Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


[Lesson in progress]
[Lesson in progress]


Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
Therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]
* https://glossary.sil.org/term
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary


If you need a clear categorization of linguistics, see:
== Branches of Linguistics ==
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic description|descriptive linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Historical linguistics|historical linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|[[wikipedia:Applied linguistics|applied linguistics]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Lexicology ==
|[[wikipedia:Computational linguistics|computational linguistics]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
== Historical Linguistics ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Creole language|creole]]
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety (linguistics)|variety]]
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]
== Orthography ==
|[[wikipedia:Standard language|standard language]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|-
 
|
== Sociolinguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Phone (phonetics)|phone]]
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|non–pulmonic consonant
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Ejective consonant|ejective consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Click consonant|click consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Implosive consonant|implosive consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|place of articulation]]
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|labial consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|bilabial consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|coronal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental consonant|interdental consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|dental consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|alveolar consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|retroflex consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|dorsal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|palatal consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|uvular consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|glottal consonant]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Peripheral consonant|peripheral consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Stop consonant|stop consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|affricate consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|fricative consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|nasal consonant]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant consonant]]
== Typography ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|vibrant consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|[[wikipedia:Flap consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|trill consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Liquid consonant|liquid consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|lateral consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|[[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|[[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|[[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|[[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
*** round brackets
|[[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
*** curly brackets
|[[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
*** square brackets
|}
*** angle brackets
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
** bold
|[[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter (alphabet)|letter]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter case|letter case]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
 
|}
== Semantics ==
|-
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|[[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|[[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|[[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
*** first person
|[[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
*** second person
|}
*** third person
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|[[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|[[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|[[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
*** masculine
|}
*** feminine
|-
*** neuter
|
*** animate
{| class="wikitable"
*** inanimate
|[[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|[[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|[[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
***simple aspect
|}
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|[[word]]
****indicative mood
|
****energenic mood
|
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
|}
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Lemma (morphology)|lemma]]
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Root (linguistics)|root]]
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
****potential mood
|[[wikipedia:False friend|false friend]]
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|[[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
== Morphology ==
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|[[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|[[wikipedia:Parse tree|parse tree]]
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|constituency-based parse tree
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|dependency-based parse tree
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Function word|function word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Content word|content word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|[[wikipedia:Part of speech|part of speech]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|-
**positive
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|-
**superlative
|[[wikipedia:Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
|-
**affirmation
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical particle|particle]]
**negation
|-
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]]
**singular
|-
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal number]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier (linguistics)|multiplier]]
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive number|distributive number]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Nominal number|nominal number]]
== Syntax ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
{| class="wikitable"
** constituency-based parse tree
|attributive adjective
** dependency-based parse tree
|predicative adjective
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized adjective|nominalized adjective]]
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|definite article
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|indifinite article
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|zero article
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|}
*** attributive adjective
|-
*** predicative adjective
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive determiner|possessive determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifier]]
**** definite article
|}
**** indifinite article
|-
**** zero article
|[[wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|adposition]]
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|preposition
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|postposition
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
|circumposition
*** preposition
|}
*** postposition
|-
*** circumposition
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Count noun|countable noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Mass noun|uncountable noun]]
*** collective noun
|}
*** abstract noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** concrete noun
|collective noun
*** common noun
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|abstract noun
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
|concrete noun
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|common noun
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Proper noun|proper noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** tritransitive verb
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal pronoun|personal pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative pronoun|relative pronoun]]
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal verb|impersonal verb]]
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Transitive verb|transitive verb]]
**argument clause
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]
**adjuctive clause
|tritransitive verb
**predicative clause
|}
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Modal verb|modal verb]]
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
|}
**simple sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**compound sentence
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive verb|reflexive verb]]
**complex sentence
|}
**compound–complex sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**declaritive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary verb|auxiliary verb]]
**interrogative sentence
|}
**exclamatory sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**imperative sentence
|[[wikipedia:Finite verb|finite verb]]
**instructive sentence
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite verb|nonfinite verb]]
**major sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**minor sentence
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|}
 
|-
== Rhetoric ==
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial phrase|adverbial phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective phrase|adjective phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun phrase|noun phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional phrase|adpositional phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb phrase|verb phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
|argument clause
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|adjuctive clause
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|predicative clause
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Linguistic typology ==
|[[wikipedia:Dependent clause|dependent clause]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Independent clause|independent clause]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|[[wikipedia:Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|simple sentence
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|compound sentence
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|complex sentence
 
|compound–complex sentence
== Historical Linguistics ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|declaritive sentence
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|interrogative sentence
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|exclamatory sentence
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|imperative sentence
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|instructive sentence
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|major sentence
 
|minor sentence
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|}
 
|}
== Lexicostatistics ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Typography|typography]]
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Full stop|period]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation mark|exclamation mark]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Question mark|question mark]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Colon (punctuation)|colon]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Quotation mark|quotation mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Slash (punctuation)|slash]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
{| class="wikitable"
|round brackets
|curly brackets
|square brackets
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Space (punctuation)|space]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Character encoding|character encoding]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Italic type|italic]]
|bold
|[[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical category|grammatical category]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]]
{| class="wikitable"
|first person
|second person
|third person
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subject (grammar)|subject]]
|[[wikipedia:Object (grammar)|object]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Predicate (grammar)|predicate]]
|[[wikipedia:Argument (linguistics)|argument]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Complement (linguistics)|complement]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]]
{| class="wikitable"
|masculine
|feminine
|neuter
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|animate
|inanimate
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|case]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nominative case|nominative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Accusative case|accusative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Dative case|dative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive case]]
|[[wikipedia:Vocative case|vocative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|locative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|instrumental case]]
|[[wikipedia:Oblique case|oblique case]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Past tense|past tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Present tense|present tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Future tense|future tense]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
|simple aspect
|[[wikipedia:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Perfect (grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Prospective aspect|prospective aspect]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Realis mood|realis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|indicative mood
|energenic mood
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Optative mood|optative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive mood]]
|potential mood
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative mood]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Voice (grammar)|voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Active voice|active voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Passive voice|passive voice]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]
{| class="wikitable"
|positive
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|superlative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation and negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
|affirmation
|negation
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Serial verb construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic typology|linguistic typology]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Word order|word order]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Analytic language|analystic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Isolating language|isolating language]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional language|fusional language]]
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Copula (linguistics)|copula]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
|}


==-- AUTHOR --==
==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]


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{{other-lessons}}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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