Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


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On this page, you will find the most important ones.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]
* https://glossary.sil.org/term
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary


If you need a clear categorization of linguistics, see:
== Branches of Linguistics ==
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
{| class="wikitable"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Historical linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Applied linguistics|applied linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Computational linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety (linguistics)|variety]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard language|standard language]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phone (phonetics)|phone]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|non–pulmonic consonant
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ejective consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Click consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Implosive consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|place of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|coronal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|dorsal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|uvular consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|glottal consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Stop consonant|stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|fricative consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|nasal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|vibrant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Flap consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|trill consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Liquid consonant|liquid consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|lateral consonant]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Letter (alphabet)|letter]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Letter case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|[[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|}
|-
|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]


{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Word|word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|[[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
== Lexicology ==
|[[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|[[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Root (linguistics)|root]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|[[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
== Historical Linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
 
|}
== Orthography ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Sociolinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|}
 
|-
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|[[wikipedia:Parse tree|parse tree]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|constituency-based parse tree
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|dependency-based parse tree
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|[[wikipedia:Function word|function word]]
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Content word|content word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Part of speech|part of speech]]
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical particle|particle]]
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal number]]
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier (linguistics)|multiplier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive number|distributive number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominal number|nominal number]]
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|attributive adjective
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|predicative adjective
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized adjective|nominalized adjective]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]]
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|definite article
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|indifinite article
 
|zero article
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive determiner|possessive determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|adposition]]
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|preposition
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|postposition
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|circumposition
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Count noun|countable noun]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Mass noun|uncountable noun]]
== Typography ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|collective noun
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|abstract noun
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|concrete noun
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|common noun
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Proper noun|proper noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal pronoun|personal pronoun]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative pronoun|relative pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal verb|impersonal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|[[wikipedia:Transitive verb|transitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|tritransitive verb
*** round brackets
|}
*** curly brackets
{| class="wikitable"
*** square brackets
|[[wikipedia:Modal verb|modal verb]]
*** angle brackets
|}
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive verb|reflexive verb]]
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
{| class="wikitable"
** bold
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary verb|auxiliary verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
|[[wikipedia:Finite verb|finite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite verb|nonfinite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|}
 
|-
== Semantics ==
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial phrase|adverbial phrase]]
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective phrase|adjective phrase]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun phrase|noun phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional phrase|adpositional phrase]]
*** first person
|[[wikipedia:Verb phrase|verb phrase]]
*** second person
|}
*** third person
|-
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
|argument clause
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|adjuctive clause
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|predicative clause
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|[[wikipedia:Dependent clause|dependent clause]]
*** masculine
|[[wikipedia:Independent clause|independent clause]]
*** feminine
|}
*** neuter
|-
*** animate
|[[wikipedia:Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]
*** inanimate
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|simple sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|compound sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|complex sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|compound–complex sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|declaritive sentence
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|interrogative sentence
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|exclamatory sentence
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|imperative sentence
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
|instructive sentence
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|major sentence
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|minor sentence
***simple aspect
|}
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Typography|typography]]
****indicative mood
{| class="wikitable"
****energenic mood
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Full stop|period]]
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation mark|exclamation mark]]
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|-
****potential mood
|[[wikipedia:Question mark|question mark]]
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Colon (punctuation)|colon]]
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Quotation mark|quotation mark]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
 
|-
== Morphology ==
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|[[wikipedia:Slash (punctuation)|slash]]
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
|round brackets
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
|curly brackets
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|square brackets
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
|[[wikipedia:Space (punctuation)|space]]
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|[[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|[[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|[[wikipedia:Character encoding|character encoding]]
**positive
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|[[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
**superlative
|-
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
|[[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
**affirmation
|}
**negation
|}
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
**singular
|[[wikipedia:Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]]
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|[[wikipedia:Italic type|italic]]
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|bold
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|[[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
 
|-
== Syntax ==
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical category|grammatical category]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
{| class="wikitable"
** constituency-based parse tree
|first person
** dependency-based parse tree
|second person
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
|third person
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|[[wikipedia:Subject (grammar)|subject]]
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|[[wikipedia:Object (grammar)|object]]
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Predicate (grammar)|predicate]]
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|[[wikipedia:Argument (linguistics)|argument]]
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Complement (linguistics)|complement]]
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|}
*** attributive adjective
{| class="wikitable"
*** predicative adjective
|[[wikipedia:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|}
**** definite article
{| class="wikitable"
**** indifinite article
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]]
**** zero article
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|masculine
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|feminine
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|neuter
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
|}
*** preposition
{| class="wikitable"
*** postposition
|animate
*** circumposition
|inanimate
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** collective noun
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|case]]
*** abstract noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** concrete noun
|[[wikipedia:Nominative case|nominative case]]
*** common noun
|[[wikipedia:Accusative case|accusative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Dative case|dative case]]
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Vocative case|vocative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|locative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|instrumental case]]
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Oblique case|oblique case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]]
*** tritransitive verb
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Past tense|past tense]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Present tense|present tense]]
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Future tense|future tense]]
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|simple aspect
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Perfect (grammar)|perfect aspect]]
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Prospective aspect|prospective aspect]]
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
**argument clause
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]]
**adjuctive clause
{| class="wikitable"
**predicative clause
|[[wikipedia:Realis mood|realis mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|indicative mood
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
|energenic mood
**simple sentence
|}
**compound sentence
|-
**complex sentence
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis mood|irrealis mood]]
**compound–complex sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**declaritive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
**interrogative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional mood]]
**exclamatory sentence
|[[wikipedia:Optative mood|optative mood]]
**imperative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative mood]]
**instructive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
**major sentence
|[[wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive mood]]
**minor sentence
|potential mood
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative mood]]
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Voice (grammar)|voice]]
== Rhetoric ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Active voice|active voice]]
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|[[wikipedia:Passive voice|passive voice]]
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
|[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|positive
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|superlative
 
|}
== Linguistic typology ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation and negation|polarity]]
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|affirmation
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
|negation
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]]
== Historical Linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|singular
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
== Lexicostatistics ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
|[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Serial verb construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic typology|linguistic typology]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Word order|word order]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Analytic language|analystic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Isolating language|isolating language]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional language|fusional language]]
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Copula (linguistics)|copula]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
|}


==-- AUTHOR --==
==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]


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{{other-lessons}}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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