Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


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On this page, you will find the most important ones.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]
* https://glossary.sil.org/term
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary


If you need a clear categorization of linguistics, see:
== Branches of Linguistics ==
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
{| class="wikitable"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Historical linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Applied linguistics|applied linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Computational linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard language|standard language]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phone (phonetics)|phone]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|non–pulmonic consonant
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ejective consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Click consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Implosive consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|place of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|coronal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|dorsal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|uvular consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|glottal consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Stop consonant|stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|fricative consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|nasal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|vibrant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Flap consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|trill consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Liquid consonant|liquid consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|lateral consonant]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Letter (alphabet)|letter]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Letter case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|[[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|}
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|[[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]


{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Word|word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|[[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
== Lexicology ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|[[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|[[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|[[wikipedia:Root (linguistics)|root]]
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
== Historical Linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
== Orthography ==
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|}
 
|}
== Sociolinguistics ==
|-
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|[[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Parse tree|parse tree]]
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|constituency-based parse tree
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|dependency-based parse tree
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Function word|function word]]
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Content word|content word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Part of speech|part of speech]]
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical particle|particle]]
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal number]]
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier (linguistics)|multiplier]]
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive number|distributive number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominal number|nominal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|attributive adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|predicative adjective
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized adjective|nominalized adjective]]
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|definite article
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|indifinite article
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|zero article
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive determiner|possessive determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|adposition]]
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|preposition
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|postposition
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|circumposition
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
== Typography ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Count noun|countable noun]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|[[wikipedia:Mass noun|uncountable noun]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|collective noun
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|abstract noun
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|concrete noun
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|common noun
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Proper noun|proper noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal pronoun|personal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative pronoun|relative pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal verb|impersonal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]
*** round brackets
|[[wikipedia:Transitive verb|transitive verb]]
*** curly brackets
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]
*** square brackets
|tritransitive verb
*** angle brackets
|}
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|[[wikipedia:Modal verb|modal verb]]
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
{| class="wikitable"
** bold
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive verb|reflexive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary verb|auxiliary verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|[[wikipedia:Finite verb|finite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite verb|nonfinite verb]]
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
 
|}
== Semantics ==
|}
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial phrase|adverbial phrase]]
*** first person
|[[wikipedia:Adjective phrase|adjective phrase]]
*** second person
|[[wikipedia:Noun phrase|noun phrase]]
*** third person
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional phrase|adpositional phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb phrase|verb phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|argument clause
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|adjuctive clause
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|predicative clause
*** masculine
|}
*** feminine
{| class="wikitable"
*** neuter
|[[wikipedia:Dependent clause|dependent clause]]
*** animate
|[[wikipedia:Independent clause|independent clause]]
*** inanimate
|}
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|simple sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|compound sentence
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|complex sentence
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|compound–complex sentence
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|declaritive sentence
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
|interrogative sentence
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|exclamatory sentence
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|imperative sentence
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|instructive sentence
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|}
***simple aspect
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|major sentence
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|minor sentence
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|-
****indicative mood
|[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
****energenic mood
|-
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Predicate (grammar)|predicate]]
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
****potential mood
|}
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Typography|typography]]
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Full stop|period]]
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation mark|exclamation mark]]
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Question mark|question mark]]
== Morphology ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Colon (punctuation)|colon]]
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|[[wikipedia:Quotation mark|quotation mark]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|[[wikipedia:Slash (punctuation)|slash]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|round brackets
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|curly brackets
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
|square brackets
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|angle brackets
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|[[wikipedia:Space (punctuation)|space]]
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|}
**positive
|}
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
{| class="wikitable"
**superlative
|[[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
**affirmation
|[[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
**negation
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
|[[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
**singular
|[[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|[[wikipedia:Font|font]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|[[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
 
|}
== Syntax ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:Character encoding|character encoding]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
{| class="wikitable"
** constituency-based parse tree
|[[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
** dependency-based parse tree
|-
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
|[[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|[[wikipedia:Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]]
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
|[[wikipedia:Italic type|italic]]
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|bold
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|[[wikipedia:Calligraphy|calligraphy]]
*** attributive adjective
|-
*** predicative adjective
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical category|grammatical category]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]]
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|first person
**** definite article
|second person
**** indifinite article
|third person
**** zero article
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|[[wikipedia:Subject (grammar)|subject]]
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
|[[wikipedia:Object (grammar)|object]]
*** preposition
|}
*** postposition
{| class="wikitable"
*** circumposition
|[[wikipedia:Argument (linguistics)|argument]]
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]]
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Complement (linguistics)|complement]]
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
|}
*** collective noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** abstract noun
|[[wikipedia:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]
*** concrete noun
|}
*** common noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]]
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|masculine
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|feminine
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|neuter
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|animate
*** tritransitive verb
|inanimate
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominative case|nominative case]]
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|[[wikipedia:Accusative case|accusative case]]
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|[[wikipedia:Dative case|dative case]]
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative case]]
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive case]]
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Vocative case|vocative case]]
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|locative case]]
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|instrumental case]]
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Oblique case|oblique case]]
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
|}
**argument clause
|}
**adjuctive clause
{| class="wikitable"
**predicative clause
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]]
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Past tense|past tense]]
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
|[[wikipedia:Present tense|present tense]]
**simple sentence
|[[wikipedia:Future tense|future tense]]
**compound sentence
|}
**complex sentence
|}
**compound–complex sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**declaritive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]
**interrogative sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**exclamatory sentence
|simple aspect
**imperative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
**instructive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Perfect (grammar)|perfect aspect]]
**major sentence
|[[wikipedia:Prospective aspect|prospective aspect]]
**minor sentence
|}
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]]
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|[[wikipedia:Realis mood|realis mood]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Rhetoric ==
|indicative mood
 
|energenic mood
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis mood|irrealis mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|[[wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|[[wikipedia:Optative mood|optative mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|[[wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|[[wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
|potential mood
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative mood]]
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Linguistic typology ==
|[[wikipedia:Voice (grammar)|voice]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|[[wikipedia:Active voice|active voice]]
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|[[wikipedia:Passive voice|passive voice]]
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
== Historical Linguistics ==
|}
 
|}
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|positive
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|superlative
 
|}
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation and negation|polarity]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Lexicostatistics ==
|affirmation
 
|negation
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Serial verb construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic typology|linguistic typology]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Word order|word order]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Analytic language|analystic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Isolating language|isolating language]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional language|fusional language]]
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Calligraphy|calligraphy]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
|}


<nowiki>*</nowiki> sonorant also includes vowels.
==-- AUTHOR --==
==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]


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{{other-lessons}}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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