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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


[Lesson in progress]
[Lesson in progress]


Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
Therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]
* https://glossary.sil.org/term
* https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary


If you need a clear categorization of linguistics, see:
== Branches of Linguistics ==
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
{| class="wikitable"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Historical linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Applied linguistics|applied linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Computational linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|}
|Linguistics and its best-known branches. Some are interdisciplinary.
Semiotics is not a part of linguistics, but it is closely related to linguistics.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety (linguistics)|variety]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard language|standard language]]
|}
|Language and its similar words in definition.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phone (phonetics)|phone]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|non–pulmonic consonant
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ejective consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Click consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Implosive consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|place of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|coronal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental consonant|interdental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|dorsal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|uvular consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|glottal consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Peripheral consonant|peripheral consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|manner of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Stop consonant|stop consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|affricate consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|fricative consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|nasal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant consonant|vibrant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Flap consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|trill consonant]]
|}
|[[wikipedia:Liquid consonant|liquid consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|lateral consonant]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Letter (alphabet)|letter]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Letter case|letter case]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|}
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|[[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|}
|There are many words in this section. If you know them all, you can understand what those words in International Phonetic Alphabet mean.


<nowiki>*</nowiki>sonorant also includes vowels and semivowels.
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|[[wikipedia:Lemma (morphology)|lemma]]
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Root (linguistics)|root]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:False friend|false friend]]
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|Some confusing similar words with “word”.
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|}
|}
|An affix is usually a morpheme, which is just mentioned above.
|-
|[[wikipedia:Parse tree|parse tree]]
{| class="wikitable"
|constituency-based parse tree
|dependency-based parse tree
|}
|If you understand parse trees, you can draw and learn sentence structures quickly.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Function word|function word]]
|[[wikipedia:Content word|content word]]
|}
|Two important concepts.
|-
|[[wikipedia:Part of speech|part of speech]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical particle|particle]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier (linguistics)|multiplier]]
|[[wikipedia:Distributive number|distributive number]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominal number|nominal number]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
{| class="wikitable"
|attributive adjective
|predicative adjective
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]]
{| class="wikitable"
|definite article
|indifinite article
|zero article
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Possessive determiner|possessive determiner]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier (linguistics)|quantifier]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|adposition]]
{| class="wikitable"
|preposition
|postposition
|circumposition
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Count noun|countable noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Mass noun|uncountable noun]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|collective noun
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|abstract noun
|concrete noun
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|common noun
|[[wikipedia:Proper noun|proper noun]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Personal pronoun|personal pronoun]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Relative pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal verb|impersonal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Transitive verb|transitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]]
|tritransitive verb
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Modal verb|modal verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive verb|reflexive verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary verb|auxiliary verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Finite verb|finite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite verb|nonfinite verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|}
|}
|}
|PoS.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective phrase|adjective phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun phrase|noun phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb phrase|verb phrase]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
|argument clause
|adjuctive clause
|predicative clause
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Dependent clause|dependent clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Independent clause|independent clause]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]]
{| class="wikitable"
|simple sentence
|compound sentence
|complex sentence
|compound–complex sentence
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|declaritive sentence
|interrogative sentence
|exclamatory sentence
|imperative sentence
|instructive sentence
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|major sentence
|minor sentence
|}
|}
|Notice the differences between “phrase”, “clause”, “sentence”.
|-
|[[wikipedia:Typography|typography]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Full stop|period]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation mark|exclamation mark]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Question mark|question mark]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Colon (punctuation)|colon]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Quotation mark|quotation mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Slash (punctuation)|slash]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
{| class="wikitable"
|round brackets
|curly brackets
|square brackets
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Space (punctuation)|space]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Character encoding|character encoding]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Italic type|italic]]
|bold
|[[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|}
|}
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical category|grammatical category]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]]
{| class="wikitable"
|first person
|second person
|third person
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subject (grammar)|subject]]
|[[wikipedia:Object (grammar)|object]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Predicate (grammar)|predicate]]
|[[wikipedia:Argument (linguistics)|argument]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Complement (linguistics)|complement]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Valency (linguistics)|valency]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics (linguistics)|honorifics]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]]
{| class="wikitable"
|masculine
|feminine
|neuter
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|animate
|inanimate
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|case]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nominative case|nominative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Accusative case|accusative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Dative case|dative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Genitive case|genitive case]]
|[[wikipedia:Vocative case|vocative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Locative case|locative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|instrumental case]]
|[[wikipedia:Oblique case|oblique case]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Past tense|past tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Present tense|present tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Future tense|future tense]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
|simple aspect
|[[wikipedia:Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Perfect (grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Prospective aspect|prospective aspect]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Realis mood|realis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|indicative mood
|energenic mood
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Optative mood|optative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive mood]]
|potential mood
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative mood]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Voice (grammar)|voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Active voice|active voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Passive voice|passive voice]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]]
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]
{| class="wikitable"
|positive
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|superlative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation and negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
|affirmation
|negation
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Serial verb construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
|“Grammatical category”, you may haven't heard about it, but you know it.


An “aspect” may also be considered as a “tense”.
== Lexicology ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic typology|linguistic typology]]
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Word order|word order]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Analytic language|analystic language]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|[[wikipedia:Isolating language|isolating language]]
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]]
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|[[wikipedia:Fusional language|fusional language]]
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative language]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic language|polysynthetic language]]
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|}
 
|}
== Historical Linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|Languages can be differentiated by its structure.
 
|-
== Orthography ==
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|-
 
|
== Sociolinguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
 
|[[wikipedia:Copula (linguistics)|copula]]
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic relativity|linguistic relativity]]
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|It tells us the value of parallel text.
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
 
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
 
== Typography ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
*** round brackets
*** curly brackets
*** square brackets
*** angle brackets
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
** bold
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
 
== Semantics ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
*** first person
*** second person
*** third person
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
*** masculine
*** feminine
*** neuter
*** animate
*** inanimate
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
***simple aspect
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
****indicative mood
****energenic mood
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
****potential mood
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
 
== Morphology ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
**positive
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
**superlative
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
**affirmation
**negation
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
**singular
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
 
== Syntax ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
** constituency-based parse tree
** dependency-based parse tree
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
*** attributive adjective
*** predicative adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
**** definite article
**** indifinite article
**** zero article
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
*** preposition
*** postposition
*** circumposition
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
*** collective noun
*** abstract noun
*** concrete noun
*** common noun
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
*** tritransitive verb
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
**argument clause
**adjuctive clause
**predicative clause
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
**simple sentence
**compound sentence
**complex sentence
**compound–complex sentence
**declaritive sentence
**interrogative sentence
**exclamatory sentence
**imperative sentence
**instructive sentence
**major sentence
**minor sentence
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
 
== Rhetoric ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
 
== Linguistic typology ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
 
== Historical Linguistics ==
 
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
 
== Anthropological linguistics ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
 
== Lexicostatistics ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]


==-- AUTHOR --==
==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]


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{{other-lessons}}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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