Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


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On this page, you will find the most important ones.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]
* https://glossary.sil.org/term
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary


If you need a clear categorization of linguistics, see:
== Branches of Linguistics ==
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
{| class="wikitable"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Historical linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Applied linguistics|applied linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Computational linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety (linguistics)|variety]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard language|standard language]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phone (phonetics)|phone]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|non–pulmonic consonant
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ejective consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Click consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Implosive consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|place of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|coronal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|dorsal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|uvular consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|glottal consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Stop consonant|stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|fricative consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|nasal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|vibrant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Flap consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|trill consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Liquid consonant|liquid consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|lateral consonant]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Letter (alphabet)|letter]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Letter case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|[[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|}
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|[[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]


{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Word|word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|[[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
== Lexicology ==
|[[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|[[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|[[wikipedia:Root (linguistics)|root]]
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|[[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Historical Linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
== Orthography ==
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|}
 
|-
== Sociolinguistics ==
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|[[wikipedia:Parse tree|parse tree]]
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|constituency-based parse tree
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|dependency-based parse tree
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Function word|function word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Content word|content word]]
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Part of speech|part of speech]]
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical particle|particle]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier (linguistics)|multiplier]]
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive number|distributive number]]
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominal number|nominal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
|attributive adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|predicative adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized adjective|nominalized adjective]]
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]]
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|definite article
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|indifinite article
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|zero article
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive determiner|possessive determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|adposition]]
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|preposition
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|postposition
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|circumposition
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Typography ==
|[[wikipedia:Count noun|countable noun]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Mass noun|uncountable noun]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|collective noun
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
|abstract noun
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|concrete noun
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|common noun
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Proper noun|proper noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal pronoun|personal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative pronoun|relative pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal verb|impersonal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|[[wikipedia:Transitive verb|transitive verb]]
*** round brackets
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]
*** curly brackets
|tritransitive verb
*** square brackets
|}
*** angle brackets
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Modal verb|modal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive verb|reflexive verb]]
** bold
|}
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary verb|auxiliary verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Finite verb|finite verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite verb|nonfinite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|}
 
|}
== Semantics ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial phrase|adverbial phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective phrase|adjective phrase]]
*** first person
|[[wikipedia:Noun phrase|noun phrase]]
*** second person
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional phrase|adpositional phrase]]
*** third person
|[[wikipedia:Verb phrase|verb phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|argument clause
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|adjuctive clause
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|predicative clause
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|}
*** masculine
{| class="wikitable"
*** feminine
|[[wikipedia:Dependent clause|dependent clause]]
*** neuter
|[[wikipedia:Independent clause|independent clause]]
*** animate
|}
*** inanimate
|-
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|[[wikipedia:Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|simple sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|compound sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|complex sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|compound–complex sentence
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|declaritive sentence
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|interrogative sentence
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
|exclamatory sentence
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|imperative sentence
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|instructive sentence
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
***simple aspect
|major sentence
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|minor sentence
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
****indicative mood
|-
****energenic mood
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Predicate (grammar)|predicate]]
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|}
****potential mood
|-
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Typography|typography]]
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|[[wikipedia:Full stop|period]]
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation mark|exclamation mark]]
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Question mark|question mark]]
 
|-
== Morphology ==
|[[wikipedia:Colon (punctuation)|colon]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|[[wikipedia:Quotation mark|quotation mark]]
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
|[[wikipedia:Slash (punctuation)|slash]]
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|round brackets
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|square brackets
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|curly brackets
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|[[wikipedia:Space (punctuation)|space]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
{| class="wikitable"
**positive
|[[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
{| class="wikitable"
**superlative
|[[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
**affirmation
|[[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
**negation
|[[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
|}
**singular
|}
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|[[wikipedia:Font|font]]
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|[[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Syntax ==
|[[wikipedia:Character encoding|character encoding]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
|-
** constituency-based parse tree
|[[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
** dependency-based parse tree
|}
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|[[wikipedia:Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]]
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|[[wikipedia:Italic type|italic]]
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|bold
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
|[[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|[[wikipedia:Calligraphy|calligraphy]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical category|grammatical category]]
*** attributive adjective
{| class="wikitable"
*** predicative adjective
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|first person
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
|second person
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|third person
**** definite article
|}
**** indifinite article
|}
**** zero article
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Subject (grammar)|subject]]
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Object (grammar)|object]]
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** preposition
|[[wikipedia:Argument (linguistics)|argument]]
*** postposition
|[[wikipedia:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]]
*** circumposition
|[[wikipedia:Complement (linguistics)|complement]]
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]
*** collective noun
|}
*** abstract noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** concrete noun
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]]
*** common noun
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]]
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|masculine
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|feminine
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|neuter
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|animate
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|inanimate
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|}
*** tritransitive verb
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominative case|nominative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Accusative case|accusative case]]
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|[[wikipedia:Dative case|dative case]]
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|[[wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative case]]
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive case]]
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Vocative case|vocative case]]
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|locative case]]
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|instrumental case]]
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Oblique case|oblique case]]
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
**argument clause
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]]
**adjuctive clause
{| class="wikitable"
**predicative clause
|[[wikipedia:Past tense|past tense]]
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Present tense|present tense]]
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Future tense|future tense]]
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
|}
**simple sentence
|}
**compound sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**complex sentence
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]
**compound–complex sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**declaritive sentence
|simple aspect
**interrogative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
**exclamatory sentence
|[[wikipedia:Perfect (grammar)|perfect aspect]]
**imperative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Prospective aspect|prospective aspect]]
**instructive sentence
|}
**major sentence
|}
**minor sentence
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]]
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|[[wikipedia:Realis mood|realis mood]]
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|indicative mood
 
|energenic mood
== Rhetoric ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis mood|irrealis mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
|[[wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
|[[wikipedia:Optative mood|optative mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|[[wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|[[wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|potential mood
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|[[wikipedia:Voice (grammar)|voice]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Linguistic typology ==
|[[wikipedia:Active voice|active voice]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Passive voice|passive voice]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
 
|}
== Historical Linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|positive
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|superlative
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation and negation|polarity]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|affirmation
 
|negation
== Lexicostatistics ==
|}
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Serial verb construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic typology|linguistic typology]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Word order|word order]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Analytic language|analystic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Isolating language|isolating language]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional language|fusional language]]
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Calligraphy|calligraphy]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
|}


==-- AUTHOR --==
==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]


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{{other-lessons}}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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