Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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Must-know words for polyglots.
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


Mainly about linguistic terms. Also other important things.
[Lesson in progress]


In progress. Far from being completed.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you are interested in terms, see https://glossary.sil.org/term
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]


To know a relatively clear categorization of linguistics, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
== Branches of Linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
!English
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
!
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
!
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
!
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|sematics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|discriptive linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
 
|-
== Lexicology ==
|[[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociallinguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|[[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|[[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
 
|-
== Historical Linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
== Orthography ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|}
 
|
== Sociolinguistics ==
|
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|variety]]
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant][[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|pulmonic consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|[[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|non–pulmonic consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective_consonant][[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|ejective consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_consonant][[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|click consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implosive_consonant][[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|implosive consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation][[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|place of articulation]]
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Labial–velar_consonant|labial–velar consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Labial–coronal_consonant|labial–coronal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Bidental_consonant|bidental consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
== Typography ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti–alveolar consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:Coronal–velar_consonant|coronal–velar consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato–alveolar consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolar–palatal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|[[wikipedia:Labio-palatalization|labial–palatal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular–epiglottal_consonant|uvular–epiglottal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|-
*** round brackets
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
*** curly brackets
{| class="wikitable"
*** square brackets
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
*** angle brackets
|-
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal cconsonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
|[[wikipedia:Peripheral_consonant|peripheral consonant]]
** bold
|}
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation][[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|manner of articulation]]
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|[[wikipedia:Stop_consonant|stop consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
== Semantics ==
|}
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|approximant consonant]]
*** first person
{| class="wikitable"
*** second person
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
*** third person
|}
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|-
*** masculine
|[[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
*** feminine
{| class="wikitable"
*** neuter
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
*** animate
|-
*** inanimate
|[[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|}
***simple aspect
|}
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|-
****indicative mood
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
****energenic mood
|
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
|
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|
****potential mood
|-
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
 
|
== Morphology ==
|
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
|[[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|[[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|[[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|
**positive
|-
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|[[wikipedia:False_friend|false friend]]
**superlative
|
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
|
**affirmation
|
**negation
|-
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
**singular
|
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|
 
|
== Syntax ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
|-
** constituency-based parse tree
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
** dependency-based parse tree
|-
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
*** attributive adjective
|-
*** predicative adjective
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|
**** definite article
|
**** indifinite article
|
**** zero article
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
|
*** preposition
|-
*** postposition
|[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
*** circumposition
|
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
|-
*** collective noun
|[[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
*** abstract noun
[[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
*** concrete noun
|
*** common noun
|
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
*** tritransitive verb
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
**argument clause
|-
**adjuctive clause
|[[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
**predicative clause
|}
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
{| class="wikitable"
**simple sentence
|attributive adjective
**compound sentence
|-
**complex sentence
|predicative adjective
**compound–complex sentence
|-
**declaritive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominal adjectives]]
**interrogative sentence
|}
**exclamatory sentence
|-
**imperative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
**instructive sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**major sentence
|[[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
**minor sentence
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|definite article
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|indifinite article
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|zero article
 
|}
== Rhetoric ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|preposition
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
|postposition
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|circumposition
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
== Linguistic typology ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|[[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|collective noun
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|abstract noun
== Historical Linguistics ==
|-
 
|concrete noun
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|common noun
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|[[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|}
 
|-
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
== Lexicostatistics ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
 
|-
==-- AUTHOR --==
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
{{#seo:
|[[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|title=Most important words related to linguistics and learning languages
|}
|description=Here is a list of important words to know if you are a polyglot or simply if you like languages
|-
        |og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/d/d4/Words_polyglots.png/450px-Words_polyglots.png
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
}}
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
{{other-lessons}}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|-
|tritransitive verb
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|}
|}
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adposition phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
|argument clause
|-
|adjuctive clause
|-
|predicative clause
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Dependent_clause|dependent clause]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Independent_clause|independent clause]]
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
{| class="wikitable"
|simple sentence
|-
|compound sentence
|-
|complex sentence
|-
|compound–complex sentence
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|declaritive sentence
|-
|interrogative sentence
|-
|exclamatory sentence
|-
|imperative sentence
|-
|instructive sentence
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|major sentence
|-
|minor sentence
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
{| class="wikitable"
|first person
|-
|second person
|-
|third person
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|masculine
|-
|feminine
|-
|neuter
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|animate
|-
|inanimate
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|simple aspect
|-
|[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|indicative mood
|-
|energenic mood
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|-
|potential mood
|-
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
{| class="wikitable"
|positive
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|-
|superlative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
|affirmative
|-
|negative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|-
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_typology|linguistic typology]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta_Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|
|
|
|}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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