]

Proto-Armenian[edit | edit source]

Proto-Balto-Slavic[edit | edit source]

Proto-Slavic[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon

Proto-Celtic[edit | edit source]

Proto-Greek[edit | edit source]

The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) was conventionally named the oldest form of the Greek language after its differentiation

from early Indo-European and before its division into more recent Greek dialects (Mycenaean, Doric, Attic-Ionian, Arcadian, Cypriot, Aeolian, etc.).

It is chronologically spoken approximately between the 30th and the 16th century BC.

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
*mā́tēr Ancient Greek: μήτηρ, μᾱ́τηρ

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀔𐀳𐀩

Tsakonian: μάτη

*méh₂tēr
*patḗr Ancient Greek: πατήρ

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀳

*ph₂tḗr
*wóikos Ancient Greek: ϝοῖκος, οἶκος

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀒

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃

Latin: vīcus

Proto-Slavic *vьsь

Sanskrit: विश्, वेश

*weyḱ-

Ancient Greek[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
λύκος Modern Greek: λύκος Latin: lupus

Sanskrit: वृक

*wĺ̥kʷos
μήτηρ Modern Greek: μητέρα Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭‎

Church Slavic: мати

Latin: māter

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀔𐀳𐀩

Old Armenian: մայր

Old English: mōdor

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

Phrygian: ματαρ

Sanskrit: मातृ

*méh₂tēr
πατήρ Modern Greek: πατήρ, πατέρας

Yevanic: פַטִיר‎

Latin: pater

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀳

Old Armenian: հայր

Old English: fæder

Phrygian: πατερης

Sanskrit: पितृ

*ph₂tḗr
τίς; Modern Greek: ποιος; (who? which?) *kʷis

Proto-Italic[edit | edit source]

Latin[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon

Proto-Indo-Iranian[edit | edit source]

Proto-Iranian[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon

Proto-Indo-Aryan[edit | edit source]

Sanskrit[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon

Proto-Germanic[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
a
*ab Danish: af

Dutch: af

Elfdalian: åv

English: of, off

Faroese: av

German: ab

Icelandic: af

Limburgish: aaf, aof

Low German: af, of

Luxembourgish: of

Norwegian Bokmål: ab; av

Plautdietsch: auf

Scots: of, off, af, aff

Saterfrisisch: oawe, ou

Swedish: av, af

  • Westrobothnian: åv, å, a

Vlaams: of

West Frisian: af, ôf

Yiddish: אָפּ‎

*h₂epó
*an Afrikaans: aan

Cimbrian: å

Danish: å

Dutch: aan

Elfdalian: ą̊

English: on

Faroese: á

German: an

Hunsrik: aan

Icelandic: á

Limburgish: aan

Low German: an

Luxembourgish: un

North Frisian: a

Norwegian: å

Pennsylvania German: aa

Saterfriesisch: an, oun

Scots: an, on

Swedish: å, a

West Frisian: oan

*h₂en-
*andi Afrikaans: en

Cimbrian: un

Danish: end

Dutch: en

English: and

Estonian: ent

Faroese: enn

Finnish: entä

German: und

Hunsrik: un

Icelandic: enn

Ingrian: entä

Latvian: un

Limburgish: ènde, ènd, èn, è

Low German:

  • Dutch Low Saxon: en
  • German Low German: un, on
  • Urkers: in

Luxembourgish: an

Mócheno: ont

North Frisian: en

Norwegian: enn

Pennsylvania German: un

Plautdietsch: un, en

Saterfrisisch: un

Scots: an

Swedish: än

West Frisian: en, in

Yiddish: און‎

*h₂énti
*at Danish: at, ad

Elfdalian: að

English: at

Faroese: at

Icelandic: að

North Frisian: et, it, äät, äit

Norwegian Bokmål: åt

Scots: at

Swedish: åt

Latin: ad *h₂éd
b
*beuną English: be

Scots: be

Latin: fuī, futūrus

Sanskrit: भवति

*bʰéwH-ti
*bi Alemannic German: bii

Dutch: bij

English: by

German: bei

Limburgish: bie

Low German: bi

North Frisian: bi

Saterfrisisch: bie

Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'

Swedish: bi

Wymysorys: by

West Frisian: by

Yiddish: בײַ‎

Ancient Greek: ἐπί *h₁epi
d
*dōną Alemannic German: tue, due, tuä

Central Franconian: donn, don, dun

Afrikaans: doen

Bavarian: doa

  • Viennese: tuan

Cimbrian: tüan, tüunan

Dutch: doen

English: do

German: tun

Hunsrik: dun

Kölsch: dunn

Limburgish: doon

Low German: doon

  • Paderbornisch: deoen
  • Münsterländisch: dohn

Luxembourgish: doen, dinn, dunn

North Frisian:

  • Föhr-Amrum: du
  • Mooring: düünj

Pennsylvania German: duh

Saterfriesisch: dwo

Scots: dae

Swabian: dua, doa

West Frisian: dwaan

Yiddish: טאָן‎

*dʰéh₁t, *dʰédʰeh₁ti
þ
*þai Danish: de

English: tho, those; they

Faroese: teir

Gutnish: dair, di

Icelandic: þeir

Norwegian: dei, de

Saterfrisisch: do

Scots: tha, thai, thais; they

Swedish: de, di, da

  • Jamtish: dei
  • Westrobothnian: de, di, däi
 *só
*þat Central Franconian: dat, datt

Afrikaans: dat

Danish: det

Dutch: dat, het

English: that

German: das, dass

Faroese: tað, hað

Icelandic: það

Limburgish: det

Low German: dat, datt

Luxembourgish: dass; dat, datt

Norwegian Bokmål: det

Norwegian Nynorsk: det, dat

Saterfriesisch: dat

Scots: that

Silesian: doas

Swabian: des

Swedish: det

*só
*þes- Cimbrian: diiza

Dutch: deze, dit

English: these

German: diese

Icelandic: þessi

Limburgish: deze

Low German: düsse, disse

Saterfrisisch: disse

West Frisian: dizze

*só
e
*ek, *ik Alemannic German: ich, ig, i

Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech

Afrikaans: ek

Bavarian: i

  • Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i, iχχe

Cimbrian: ich, i

Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ

Dutch: ik

Elfdalian: ig

English: ich; I

Faroese: eg, jeg

German: ich

  • Erzgebirgisch: iech
  • Hessian: aisch
  • Hunsrückisch: äijsch

Hunsrik: ich

Icelandic: ek, eg, ég

Kölsch: ich

Limburgish: ich, iech, ik

Low German: ik

Luxembourgish: ech

Mainfränkisch: i, iech

Mócheno: i

North Frisian: ick, ik

Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj

Norwegian Bokmål: jeg

NorwegianNynorsk: eg

Pennsylvania German: ich

Saterfriesisch: iek

Scanian: jağ

Scots: ik; A, I

Silesian: iech

Swabian: i

Swedish: jag

  • Jamtish: jeg
  • Westrobothnian: jäg, jeg, jig, jög

Upper Saxon: isch, ische

West Frisian: ik

Wymysorys: ych

Yiddish: איך‎

*éǵh₂
f
*fram Danish: fra; frem

English: from; fro

  • Northumbrian: frae, fra

Faroese: frá; fram, frá

Icelandic: frá; fram

Norwegian: fram

Norwegian Bokmål: fra; frem

Norwegian Nynorsk: frå

Scots: from, frome; frae, fra, fro, fae

Swedish: från; fram

  • Westrobothnian: frå, fra; frånn, frönn; framm
 *pro-
h
*habjaną Afrikaans: hê; hef

Cimbrian: haban, hen, håm; höoban

Danish: have; hæve

Dutch: hebben; heffen

Elfdalian: åvå

English: have; heave

Faroese: hava; hevja

German: haben; heben

  • Berlinerisch: ham
  • Erzgebirgisch: hamm
  • Ruhrpott: habn
  • Upper Hessian: hu, hunn

Hunsrik: hon

Icelandic: hafa; hefja

Javindo: geef

Kölsch: han

Limburgish: höbbe; höffe

Low German: heven

  • German Low German: hebben, hewwen

Luxembourgish: hunn; hiewen

Mócheno: hom

North Frisian:

  • Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: haa
  • Hallig, Mooring: heewe
  • Helgoland: hoa

Norwegian Bokmål: have, ha; heve

NorwegianNynorsk: hava, have, ha; hevja, hevje

Pennsylvania German: hawwe

Pfaelzisch: hann, hawwe, hunn

Plautdietsch: haben

Saterfriesisch: hääbe; hieuwje

Scots: hae, ha, hiv, have, hawe; heave, heve, hewe

Swabian: hau

Swedish: ha, hava; häva

Upper Saxon: ham, hom

West Frisian: hawwe; heffe

Westphalien:

  • Münsterländisch: häbben, hävven
  • Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: häwwen, häbben
  • Sauerländisch: hewwen, häbben, hänn, hann
  • Westmünsterländisch: häbben

Wymysorys: hon

Yiddish: האָבן‎

*keh₂p-, *kh₂pyéti
*hezōi Alemannic German: ire

Dutch: haar

English: her

German: ihr

Low German: ehr, hör, eer, er

Luxembourgish: hir

North Frisian: hör

Scots: her

West Frisian: har

Yiddish: איר‎

*ḱís
*hijō English: hoo, she

Saterfrisisch: jo, ju

Scots: scho, shu

West Frisian: so, sy, se

*hit Dutch: het

English: it, hit

Limburgish: hèt

Low German: et, it

Plautdietsch: et

Saterfriesisch: et

Scots: it

West Frisian: it

*ḱe(y)-
*hiz Central Franconian: hä

Dutch: hij, ie

English: he

Limburgish: hae

Low German: he

Luxembourgish: hien

North Frisian: hi, he

  • Halligen: hii

Saterfriesisch: hie

Scots: he

West Frisian: hy

Wymysorys: hār

*ḱís
i
*in Central Franconian: en, ön, on

Rhine Franconian: in, en

Afrikaans: in

Bavarian: i

Cimbrian: inn, in

Danish: i

Dutch: in

Elfdalian: i

English: in

Faroese: í, íggj

German: in

Icelandic: í

Limburgish: in

Luxembourgish: an

Norwegian: i

Pennsylvania German: in

Pfaelzisch: in, en

Saterfriesisch: in

Scots: in

Swedish: i

  • Westrobothnian: i, öy, äi

West Frisian: yn

Yiddish: אין‎

*h₁én
*izwiz Alemannic German: öi; üüch

Afrikaans: jou

Cimbrian: òich

Dutch: u; jou, a

English: you

German: euch

Icelandic: yður

Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg

Luxembourgish: iech

North Frisian: juu

Norwegian Bokmål: dere

Norwegian Nynorsk: øder

Saterfriesisch: jou, Jou

Scots: you

Swedish: eder, er

West Frisian: jo

*yū́
n
*ne, *ni Dutch: n-

English: ne

German: nee

Icelandic: né

Scots: ne

*ne
s
*sa Alemannic German: dr

Afrikaans: die

Bavarian: da

Cimbrian: dèar, dar

Dutch: de

English: the

German: der

  • Hessian: dè

Faroese: sá

Hunsrik: dää

Icelandic: sá

Kölsch: dä

Limburgish: dae

Low German: de

Mócheno: der

Saterfrisisch: die

Scots: the

Swabian: d'r

Swedish: de

West Frisian: de, dy

Yiddish: דער‎

Ancient Greek: ὁ

Sanskrit: स

Tocharian B: se

*só
*sagjaną Alemannic German: säge

Central Franconian: sage

Afrikaans: sê, seg

Bavarian: sogn, soon, sång

Danish: sige

Dutch: zeggen

Elfdalian: saja

English: say

Faroese: siga

German: sagen

Gutnish: säge

Icelandic: segja

Low German: seggen

Luxembourgish: soen

Norwegian Bokmål: si

Norwegian Nynorsk: seie

Scanian: siğa, sæğa

Scots: say, sa

Swabian:

  • Sathmar: sage

Swedish: säga

  • Jamtish: segi
  • Westrobothnian: saaij

Swiss German:

  • Alsatian: soeje, sawe, sàge

Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége

West Frisian: sizze

Wymysorys: ziön

Yiddish: זאָגן‎

*sokʷ-h₁-yé-
t
*ta East Central German: ze

East Franconian: ze

Afrikaans: te, tot

Dutch: te, tot

German: zu

West Frisian: ta

*do
*tō East Central German: zu

Afrikaans: tot; toe

Cimbrian: zo

Dutch: toe; tot

English: to, too

German: zu

Limburgish: tót

Low German: to

Luxembourgish: zou, zu

North Frisian: to, tö, tu

Saterfrisisch: tou

Scots: tae

West Frisian: ta

Wymysorys: cy

Yiddish: צו‎

*doh₁
ū
*ūt Alemannic German: us

Cimbrian: aus, auz

Danish: ud

Dutch: uit

English: out

Faroese: út

German: out, outen; aus

Icelandic: út

Low German: ut

  • German Low German: uut

Luxembourgish: aus

Norwegian: ut

Saterfrisisch: uut

Scots: out, oot

Swedish: ut

West Frisian: út

Yiddish: אויס‎

*úd
*ūtai Danish: ude

English: out

Faroese: úti

Icelandic: úti

Swedish: ute

*ūtanē Danish: uden

English: outen

Faroese: uttan

German: außen

Icelandic: utan

Low German: uten

Norwegian: utan

Swedish: utan

w
*wiþrą Dutch: weder, weer

English: wither

German: wider, wieder

Hunsrik: witter

Low German: wedder

Swedish: vid, veder-

*wi +‎ *-teros
*wihtiz Danish: vætte

Dutch: wicht

English: wight, whit; weight

German: Wicht

Faroese: vættur, veittur

Icelandic: vættur

Low German:

  • German Low German: Wicht
  • Dutch Low Saxon: wicht

North Frisian: wecht

Norwegian: vette, vætte, vett, vitt

Saterfrisisch: nit; Wächte

Scots: wicht; wecht, weicht

Swedish: vätte

Westphalien:

  • Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wicht
  • Sauerländisch: Weyht
  • Westmünsterländisch: Wicht
 Proto-Slavic: *veťь *wekti-
*wīz Alemannic German: mir, mier

Bavarian: mia

Cimbrian: biar, bar

Danish: vi

Dutch: wij

Elfdalian: wįð

English: we

Faroese: vær

German: wir; mir

Hunsrik: meer

Icelandic: vér

Jamaican Creole English: wi

Low German:

  • Dutch Low Saxon: wi
  • German Low German: wi, wî

Luxembourgish: mir, mer

Mócheno: biar

North Frisian: wi, wü

Norwegian: vi

Norwegian Nynorsk: me

Pennsylvania German: mer

Plautdietsch: wie

Saterfrisisch: wie

Scots: we, wee, wa

Sranan Tongo: wi

Swedish: vi

  • Jamtish: mæð
  • Westrobothnian: ve

West Frisian: wy

Yiddish: מיר‎

*wéy

Proto-Tocharian[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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