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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Croatian|Croatian]]  → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Croatian Language Proficiency → Croatian Language Varieties</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Croatian|Croatian]]  → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Croatian Language Varieties</div>
 
Welcome to this engaging lesson on '''Croatian Language Varieties'''! Understanding the different regional and social varieties of Croatian is essential for anyone who wishes to fully embrace the language and culture. As a beginner, you might be surprised to learn that Croatian isn’t just one uniform language; it has a rich tapestry of dialects, slang, and colloquialisms that vary across regions and social contexts.
 
In this lesson, we will explore:
 
* The main dialects of Croatian
 
* Regional variations and examples
 
* Common slang and colloquialisms
 
* The influence of social factors on language use
 
By the end of this lesson, you will not only learn how to identify various Croatian language varieties but also understand their significance in everyday communication.


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== The Dialects of Croatian ===


Welcome to the lesson on Croatian Language Varieties! In this lesson, we will explore the different regional and social varieties of Croatian, including dialects, slang, and colloquialisms. Understanding these variations is crucial for developing a comprehensive understanding of the Croatian language.
Croatian is divided into three main dialects, known as '''ikavian''', '''ekavian''', and '''ikavian''', each characterized by specific phonetic features. Let’s dive deeper into each of them.


Throughout history, Croatia has been influenced by various cultures and languages, resulting in a rich tapestry of linguistic diversity within the country. By delving into the unique characteristics of different Croatian language varieties, you will gain a deeper appreciation for the cultural and historical nuances embedded in the language.
==== Ikavian ====


In this lesson, we will provide you with a detailed exploration of the different regional variations of Croatian, highlighting their distinctive features and usage. We will also touch upon the influence of social factors on language variation, including slang and colloquial language.
Ikavian is predominantly spoken in the western regions of Croatia, including areas like Istria and parts of Dalmatia. It is characterized by the pronunciation of the unstressed vowel 'e' as 'i'.
 
{| class="wikitable"


By the end of this lesson, you will have a broader understanding of the Croatian language and its diverse forms, enabling you to navigate conversations and connect with people from various regions and social backgrounds.
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English


Let's embark on this linguistic journey and explore the fascinating world of Croatian language varieties!
|-


== Regional Varieties of Croatian ==
| knjiga || kɲiːɡa || book


Croatian, as a South Slavic language, exhibits significant regional variation across Croatia and neighboring countries. These variations can be attributed to historical, geographical, and cultural factors that have shaped the development of the language over time.
|-


=== Northern Croatian ===
| pijanac || piːjanats || drunkard
 
|-
 
| prijatelj || priːjatɛlʲ || friend
 
|-
 
| sretan || sretan || happy
 
|-
 
| divan || divan || lovely
 
|}


Northern Croatian, also known as Kajkavian, is spoken primarily in the northern regions of Croatia, including Zagreb, the capital city. This variety is characterized by its soft and melodic pronunciation, influenced by neighboring countries such as Slovenia and Hungary.
==== Ekavian ====


Here are some examples of Northern Croatian words and their translations:
Ekavian is prevalent in central and eastern Croatia, including Zagreb. It features the pronunciation of the unstressed vowel 'e' as 'e'.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| knjiga || kɲiɡa || book
|-
|-
| kuća || koo-cha || house
 
| pijanac || pijanats || drunkard
 
|-
|-
| pjesma || pyes-ma || song
 
| prijatelj || prijatelj || friend
 
|-
|-
| ptica || ptee-tsa || bird
 
| sretan || sretan || happy
 
|-
|-
| voće || vo-cha || fruit
 
| divan || divan || lovely
 
|}
|}


Northern Croatian also has distinct grammar features, such as the use of the "mi" form for the first person plural pronoun, as opposed to the standard Croatian "mi" form. For example, instead of saying "mi idemo" (we go), Northern Croatian speakers would say "mi idemo".
==== Ijekavian ====
 
Ijekavian is mostly found in the northern parts of Croatia, including Slavonia and parts of Dalmatia. It is known for the pronunciation of 'e' as 'je' in unstressed syllables.
 
{| class="wikitable"


=== Central Croatian ===
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English


Central Croatian, also referred to as Štokavian, is the standard variety of Croatian used in formal settings and in most written materials. It is based on the dialect spoken in the Sava River basin and is considered the most prestigious variety of the language.
|-


Here are some examples of Central Croatian words and their translations:
| knjiga || kɲiːɡa || book
 
|-
 
| pijanac || pijanats || drunkard
 
|-
 
| prijatelj || prijatelj || friend
 
|-
 
| sretan || sretan || happy
 
|-
 
| divan || divan || lovely
 
|}
 
=== Regional Variations ===
 
Apart from the dialects, Croatian has several regional variations that are influenced by historical and cultural factors. Let’s look at a few examples:
 
* '''Zagorje''': In this region, you may hear words like “baba” (grandmother) pronounced as “baba” but with a distinct intonation.
 
* '''Dalmatia''': The Dalmatian dialect often includes the word “ča” instead of “što” for “what.”
 
* '''Slavonia''': In Slavonia, you might hear “džabe” (for free) often used in everyday conversations.
 
Here are some more examples illustrating regional vocabulary:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| kuća || koo-cha || house
 
| ča || tʃa || what (Dalmatia)
 
|-
|-
| pjesma || pyes-ma || song
 
| baba || baba || grandmother (Zagorje)
 
|-
|-
| ptica || ptee-tsa || bird
 
| džabe || dʒabe || for free (Slavonia)
 
|-
|-
| voće || vo-cha || fruit
 
| more || mɔre || sea (Dalmatia)
 
|-
 
| špica || ʃpitsa || weekend (Zagorje)
 
|}
|}


Central Croatian is known for its clear pronunciation and standardized grammar rules, making it easily understood by speakers from different regions. It serves as the foundation for language instruction and official communication in Croatia.
=== Slang and Colloquialisms ===


=== Southern Croatian ===
Slang is a vital part of any language, and Croatian is no exception. Here are some popular slang terms you might encounter:


Southern Croatian, also known as Čakavian, is primarily spoken in the southern regions of Croatia, including the coastal areas and the islands. This variety is characterized by its distinct pronunciation and vocabulary, influenced by the historical presence of Italian and Venetian languages.
* '''Bomba''': means "fantastic" or "awesome."


Here are some examples of Southern Croatian words and their translations:
* '''Kava''': refers to coffee, but in a social context, it can mean a casual meeting.
 
* '''Frend''': simply means "friend," but it's a casual term often used among younger people.
 
Here’s how some of these terms can be used in context:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Bomba! || bɔmba || Awesome!
|-
| Idemo na kavu! || idɛmo na kavu || Let’s go for coffee!
|-
| Moj frend! || mɔj frɛnd || My friend!
|-
| Super! || suːpɛr || Great!
|-
| Fakat! || fakat || Really!
|}
=== The Influence of Social Factors ===
Language is often shaped by social context, and Croatian is no different. Factors such as age, education, and social status can influence how people speak. Let’s consider a few examples:
* '''Youth Speak''': Younger generations tend to use more slang and informal expressions.
* '''Formal vs. Informal''': In formal situations, you might use standard Croatian, while in casual settings, regional dialects and slang come into play.
Here’s how social factors affect language:
{| class="wikitable"
! Context !! Standard Croatian !! Slang/Dialect
|-
|-
| kuća || koo-cha || house
 
| Formal Greeting || Dobar dan. || Hej!
 
|-
|-
| pjesma || pyes-ma || song
 
| Asking for Help || Molim vas, možete li mi pomoći? || Pomozi mi, frende!
 
|-
|-
| ptica || ptee-tsa || bird
 
| Complimenting || Lijepo izgledaš. || Super si!
 
|-
|-
| voće || vo-cha || fruit
 
| Farewell || Doviđenja. || Čujemo se!
 
|-
 
| Invitation || Želite li doći? || Idemo van!
 
|}
|}


Southern Croatian features unique grammatical forms and verb conjugations, as well as a rich vocabulary related to maritime activities and fishing. It is often associated with a relaxed and laid-back lifestyle, reflecting the coastal culture of the region.
=== Summary ===
 
To wrap up, understanding the varieties of Croatian—dialects, regional differences, slang, and the influence of social factors—enriches your language learning experience. It helps you communicate more effectively and connect with native speakers on a deeper level.
 
== Practice Exercises ==
 
Now that you've learned about Croatian language varieties, let's reinforce your understanding with some exercises.
 
=== Exercise 1: Dialect Identification ===
 
Match the following words with their respective dialects.
 
1. knjiga 
 
2. baba 
 
3. ča 
 
4. more 
 
5. pijanac 


== Social Varieties of Croatian ==
* A. Ijekavian 


In addition to regional variations, Croatian also exhibits social varieties that are influenced by factors such as age, education, and social status. These variations manifest in the form of slang, colloquial language, and specialized vocabulary used within specific social groups.
* B. Ikavian 


=== Youth Slang ===
* C. Ekavian 


Youth slang in Croatian is constantly evolving and reflects the dynamic nature of language among younger generations. It often incorporates borrowings from English, as well as creative wordplay and abbreviations. Here are some examples of popular youth slang terms:
=== Exercise 2: Contextual Usage ===


* brate (brother) - used to address a friend
Fill in the blanks with appropriate slang terms.
* fora (cool, fun) - used to describe something interesting or exciting
* faks (university) - abbreviation of "fakultet" (faculty)
* kafić (cafe) - used to refer to a place where young people gather


It is important to note that youth slang should be used with caution in formal or professional settings, as it may not be widely understood by all speakers.
1. That party was __________! (bomba) 


=== Colloquial Language ===
2. Let’s grab a __________ together. (kava) 


Colloquial language in Croatian encompasses informal expressions and idiomatic phrases that are commonly used in everyday conversations. These expressions often add color and personality to the language, creating a sense of familiarity and camaraderie among speakers.
3. I’m going to the beach, do you want to __________? (frend)


Here are some examples of colloquial Croatian expressions:
=== Exercise 3: Translating Slang ===


* Ajmo (Let's go) - used to encourage someone to start or move quickly
Translate these slang expressions into English.
* Nema frke (No worries) - used to reassure someone that everything is fine
* Boli me briga (I don't care) - used to express indifference or lack of interest
* Šta ima? (What's up?) - used to ask someone how they are or what is happening


Colloquial language allows speakers to connect on a more personal level, reflecting the cultural and social nuances embedded in everyday interactions.
1. Bomba! 


== Exercises ==
2. Idemo na kavu! 


Now that you have learned about the different regional and social varieties of Croatian, it's time to put your knowledge into practice! Here are some exercises to help you reinforce what you have learned.
3. Fakat!


1. Match the Croatian word with its corresponding English translation:
=== Exercise 4: Formal vs. Informal ===


a) kuća
Convert the following formal sentences into informal slang.
b) pjesma
c) ptica
d) voće


i) bird
1. Dobar dan. 
ii) fruit
iii) house
iv) song


Solution:
2. Molim vas, možete li mi pomoći? 
a) iii) house
b) iv) song
c) i) bird
d) ii) fruit


2. Fill in the blank with the appropriate colloquial expression:
3. Doviđenja.


- "__________, let's grab a coffee later."
=== Exercise 5: Regional Vocabulary Match ===
- "__________, everything will be fine."


Solution:
Match the regional words with their meanings.
- "Ajmo, let's grab a coffee later."
- "Nema frke, everything will be fine."


3. Identify the regional variety of Croatian based on the given description:
1. špica 


- This variety is characterized by its soft and melodic pronunciation, influenced by neighboring countries such as Slovenia and Hungary.
2. džabe 


Solution: Northern Croatian (Kajkavian)
3. baba 


- This variety is the standard form of Croatian used in formal settings and most written materials.
4. ča 


Solution: Central Croatian (Štokavian)
5. more 


- This variety is primarily spoken in the southern regions of Croatia, including the coastal areas and the islands. It features distinct pronunciation and vocabulary influenced by Italian and Venetian languages.
* A. sea 


Solution: Southern Croatian (Čakavian)
* B. weekend 


Congratulations on completing the exercises! You are now well-equipped to navigate the diverse world of Croatian language varieties.
* C. grandmother 


== Conclusion ==
* D. what 


In this lesson, we explored the different regional and social varieties of Croatian, including dialects, slang, and colloquialisms. We delved into the unique characteristics of each variety, providing examples and insights into their usage.
* E. for free 


By understanding these variations, you have gained a deeper appreciation for the cultural and historical nuances embedded in the Croatian language. This knowledge will enable you to connect with people from different regions and social backgrounds, enhancing your overall language proficiency.
=== Exercise 6: Fill in the Gaps ===


In the next lesson, we will continue to expand your Croatian language skills by diving into advanced vocabulary in specific fields. Stay curious and keep exploring the fascinating world of Croatian!
Choose the correct dialect for the following sentences:
 
1. __________ (book) in Ikavian: __________ (knjiga) 
 
2. __________ (what) in Dalmatian: __________ (ča) 
 
3. __________ (for free) in Slavonian: __________ (džabe) 
 
=== Exercise 7: Slang Use in Context ===
 
Write a short dialogue using at least three slang terms.
 
=== Exercise 8: Identify the Dialect ===
 
Identify the following sentences’ dialect and explain your reasoning:
 
1. "Baba, dođi ovamo!" 
 
2. "Hej, idemo na more!" 
 
3. "Džabe je došao." 
 
=== Exercise 9: Create Your Own Slang ===
 
Invent your own slang term and define it.
 
=== Exercise 10: Language Reflection ===
 
Reflect on how understanding these varieties can help you in your language learning journey. Write a short paragraph.
 
== Solutions and Explanations ==
 
=== Exercise 1: Dialect Identification ===
 
1. knjiga - B. Ekavian 
 
2. baba - A. Ijekavian 
 
3. ča - C. Ikavian 
 
4. more - C. Ikavian 
 
5. pijanac - A. Ijekavian 
 
=== Exercise 2: Contextual Usage ===
 
1. bomba 
 
2. kavu 
 
3. frend 
 
=== Exercise 3: Translating Slang ===
 
1. Awesome! 
 
2. Let’s go for coffee! 
 
3. Really! 
 
=== Exercise 4: Formal vs. Informal ===
 
1. Hej! 
 
2. Pomozi mi! 
 
3. Čujemo se! 
 
=== Exercise 5: Regional Vocabulary Match ===
 
1. B 
 
2. E 
 
3. C 
 
4. D 
 
5. A 
 
=== Exercise 6: Fill in the Gaps ===
 
1. knjiga 
 
2. ča 
 
3. džabe 
 
=== Exercise 7: Slang Use in Context ===
 
(Answers may vary; encourage creativity.)
 
=== Exercise 8: Identify the Dialect ===
 
1. "Baba, dođi ovamo!" - Ijekavian; the word "baba" is common in regional dialects. 
 
2. "Hej, idemo na more!" - Ikavian; the informal greeting "Hej" indicates casual speech. 
 
3. "Džabe je došao." - Slavonian; "džabe" is specific to that region.
 
=== Exercise 9: Create Your Own Slang ===
 
(Answers may vary; encourage creativity.)
 
=== Exercise 10: Language Reflection ===
 
(Answers may vary; encourage personal insights.)
 
This lesson was designed to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the rich varieties of the Croatian language. Embrace these differences, and remember that language is not just about words; it is about culture, identity, and connection. Happy learning!


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==Videos==
==Videos==

Latest revision as of 00:30, 1 August 2024


Croatian-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Croatian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Croatian Language Varieties

Welcome to this engaging lesson on Croatian Language Varieties! Understanding the different regional and social varieties of Croatian is essential for anyone who wishes to fully embrace the language and culture. As a beginner, you might be surprised to learn that Croatian isn’t just one uniform language; it has a rich tapestry of dialects, slang, and colloquialisms that vary across regions and social contexts.

In this lesson, we will explore:

  • The main dialects of Croatian
  • Regional variations and examples
  • Common slang and colloquialisms
  • The influence of social factors on language use

By the end of this lesson, you will not only learn how to identify various Croatian language varieties but also understand their significance in everyday communication.

The Dialects of Croatian[edit | edit source]

Croatian is divided into three main dialects, known as ikavian, ekavian, and ikavian, each characterized by specific phonetic features. Let’s dive deeper into each of them.

Ikavian[edit | edit source]

Ikavian is predominantly spoken in the western regions of Croatia, including areas like Istria and parts of Dalmatia. It is characterized by the pronunciation of the unstressed vowel 'e' as 'i'.

Croatian Pronunciation English
knjiga kɲiːɡa book
pijanac piːjanats drunkard
prijatelj priːjatɛlʲ friend
sretan sretan happy
divan divan lovely

Ekavian[edit | edit source]

Ekavian is prevalent in central and eastern Croatia, including Zagreb. It features the pronunciation of the unstressed vowel 'e' as 'e'.

Croatian Pronunciation English
knjiga kɲiɡa book
pijanac pijanats drunkard
prijatelj prijatelj friend
sretan sretan happy
divan divan lovely

Ijekavian[edit | edit source]

Ijekavian is mostly found in the northern parts of Croatia, including Slavonia and parts of Dalmatia. It is known for the pronunciation of 'e' as 'je' in unstressed syllables.

Croatian Pronunciation English
knjiga kɲiːɡa book
pijanac pijanats drunkard
prijatelj prijatelj friend
sretan sretan happy
divan divan lovely

Regional Variations[edit | edit source]

Apart from the dialects, Croatian has several regional variations that are influenced by historical and cultural factors. Let’s look at a few examples:

  • Zagorje: In this region, you may hear words like “baba” (grandmother) pronounced as “baba” but with a distinct intonation.
  • Dalmatia: The Dalmatian dialect often includes the word “ča” instead of “što” for “what.”
  • Slavonia: In Slavonia, you might hear “džabe” (for free) often used in everyday conversations.

Here are some more examples illustrating regional vocabulary:

Croatian Pronunciation English
ča tʃa what (Dalmatia)
baba baba grandmother (Zagorje)
džabe dʒabe for free (Slavonia)
more mɔre sea (Dalmatia)
špica ʃpitsa weekend (Zagorje)

Slang and Colloquialisms[edit | edit source]

Slang is a vital part of any language, and Croatian is no exception. Here are some popular slang terms you might encounter:

  • Bomba: means "fantastic" or "awesome."
  • Kava: refers to coffee, but in a social context, it can mean a casual meeting.
  • Frend: simply means "friend," but it's a casual term often used among younger people.

Here’s how some of these terms can be used in context:

Croatian Pronunciation English
Bomba! bɔmba Awesome!
Idemo na kavu! idɛmo na kavu Let’s go for coffee!
Moj frend! mɔj frɛnd My friend!
Super! suːpɛr Great!
Fakat! fakat Really!

The Influence of Social Factors[edit | edit source]

Language is often shaped by social context, and Croatian is no different. Factors such as age, education, and social status can influence how people speak. Let’s consider a few examples:

  • Youth Speak: Younger generations tend to use more slang and informal expressions.
  • Formal vs. Informal: In formal situations, you might use standard Croatian, while in casual settings, regional dialects and slang come into play.

Here’s how social factors affect language:

Context Standard Croatian Slang/Dialect
Formal Greeting Dobar dan. Hej!
Asking for Help Molim vas, možete li mi pomoći? Pomozi mi, frende!
Complimenting Lijepo izgledaš. Super si!
Farewell Doviđenja. Čujemo se!
Invitation Želite li doći? Idemo van!

Summary[edit | edit source]

To wrap up, understanding the varieties of Croatian—dialects, regional differences, slang, and the influence of social factors—enriches your language learning experience. It helps you communicate more effectively and connect with native speakers on a deeper level.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that you've learned about Croatian language varieties, let's reinforce your understanding with some exercises.

Exercise 1: Dialect Identification[edit | edit source]

Match the following words with their respective dialects.

1. knjiga

2. baba

3. ča

4. more

5. pijanac

  • A. Ijekavian
  • B. Ikavian
  • C. Ekavian

Exercise 2: Contextual Usage[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with appropriate slang terms.

1. That party was __________! (bomba)

2. Let’s grab a __________ together. (kava)

3. I’m going to the beach, do you want to __________? (frend)

Exercise 3: Translating Slang[edit | edit source]

Translate these slang expressions into English.

1. Bomba!

2. Idemo na kavu!

3. Fakat!

Exercise 4: Formal vs. Informal[edit | edit source]

Convert the following formal sentences into informal slang.

1. Dobar dan.

2. Molim vas, možete li mi pomoći?

3. Doviđenja.

Exercise 5: Regional Vocabulary Match[edit | edit source]

Match the regional words with their meanings.

1. špica

2. džabe

3. baba

4. ča

5. more

  • A. sea
  • B. weekend
  • C. grandmother
  • D. what
  • E. for free

Exercise 6: Fill in the Gaps[edit | edit source]

Choose the correct dialect for the following sentences:

1. __________ (book) in Ikavian: __________ (knjiga)

2. __________ (what) in Dalmatian: __________ (ča)

3. __________ (for free) in Slavonian: __________ (džabe)

Exercise 7: Slang Use in Context[edit | edit source]

Write a short dialogue using at least three slang terms.

Exercise 8: Identify the Dialect[edit | edit source]

Identify the following sentences’ dialect and explain your reasoning:

1. "Baba, dođi ovamo!"

2. "Hej, idemo na more!"

3. "Džabe je došao."

Exercise 9: Create Your Own Slang[edit | edit source]

Invent your own slang term and define it.

Exercise 10: Language Reflection[edit | edit source]

Reflect on how understanding these varieties can help you in your language learning journey. Write a short paragraph.

Solutions and Explanations[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1: Dialect Identification[edit | edit source]

1. knjiga - B. Ekavian

2. baba - A. Ijekavian

3. ča - C. Ikavian

4. more - C. Ikavian

5. pijanac - A. Ijekavian

Exercise 2: Contextual Usage[edit | edit source]

1. bomba

2. kavu

3. frend

Exercise 3: Translating Slang[edit | edit source]

1. Awesome!

2. Let’s go for coffee!

3. Really!

Exercise 4: Formal vs. Informal[edit | edit source]

1. Hej!

2. Pomozi mi!

3. Čujemo se!

Exercise 5: Regional Vocabulary Match[edit | edit source]

1. B

2. E

3. C

4. D

5. A

Exercise 6: Fill in the Gaps[edit | edit source]

1. knjiga

2. ča

3. džabe

Exercise 7: Slang Use in Context[edit | edit source]

(Answers may vary; encourage creativity.)

Exercise 8: Identify the Dialect[edit | edit source]

1. "Baba, dođi ovamo!" - Ijekavian; the word "baba" is common in regional dialects.

2. "Hej, idemo na more!" - Ikavian; the informal greeting "Hej" indicates casual speech.

3. "Džabe je došao." - Slavonian; "džabe" is specific to that region.

Exercise 9: Create Your Own Slang[edit | edit source]

(Answers may vary; encourage creativity.)

Exercise 10: Language Reflection[edit | edit source]

(Answers may vary; encourage personal insights.)

This lesson was designed to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the rich varieties of the Croatian language. Embrace these differences, and remember that language is not just about words; it is about culture, identity, and connection. Happy learning!

Table of Contents - Croatian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Daily Activities


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Drink


Croatian Culture and Traditions

Videos[edit | edit source]

Are Serbian and Croatian the Same Language? - YouTube[edit | edit source]

WIKITONGUES: Ana speaking Croatian Sign Language - YouTube[edit | edit source]

Learn Croatian through Hindi. Language Learning Centers. - YouTube[edit | edit source]

How To Pronounce Serbo-Croatian - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]



Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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