Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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Must-know words for polyglots.
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


Mainly about linguistic terms. Also other important things.
[Lesson in progress]


In progress. Far from being completed.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you are interested in terms, see https://glossary.sil.org/term
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]


To know a relatively clear categorization of linguistics, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
== Branches of Linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
!English
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
!
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
!
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
!
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|sematics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|discriptive linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
 
|-
== Lexicology ==
|[[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociallinguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|[[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|[[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
 
|-
== Historical Linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
== Orthography ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|}
 
|
== Sociolinguistics ==
|
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|variety]]
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|
 
|-
== Typography ==
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|[[wikipedia:False_friend|false friend]]
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|
*** round brackets
|
*** curly brackets
|-
*** square brackets
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
*** angle brackets
|
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
** bold
|
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
 
|-
== Semantics ==
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|-
*** first person
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
*** second person
|-
*** third person
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
*** masculine
|
*** feminine
|
*** neuter
|
*** animate
|-
*** inanimate
|[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
[[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
***simple aspect
|-
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
****indicative mood
|-
****energenic mood
|[[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|-
****potential mood
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|attributive adjective
 
|-
== Morphology ==
|predicative adjective
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominal adjectives]]
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|[[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
|definite article
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
|indifinite article
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|zero article
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|preposition
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|postposition
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|circumposition
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|-
**positive
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
{| class="wikitable"
**superlative
|[[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
|-
**affirmation
|[[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
**negation
|}
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
**singular
|collective noun
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|abstract noun
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|concrete noun
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Syntax ==
|common noun
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
|}
** constituency-based parse tree
|-
** dependency-based parse tree
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|-
*** attributive adjective
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
*** predicative adjective
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|-
**** definite article
|[[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
**** indifinite article
|-
**** zero article
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|tritransitive verb
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** preposition
|[[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
*** postposition
|}
*** circumposition
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** collective noun
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
*** abstract noun
|}
*** concrete noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** common noun
|[[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|}
*** tritransitive verb
|
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adposition phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
|}
**argument clause
|
**adjuctive clause
|
**predicative clause
|
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
{| class="wikitable"
**simple sentence
|argument clause
**compound sentence
|-
**complex sentence
|adjuctive clause
**compound–complex sentence
|-
**declaritive sentence
|predicative clause
**interrogative sentence
|}
**exclamatory sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**imperative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Dependent_clause|dependent clause]]
**instructive sentence
|-
**major sentence
|[[wikipedia:Independent_clause|independent clause]]
**minor sentence
|}
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Rhetoric ==
|simple sentence
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|compound sentence
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|complex sentence
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
|compound-complex sentence
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|declaritive sentence
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|interrogative sentence
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
|exclamatory sentence
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|imperative sentence
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|-
 
|instructive sentence
== Linguistic typology ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|major sentence
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|minor sentence
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|
 
|-
== Historical Linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
 
|
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|first person
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|second person
 
|-
== Lexicostatistics ==
|third person
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
==-- AUTHOR --==
|-
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
|[[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
 
|-
{{#seo:
|[[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|title=Most important words related to linguistics and learning languages
|}
|description=Here is a list of important words to know if you are a polyglot or simply if you like languages
{| class="wikitable"
        |og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/d/d4/Words_polyglots.png/450px-Words_polyglots.png
|[[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
}}
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
{{other-lessons}}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|masculine
|-
|feminine
|-
|neuter
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|animate
|-
|inanimate
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|simple aspect
|-
|[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|indicative mood
|-
|energenic mood
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|-
|potential mood
|-
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
{| class="wikitable"
|positive
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|-
|superlative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
|affirmative
|-
|negative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|-
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_typology|linguistic typology]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta_Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|
|
|
|}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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