Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


[Lesson in progress]
[Lesson in progress]


Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
Therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]
* https://glossary.sil.org/term
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary


If you need a clear categorization of linguistics, see:
== Branches of Linguistics ==
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
{| class="wikitable"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Historical linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Applied linguistics|applied linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Computational linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety (linguistics)|variety]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard language|standard language]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phone (phonetics)|phone]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|non–pulmonic consonant
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ejective consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Click consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Implosive consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|place of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|coronal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|dorsal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|uvular consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|glottal consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Peripheral consonant|peripheral consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Stop consonant|stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|fricative consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|nasal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|vibrant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Flap consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|trill consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Liquid consonant|liquid consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|lateral consonant]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Letter (alphabet)|letter]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Letter case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|[[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|}
|-
|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]


{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound & free morphemes]]
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Word|word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Root (linguistics)|root]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:False friend|false friend]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Lexicology ==
|[[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|}
 
|}
== Historical Linguistics ==
|-
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Parse tree|parse tree]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Orthography ==
|constituency-based parse tree
 
|dependency-based parse tree
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|}
 
|-
== Sociolinguistics ==
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|[[wikipedia:Function word|function word]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Content word|content word]]
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|[[wikipedia:Part of speech|part of speech]]
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|[[wikipedia:Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical particle|particle]]
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier (linguistics)|multiplier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive number|distributive number]]
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominal number|nominal number]]
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|attributive adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|predicative adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized adjective|nominalized adjective]]
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]]
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|definite article
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
|indifinite article
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|zero article
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive determiner|possessive determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifier]]
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|adposition]]
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|preposition
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|postposition
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|circumposition
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Count noun|countable noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Mass noun|uncountable noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|collective noun
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|abstract noun
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|concrete noun
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|common noun
== Typography ==
|[[wikipedia:Proper noun|proper noun]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal pronoun|personal pronoun]]
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative pronoun|relative pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal verb|impersonal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|[[wikipedia:Transitive verb|transitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|tritransitive verb
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Modal verb|modal verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive verb|reflexive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary verb|auxiliary verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|}
*** round brackets
{| class="wikitable"
*** curly brackets
|[[wikipedia:Finite verb|finite verb]]
*** square brackets
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite verb|nonfinite verb]]
*** angle brackets
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
|}
** bold
|}
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial phrase|adverbial phrase]]
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective phrase|adjective phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun phrase|noun phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional phrase|adpositional phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb phrase|verb phrase]]
 
|}
== Semantics ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|argument clause
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|adjuctive clause
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|predicative clause
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** first person
|[[wikipedia:Dependent clause|dependent clause]]
*** second person
|[[wikipedia:Independent clause|independent clause]]
*** third person
|}
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|[[wikipedia:Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|simple sentence
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|compound sentence
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|complex sentence
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|compound–complex sentence
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|}
*** masculine
{| class="wikitable"
*** feminine
|declaritive sentence
*** neuter
|interrogative sentence
*** animate
|exclamatory sentence
*** inanimate
|imperative sentence
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|instructive sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|major sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|minor sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|[[wikipedia:Typography|typography]]
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Full stop|period]]
***simple aspect
|-
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation mark|exclamation mark]]
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Question mark|question mark]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Colon (punctuation)|colon]]
****indicative mood
|-
****energenic mood
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Quotation mark|quotation mark]]
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|}
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
****potential mood
|-
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|[[wikipedia:Slash (punctuation)|slash]]
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|round brackets
 
|curly brackets
== Morphology ==
|square brackets
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|[[wikipedia:Space (punctuation)|space]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
|[[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|[[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|[[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|[[wikipedia:Character encoding|character encoding]]
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Italic type|italic]]
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|bold
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|[[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|}
**positive
|-
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical category|grammatical category]]
**superlative
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]]
**affirmation
{| class="wikitable"
**negation
|first person
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
|second person
**singular
|third person
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|[[wikipedia:Subject (grammar)|subject]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|[[wikipedia:Object (grammar)|object]]
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Syntax ==
|[[wikipedia:Predicate (grammar)|predicate]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Argument (linguistics)|argument]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
|[[wikipedia:Complement (linguistics)|complement]]
** constituency-based parse tree
|}
** dependency-based parse tree
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
|[[wikipedia:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]]
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|masculine
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|feminine
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|neuter
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** attributive adjective
|animate
*** predicative adjective
|inanimate
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|case]]
**** definite article
{| class="wikitable"
**** indifinite article
|[[wikipedia:Nominative case|nominative case]]
**** zero article
|[[wikipedia:Accusative case|accusative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Dative case|dative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive case]]
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
|[[wikipedia:Vocative case|vocative case]]
*** preposition
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|locative case]]
*** postposition
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|instrumental case]]
*** circumposition
|[[wikipedia:Oblique case|oblique case]]
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** collective noun
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]]
*** abstract noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** concrete noun
|[[wikipedia:Past tense|past tense]]
*** common noun
|[[wikipedia:Present tense|present tense]]
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Future tense|future tense]]
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|simple aspect
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Perfect (grammar)|perfect aspect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Prospective aspect|prospective aspect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|}
*** tritransitive verb
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]]
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Realis mood|realis mood]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|indicative mood
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|energenic mood
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis mood|irrealis mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Optative mood|optative mood]]
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative mood]]
**argument clause
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
**adjuctive clause
|[[wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive mood]]
**predicative clause
|potential mood
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
|}
**simple sentence
|}
**compound sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**complex sentence
|[[wikipedia:Voice (grammar)|voice]]
**compound–complex sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**declaritive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Active voice|active voice]]
**interrogative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Passive voice|passive voice]]
**exclamatory sentence
|}
**imperative sentence
|-
**instructive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
**major sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**minor sentence
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Rhetoric ==
|positive
 
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|superlative
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation and negation|polarity]]
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|affirmation
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|negation
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]]
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|singular
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
 
|}
== Linguistic typology ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
 
|}
== Historical Linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Serial verb construction|serial verb construction]]
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic typology|linguistic typology]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Word order|word order]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Analytic language|analystic language]]
== Lexicostatistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Isolating language|isolating language]]
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional language|fusional language]]
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Copula (linguistics)|copula]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
|}


==-- AUTHOR --==
==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]


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{{other-lessons}}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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