Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


[Lesson in progress]
[Lesson in progress]


Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
Therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]
* https://glossary.sil.org/term
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary


If you need a clear categorization of linguistics, see:
== Branches of Linguistics ==
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
{| class="wikitable"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Historical linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Applied linguistics|applied linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Computational linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety (linguistics)|variety]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard language|standard language]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phone (phonetics)|phone]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|non–pulmonic consonant
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ejective consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Click consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Implosive consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|place of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|coronal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|dorsal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|uvular consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|glottal consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Peripheral consonant|peripheral consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Stop consonant|stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|fricative consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|nasal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|vibrant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Flap consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|trill consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Liquid consonant|liquid consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|lateral consonant]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Letter (alphabet)|letter]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Letter case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|[[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|}
|-
|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]


{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
|[[bound and free morphemes]]
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Word|word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Lemma (morphology)|lemma]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Root (linguistics)|root]]
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:False friend|false friend]]
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
== Lexicology ==
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|}
 
|-
== Historical Linguistics ==
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
== Interlinguistics ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Parse tree|parse tree]]
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|constituency-based parse tree
== Orthography ==
|dependency-based parse tree
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|-
 
|
== Sociolinguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Function word|function word]]
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|[[wikipedia:Content word|content word]]
 
|}
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Part of speech|part of speech]]
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical particle|particle]]
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier (linguistics)|multiplier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive number|distributive number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominal number|nominal number]]
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|attributive adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|predicative adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized adjective|nominalized adjective]]
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]]
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|definite article
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|indifinite article
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
|zero article
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive determiner|possessive determiner]]
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifier]]
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|adposition]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|preposition
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|postposition
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|circumposition
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Count noun|countable noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Mass noun|uncountable noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|collective noun
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|abstract noun
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|concrete noun
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|common noun
 
|[[wikipedia:Proper noun|proper noun]]
== Typography ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal pronoun|personal pronoun]]
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative pronoun|relative pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal verb|impersonal verb]]
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|[[wikipedia:Transitive verb|transitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|tritransitive verb
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|[[wikipedia:Modal verb|modal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive verb|reflexive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary verb|auxiliary verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** round brackets
|[[wikipedia:Finite verb|finite verb]]
*** curly brackets
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite verb|nonfinite verb]]
*** square brackets
{| class="wikitable"
*** angle brackets
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
|}
** bold
|}
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial phrase|adverbial phrase]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective phrase|adjective phrase]]
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun phrase|noun phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional phrase|adpositional phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb phrase|verb phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|}
 
|-
== Semantics ==
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|argument clause
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|adjuctive clause
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|predicative clause
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|[[wikipedia:Dependent clause|dependent clause]]
*** first person
|[[wikipedia:Independent clause|independent clause]]
*** second person
|}
*** third person
|-
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|[[wikipedia:Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
|simple sentence
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|compound sentence
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|complex sentence
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|compound–complex sentence
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** masculine
|declaritive sentence
*** feminine
|interrogative sentence
*** neuter
|exclamatory sentence
*** animate
|imperative sentence
*** inanimate
|instructive sentence
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|major sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|minor sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Typography|typography]]
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Full stop|period]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|-
***simple aspect
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation mark|exclamation mark]]
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Question mark|question mark]]
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Colon (punctuation)|colon]]
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|-
****indicative mood
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
****energenic mood
|-
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Quotation mark|quotation mark]]
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|}
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|-
****potential mood
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Slash (punctuation)|slash]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
|round brackets
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|curly brackets
 
|square brackets
== Morphology ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|[[wikipedia:Space (punctuation)|space]]
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
|[[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
|[[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|[[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|[[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|[[wikipedia:Character encoding|character encoding]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
|[[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]]
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|[[wikipedia:Italic type|italic]]
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|bold
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|[[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|-
**positive
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical category|grammatical category]]
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
{| class="wikitable"
**superlative
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]]
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
**affirmation
|first person
**negation
|second person
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
|third person
**singular
|}
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|[[wikipedia:Subject (grammar)|subject]]
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|[[wikipedia:Object (grammar)|object]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Predicate (grammar)|predicate]]
== Syntax ==
|[[wikipedia:Argument (linguistics)|argument]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:Complement (linguistics)|complement]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
|}
** constituency-based parse tree
{| class="wikitable"
** dependency-based parse tree
|[[wikipedia:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]]
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]]
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|masculine
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|feminine
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|neuter
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|animate
*** attributive adjective
|inanimate
*** predicative adjective
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** definite article
|[[wikipedia:Nominative case|nominative case]]
**** indifinite article
|[[wikipedia:Accusative case|accusative case]]
**** zero article
|[[wikipedia:Dative case|dative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|[[wikipedia:Vocative case|vocative case]]
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|locative case]]
*** preposition
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|instrumental case]]
*** postposition
|[[wikipedia:Oblique case|oblique case]]
*** circumposition
|}
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]]
*** collective noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** abstract noun
|[[wikipedia:Past tense|past tense]]
*** concrete noun
|[[wikipedia:Present tense|present tense]]
*** common noun
|[[wikipedia:Future tense|future tense]]
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|simple aspect
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Perfect (grammar)|perfect aspect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Prospective aspect|prospective aspect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|}
*** tritransitive verb
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Realis mood|realis mood]]
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
|indicative mood
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|energenic mood
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis mood|irrealis mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Optative mood|optative mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative mood]]
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
**argument clause
|[[wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive mood]]
**adjuctive clause
|potential mood
**predicative clause
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
|}
**simple sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**compound sentence
|[[wikipedia:Voice (grammar)|voice]]
**complex sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**compound–complex sentence
|[[wikipedia:Active voice|active voice]]
**declaritive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Passive voice|passive voice]]
**interrogative sentence
|}
**exclamatory sentence
|-
**imperative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
**instructive sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**major sentence
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]
**minor sentence
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|positive
== Rhetoric ==
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
 
|superlative
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation and negation|polarity]]
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|affirmation
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|negation
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]]
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|singular
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|}
 
|}
== Linguistic typology ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Historical Linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Serial verb construction|serial verb construction]]
 
|}
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic typology|linguistic typology]]
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Word order|word order]]
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Analytic language|analystic language]]
== Anthropological linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Isolating language|isolating language]]
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|}
 
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]]
== Lexicostatistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Fusional language|fusional language]]
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Copula (linguistics)|copula]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
|}


==-- AUTHOR --==
==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]


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{{other-lessons}}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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