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As a beginner in learning Croatian, you may already be familiar with adjectives, which are words used to describe, modify or give more information about a noun or pronoun. In this lesson, we will focus on the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian, as well as how to recognize and form them correctly. This lesson will further enhance your knowledge of Croatian language and help you develop your speaking, reading, and writing skills.
== Introduction ==
 
Welcome to the lesson on adjectives in Croatian! Adjectives are an essential part of any language, including Croatian. In this lesson, we will focus on understanding the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian. This knowledge will help you accurately describe people, objects, and situations in Croatian, making your conversations more precise and meaningful.
 
Understanding and using adjectives correctly is crucial in achieving fluency in any language. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to recognize and form adjectives according to gender and number in Croatian. You will also have the opportunity to practice using adjectives in various sentences and contexts.
 
Let's dive in and explore the fascinating world of Croatian adjectives!
 
== Gender Agreement of Adjectives ==
 
In Croatian, adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in terms of gender. Croatian nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun determines the form of the adjective that accompanies it.


== Adjectives and Gender ==
=== Masculine Nouns ===
In Croatian, just like in many other languages, adjectives must agree in gender with the noun they refer to. This means that if a noun is masculine, the adjective describing it must also be in the masculine form, and the same goes for feminine and neuter.


To form a Croatian adjective, we must first look at the noun it describes and determine its gender. Nouns in Croatian could be masculine, feminine, or neuter. We can recognize the gender of Croatian nouns by identifying their endings, but as a beginner, it's important to simply memorize the gender of each noun until you become more familiar with the patterns.  
When describing masculine nouns with adjectives, the adjectives take different forms depending on whether the noun is in the singular or plural form.  


Here is an example of how an adjective agrees with a noun in Croatian:
Let's take a look at some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| hladan || hla-dan || cold (masculine singular)
| Visok muškarac || [ˈʋi.sok ˈmuʃ.ka.rats] || Tall man
|-
| Visoki muškarci || [ˈʋi.so.ki ˈmuʃ.ka.rt͡si] || Tall men
|-
| Pametan dječak || [pa.ˈme.tan ˈdje.t͡ʃak] || Smart boy
|-
| Pametni dječaci || [pa.ˈme.tni ˈdje.t͡ʃa.t͡si] || Smart boys
|}
|}


For example:
As you can see from the examples above, when describing singular masculine nouns, the adjective takes the form "visok" (tall) and "pametan" (smart). However, when describing plural masculine nouns, the adjective takes the form "visoki" and "pametni". It's important to note that the ending of the adjective changes to reflect the gender agreement.
* Hladan muškarac. (A cold man.)
 
The word for "man" in Croatian is "muškarac," which is masculine and singular. Therefore, the adjective "hladan" must also be masculine and singular in form to agree with the noun.


Now, let's take a look at the different forms of adjectives according to gender in Croatian:
=== Feminine Nouns ===


=== Masculine Adjectives ===
Similar to masculine nouns, adjectives that describe feminine nouns also change form based on the gender agreement. Let's look at some examples:
Masculine adjectives in Croatian usually end with the letters -i, -a, or a consonant. When we add an "i" or "a" to the masculine adjective to obtain the respective adjective forms, we preserve the stem, the root of the word, and add the required ending. If the adjective ends with a consonant, we add the ending directly to the stem.
 
Here are some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| bijeli || bi-je-li || white (masculine)
| Lijepa žena || [ˈli.je.pa ˈʒe.na] || Beautiful woman
|-
| Lijepe žene || [ˈli.je.pe ˈʒe.ne] || Beautiful women
|-
| Pametna djevojka || [pa.ˈme.tna ˈdje.vɔj.ka] || Smart girl
|-
|-
| pametan || pa-me-tan || smart (masculine)
| Pametne djevojke || [pa.ˈme.tne ˈdje.vɔj.ke] || Smart girls
|}
|}


For example:
In the examples above, the adjectives "lijepa" (beautiful) and "pametna" (smart) take different forms depending on whether they are describing singular or plural feminine nouns. The adjective endings change to reflect the gender agreement.
* Bijeli zid. (A white wall.)
* Pametan dječak. (A smart boy.)


In both examples, we see that the adjective is in the masculine form and agrees with the gender of the noun it describes.
=== Neuter Nouns ===


=== Feminine Adjectives ===
Neuter nouns in Croatian also require the adjectives to agree with their gender. Let's examine some examples:
Feminine adjectives in Croatian often end with the letters -a or -e. When we add -a or -e to the adjective, we remove the last vowel from the adjective stem.
 
Here are some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| crvena || cr-ve-na || red (feminine)
| Lijepo dijete || [ˈli.jɛ.po ˈdi.ʝɛ.tɛ] || Beautiful child
|-
| Lijepa djeca || [ˈli.jɛ.pa ˈdje.t͡sa] || Beautiful children
|-
| Veliko more || [ˈʋɛ.li.kɔ ˈmɔ.rɛ] || Big sea
|-
|-
| lijepe || li-je-pe || beautiful (feminine plural)
| Velika mora || [ˈʋɛ.li.ka ˈmɔ.ra] || Big seas
|}
|}


For example:
From the examples above, you can see that the adjectives "lijepo" (beautiful) and "veliko" (big) change form to agree with the gender of the noun they describe. The endings of the adjectives reflect the gender agreement.
* Crvena haljina. (A red dress.)
 
* Lijepe žene. (Beautiful women.)
== Number Agreement of Adjectives ==
 
In addition to gender agreement, adjectives in Croatian also need to agree with nouns in terms of number. Croatian nouns have singular and plural forms, and adjectives must match the number of the noun they modify.


In both examples, we see that the adjective is in the feminine form and agrees with the gender of the noun it describes.
Let's explore some examples:


=== Neuter Adjectives ===
=== Singular Nouns ===
Neuter adjectives in Croatian often end with the letters -o or -e. When we add -o or -e to the adjective, we preserve the stem and add the required ending.


Here are some examples:
When describing singular nouns, adjectives take a specific form. Here are a few examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| novo || no-vo || new (neuter)
| Mala mačka || [ˈma.la ˈma.t͡ʃka] || Small cat
|-
| Mali pas || [ˈma.li ˈpas] || Small dog
|-
|-
| malo || ma-lo || small (neuter)
| Lijep cvijet || [ˈli.jɛp ˈt͡ʃvʲi.jɛt] || Beautiful flower
|-
| Pametno dijete || [pa.ˈmɛt.no ˈdi.ʝɛ.tɛ] || Smart child
|}
|}


For example:
In the examples above, the adjectives "mala" (small), "mali" (small), "lijep" (beautiful), and "pametno" (smart) demonstrate the agreement with singular nouns. Notice how the endings of the adjectives change based on the singular form of the noun they describe.
* Novo računalo. (A new computer.)
* Malo dijete. (A small child.)
 
In both examples, we see that the adjective is in the neuter form and agrees with the gender of the noun it describes.
 
== Adjectives and Number ==
Apart from gender, Croatian adjectives must also agree in number with the noun they describe. This means that if a noun is plural, the adjective describing it must also be in the plural form.


To form a plural adjective in Croatian, we add -i to masculine adjectives and -e to feminine and neuter adjectives.
=== Plural Nouns ===


Here are some examples:
When describing plural nouns, adjectives also take a different form. Here are some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Croatian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| plavi || pla-vi || blue (masculine singular)
| Male mačke || [ˈma.lɛ ˈma.t͡ʃ.kɛ] || Small cats
|-
| plave || pla-ve || blue (feminine singular)
|-
| plava || pla-va || blue (neuter singular)
|-
|-
| plavi || pla-vi || blue (masculine plural)
| Mali psi || [ˈma.li ˈpsi] || Small dogs
|-
|-
| plave || pla-ve || blue (feminine plural)
| Lijepi cvjetovi || [ˈli.jɛ.pi ˈt͡ʃʋɛ.tɔ.ʋi] || Beautiful flowers
|-
|-
| plava || pla-va || blue (neuter plural)
| Pametna djeca || [pa.ˈmɛt.na ˈdi.ʝɛ.t͡sa] || Smart children
|}
|}


For example:
In the examples above, the adjectives "male" (small), "mali" (small), "lijepi" (beautiful), and "pametna" (smart) agree with plural nouns. The endings of the adjectives change to match the plural form of the noun they describe.
* Plavi automobili. (Blue cars.)
 
* Plave oči. (Blue eyes.)
== Cultural Insights ==
* Plava nebo. (Blue sky.)
 
Understanding the cultural context of a language enhances the learning experience. In Croatian, gender and number agreement of adjectives is deeply rooted in the language's historical development.
 
Croatian, like other Slavic languages, has a rich history influenced by different cultures and rulers. Throughout history, Croatian has been influenced by Latin, German, Hungarian, and Turkish, among others. These influences have shaped the language, including its grammar rules.
 
The gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian can be traced back to the Slavic languages' common heritage. Slavic languages, including Croatian, inherited the gender system from Indo-European languages. However, the Slavic gender system is more complex and has developed independently over time.
 
Croatian is a South Slavic language, and its gender system aligns with other South Slavic languages like Serbian and Bosnian. However, there may be some variations in gender agreement within different dialects and regional variations of Croatian.
 
It is also interesting to note that Croatian has preserved the dual number, which means it distinguishes between singular, dual, and plural forms. Although the dual number is not as commonly used in modern Croatian as it was in the past, it is still present in certain contexts. Keep in mind that adjectives also agree with the dual number when necessary.
 
Croatia is a country known for its beautiful nature, rich history, and diverse cultural heritage. The Croatian language reflects these cultural aspects and provides a window into the country's identity. By understanding the gender and number agreement of adjectives, you can better appreciate the nuances of Croatian culture and express yourself accurately in the language.
 
== Practice Exercises ==
 
Now that we have explored the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian, it's time to practice what we've learned! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding.
 
Exercise 1: Gender Agreement
Match the adjectives with the correct noun gender. Write "M" for masculine, "F" for feminine, and "N" for neuter.


In all examples, we see that the adjective is in the plural form and agrees with the number of the noun it describes.
1. Visok (Tall)
2. Lijepa (Beautiful)
3. Pametan (Smart)
4. Veliki (Big)
5. Mala (Small)


== Practice ==
a. __
Let's practice using adjectives in Croatian. Below are some exercises for you to complete:
b. __
c. __
d. __
e. __


1. Translate the following sentences into Croatian:
Exercise 2: Number Agreement
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective in brackets.


* The tall women (žene) dance beautifully.  
1. Lijepe __ (žena) (beautiful women)
2. Mali __ (pas) (small dogs)
3. Pametna __ (djevojka) (smart girl)
4. Veliki __ (more) (big seas)
5. Male __ (mačka) (small cats)


* The old cats (mačke) sleep a lot.
Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences
Translate the following sentences from English to Croatian, using the appropriate gender and number agreement of adjectives.


* The funny man (muškarac) loves to sing.
1. The tall man is reading a book.
2. The beautiful flowers are in the garden.
3. The smart girl is studying at the university.
4. The big sea is calm today.
5. The small cats are playing in the park.


2. Choose the correct form of the adjective to complete the sentences:
== Solutions ==


* Lijepa ____(haljina) stoji tvojoj prijateljici. (feminine singular)
Exercise 1: Gender Agreement
1. M
2. F
3. M
4. M
5. F


(a) bijelo
Exercise 2: Number Agreement
(b) bijela
1. žene
(c) bijele
2. psi
3. djevojka
4. mora
5. mačke


* Mali ____(dječak) voli igrati nogomet. (masculine singular)
Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences
1. Visoki muškarac čita knjigu.
2. Lijepi cvjetovi su u vrtu.
3. Pametna djevojka uči na sveučilištu.
4. Veliko more je mirno danas.
5. Male mačke se igraju u parku.


(a) nogometna
== Conclusion ==
(b) nogometni
(c) nogometno


* Crvene ______ (jagode) su najslađe. (feminine plural)
Congratulations on completing the lesson on the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian! You have learned how to recognize and form adjectives according to gender and number in Croatian, and you have practiced using them in various sentences.


(a) jagoda
Adjectives play a vital role in accurately describing people, objects, and situations, and understanding their agreement with nouns is essential in achieving fluency in Croatian. By paying attention to gender and number agreement, you can express yourself more precisely and effectively in Croatian.
(b) jagode
(c) jagodom


Congratulations, you have completed the lesson on Croatian adjectives and the gender and number agreement with nouns. Keep practicing to improve your language skills and don't forget to use adjectives in your conversations to make them more descriptive and interesting.
Continue practicing and reinforcing your knowledge through conversations, reading, and listening to Croatian content. The more you engage with the language, the more natural and intuitive the use of adjectives will become.
 
Keep up the great work, and soon you will be speaking Croatian with confidence! Sretno (Good luck)!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Croatian Grammar Lessons: Adjectives and Adverbs - Gender and Number
|title=Croatian Grammar Adjectives and Adverbs → Adjectives: Gender and Number
|keywords=Croatian grammar, Croatian adjectives and adverbs, gender agreement, number agreement, Croatian language learning
|keywords=Croatian adjectives, Croatian grammar, gender agreement, number agreement, Croatian language, Croatian culture
|description=Learn about the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian, how to recognize and form them, and practice using them in sentences. This lesson focuses on the basics of Croatian adjectives and their usage.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian. Explore the cultural insights behind this grammar rule and practice using adjectives in sentences.
}}
}}


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[[Category:Croatian-0-to-A1-Course]]
[[Category:Croatian-0-to-A1-Course]]
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==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar Serbo-Croatian grammar - Wikipedia]
* [https://www.letslearncroatian.co.uk/blog/adjectives-in-croatian Adjectives in Croatian]
* [https://learn-croatian.com/genders/ Learn The Grammatical Croatian Genders: Masculine, Feminine ...]
 
 
 
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Present-Tense-of-Regular-Verbs|Present Tense of Regular Verbs]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Nouns-and-Cases|Nouns and Cases]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Croatian-Phonetics-and-Pronunciation|Croatian Phonetics and Pronunciation]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Prepositions-and-Pronouns|Prepositions and Pronouns]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Pronouns|Pronouns]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Croatian-Syntax-and-Style|Croatian Syntax and Style]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Participles-and-Gerunds|Participles and Gerunds]]
* [[Language/Croatian/Grammar/Questions|Questions]]
 




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Latest revision as of 04:23, 18 June 2023

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CroatianGrammar0 to A1 Course → Adjectives and Adverbs → Adjectives: Gender and Number

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Welcome to the lesson on adjectives in Croatian! Adjectives are an essential part of any language, including Croatian. In this lesson, we will focus on understanding the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian. This knowledge will help you accurately describe people, objects, and situations in Croatian, making your conversations more precise and meaningful.

Understanding and using adjectives correctly is crucial in achieving fluency in any language. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to recognize and form adjectives according to gender and number in Croatian. You will also have the opportunity to practice using adjectives in various sentences and contexts.

Let's dive in and explore the fascinating world of Croatian adjectives!

Gender Agreement of Adjectives[edit | edit source]

In Croatian, adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in terms of gender. Croatian nouns have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun determines the form of the adjective that accompanies it.

Masculine Nouns[edit | edit source]

When describing masculine nouns with adjectives, the adjectives take different forms depending on whether the noun is in the singular or plural form.

Let's take a look at some examples:

Croatian Pronunciation English
Visok muškarac [ˈʋi.sok ˈmuʃ.ka.rats] Tall man
Visoki muškarci [ˈʋi.so.ki ˈmuʃ.ka.rt͡si] Tall men
Pametan dječak [pa.ˈme.tan ˈdje.t͡ʃak] Smart boy
Pametni dječaci [pa.ˈme.tni ˈdje.t͡ʃa.t͡si] Smart boys

As you can see from the examples above, when describing singular masculine nouns, the adjective takes the form "visok" (tall) and "pametan" (smart). However, when describing plural masculine nouns, the adjective takes the form "visoki" and "pametni". It's important to note that the ending of the adjective changes to reflect the gender agreement.

Feminine Nouns[edit | edit source]

Similar to masculine nouns, adjectives that describe feminine nouns also change form based on the gender agreement. Let's look at some examples:

Croatian Pronunciation English
Lijepa žena [ˈli.je.pa ˈʒe.na] Beautiful woman
Lijepe žene [ˈli.je.pe ˈʒe.ne] Beautiful women
Pametna djevojka [pa.ˈme.tna ˈdje.vɔj.ka] Smart girl
Pametne djevojke [pa.ˈme.tne ˈdje.vɔj.ke] Smart girls

In the examples above, the adjectives "lijepa" (beautiful) and "pametna" (smart) take different forms depending on whether they are describing singular or plural feminine nouns. The adjective endings change to reflect the gender agreement.

Neuter Nouns[edit | edit source]

Neuter nouns in Croatian also require the adjectives to agree with their gender. Let's examine some examples:

Croatian Pronunciation English
Lijepo dijete [ˈli.jɛ.po ˈdi.ʝɛ.tɛ] Beautiful child
Lijepa djeca [ˈli.jɛ.pa ˈdje.t͡sa] Beautiful children
Veliko more [ˈʋɛ.li.kɔ ˈmɔ.rɛ] Big sea
Velika mora [ˈʋɛ.li.ka ˈmɔ.ra] Big seas

From the examples above, you can see that the adjectives "lijepo" (beautiful) and "veliko" (big) change form to agree with the gender of the noun they describe. The endings of the adjectives reflect the gender agreement.

Number Agreement of Adjectives[edit | edit source]

In addition to gender agreement, adjectives in Croatian also need to agree with nouns in terms of number. Croatian nouns have singular and plural forms, and adjectives must match the number of the noun they modify.

Let's explore some examples:

Singular Nouns[edit | edit source]

When describing singular nouns, adjectives take a specific form. Here are a few examples:

Croatian Pronunciation English
Mala mačka [ˈma.la ˈma.t͡ʃka] Small cat
Mali pas [ˈma.li ˈpas] Small dog
Lijep cvijet [ˈli.jɛp ˈt͡ʃvʲi.jɛt] Beautiful flower
Pametno dijete [pa.ˈmɛt.no ˈdi.ʝɛ.tɛ] Smart child

In the examples above, the adjectives "mala" (small), "mali" (small), "lijep" (beautiful), and "pametno" (smart) demonstrate the agreement with singular nouns. Notice how the endings of the adjectives change based on the singular form of the noun they describe.

Plural Nouns[edit | edit source]

When describing plural nouns, adjectives also take a different form. Here are some examples:

Croatian Pronunciation English
Male mačke [ˈma.lɛ ˈma.t͡ʃ.kɛ] Small cats
Mali psi [ˈma.li ˈpsi] Small dogs
Lijepi cvjetovi [ˈli.jɛ.pi ˈt͡ʃʋɛ.tɔ.ʋi] Beautiful flowers
Pametna djeca [pa.ˈmɛt.na ˈdi.ʝɛ.t͡sa] Smart children

In the examples above, the adjectives "male" (small), "mali" (small), "lijepi" (beautiful), and "pametna" (smart) agree with plural nouns. The endings of the adjectives change to match the plural form of the noun they describe.

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

Understanding the cultural context of a language enhances the learning experience. In Croatian, gender and number agreement of adjectives is deeply rooted in the language's historical development.

Croatian, like other Slavic languages, has a rich history influenced by different cultures and rulers. Throughout history, Croatian has been influenced by Latin, German, Hungarian, and Turkish, among others. These influences have shaped the language, including its grammar rules.

The gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian can be traced back to the Slavic languages' common heritage. Slavic languages, including Croatian, inherited the gender system from Indo-European languages. However, the Slavic gender system is more complex and has developed independently over time.

Croatian is a South Slavic language, and its gender system aligns with other South Slavic languages like Serbian and Bosnian. However, there may be some variations in gender agreement within different dialects and regional variations of Croatian.

It is also interesting to note that Croatian has preserved the dual number, which means it distinguishes between singular, dual, and plural forms. Although the dual number is not as commonly used in modern Croatian as it was in the past, it is still present in certain contexts. Keep in mind that adjectives also agree with the dual number when necessary.

Croatia is a country known for its beautiful nature, rich history, and diverse cultural heritage. The Croatian language reflects these cultural aspects and provides a window into the country's identity. By understanding the gender and number agreement of adjectives, you can better appreciate the nuances of Croatian culture and express yourself accurately in the language.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we have explored the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian, it's time to practice what we've learned! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding.

Exercise 1: Gender Agreement Match the adjectives with the correct noun gender. Write "M" for masculine, "F" for feminine, and "N" for neuter.

1. Visok (Tall) 2. Lijepa (Beautiful) 3. Pametan (Smart) 4. Veliki (Big) 5. Mala (Small)

a. __ b. __ c. __ d. __ e. __

Exercise 2: Number Agreement Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective in brackets.

1. Lijepe __ (žena) (beautiful women) 2. Mali __ (pas) (small dogs) 3. Pametna __ (djevojka) (smart girl) 4. Veliki __ (more) (big seas) 5. Male __ (mačka) (small cats)

Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences Translate the following sentences from English to Croatian, using the appropriate gender and number agreement of adjectives.

1. The tall man is reading a book. 2. The beautiful flowers are in the garden. 3. The smart girl is studying at the university. 4. The big sea is calm today. 5. The small cats are playing in the park.

Solutions[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1: Gender Agreement 1. M 2. F 3. M 4. M 5. F

Exercise 2: Number Agreement 1. žene 2. psi 3. djevojka 4. mora 5. mačke

Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences 1. Visoki muškarac čita knjigu. 2. Lijepi cvjetovi su u vrtu. 3. Pametna djevojka uči na sveučilištu. 4. Veliko more je mirno danas. 5. Male mačke se igraju u parku.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing the lesson on the gender and number agreement of adjectives in Croatian! You have learned how to recognize and form adjectives according to gender and number in Croatian, and you have practiced using them in various sentences.

Adjectives play a vital role in accurately describing people, objects, and situations, and understanding their agreement with nouns is essential in achieving fluency in Croatian. By paying attention to gender and number agreement, you can express yourself more precisely and effectively in Croatian.

Continue practicing and reinforcing your knowledge through conversations, reading, and listening to Croatian content. The more you engage with the language, the more natural and intuitive the use of adjectives will become.

Keep up the great work, and soon you will be speaking Croatian with confidence! Sretno (Good luck)!


Sources[edit | edit source]


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