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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


Mainly about linguistic terms. Also other important things.
[Lesson in progress]


In progress.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


Remember: you don't have to memorise them all in a single time.
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]


If you are interested in terms, see https://glossary.sil.org/term
== Branches of Linguistics ==


To know a relatively clear categorization of linguistics, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|sematics]]
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|discriptive linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociallinguistics]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|}
|Linguistics and its best-known branches.
Semiotics is not a part of linguistics, but it is closely related to linguistics.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|variety]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|}
|Language and its similar words in definition.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|-
|non–pulmonic consonant
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labial–velar_consonant|labial–velar consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Labial–coronal_consonant|labial–coronal consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Bidental_consonant|bidental consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti–alveolar consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Coronal–velar_consonant|coronal–velar consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato–alveolar consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolar–palatal consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Labio-palatalization|labial–palatal consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Uvular–epiglottal_consonant|uvular–epiglottal consonant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal cconsonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Peripheral_consonant|peripheral consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Stop_consonant|stop consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|approximant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|}
|There are many words in this section. If you know them all, you can understand what those words in International Phonetic Alphabet mean.


<nowiki>*</nowiki>sonorant also includes the vowel.
== Lexicology ==
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:False_friend|false friend]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
|}
|Some confusing similar words with “word”.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|}
|}
|An affix is a morpheme, which is just mentioned above.
|-
|[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
{| class="wikitable"
|constituency-based parse tree
|-
|dependency-based parse tree
|}
|If you understand parse trees, you can draw and learn sentence structures quickly.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|}
|Two important concepts.
|-
|[[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
{| class="wikitable"
|attributive adjective
|-
|predicative adjective
|-
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominal adjectives]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
{| class="wikitable"
|definite article
|-
|indifinite article
|-
|zero article
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
{| class="wikitable"
|preposition
|-
|postposition
|-
|circumposition
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|collective noun
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|abstract noun
|-
|concrete noun
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|common noun
|-
|[[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|-
|tritransitive verb
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|}
|}
|}
|PoS.
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adposition phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
|argument clause
|-
|adjuctive clause
|-
|predicative clause
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Dependent_clause|dependent clause]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Independent_clause|independent clause]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
{| class="wikitable"
|simple sentence
|-
|compound sentence
|-
|complex sentence
|-
|compound–complex sentence
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|declaritive sentence
|-
|interrogative sentence
|-
|exclamatory sentence
|-
|imperative sentence
|-
|instructive sentence
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|major sentence
|-
|minor sentence
|}
|}
|Notice the differences between “phrase”, “clause”, “sentence”.
|-
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemets]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
{| class="wikitable"
|round brackets
|-
|curly brackets
|-
|square brackets
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|}
|Punctuation. People often neglect it.
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
{| class="wikitable"
|first person
|-
|second person
|-
|third person
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|masculine
|-
|feminine
|-
|neuter
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|animate
|-
|inanimate
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|simple aspect
|-
|[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|indicative mood
|-
|energenic mood
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|-
|potential mood
|-
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
{| class="wikitable"
|positive
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|-
|superlative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
|affirmation
|-
|negation
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|-
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
|“Grammatical category”, you may haven't heard about it, but you know it.


An “aspect” may be considered as “tense”.
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_typology|linguistic typology]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|[[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|[[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|[[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
== Historical Linguistics ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
== Interlinguistics ==
|}
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|Languages can be differentiated by its structure.
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
== Orthography ==
|
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Sociolinguistics ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta_Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|It tells us the value to write parallel text.
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
 
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
 
== Typography ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
*** round brackets
*** curly brackets
*** square brackets
*** angle brackets
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
** bold
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
 
== Semantics ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
*** first person
*** second person
*** third person
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
*** masculine
*** feminine
*** neuter
*** animate
*** inanimate
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
***simple aspect
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
****indicative mood
****energenic mood
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
****potential mood
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
 
== Morphology ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
**positive
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
**superlative
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
**affirmation
**negation
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
**singular
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
 
== Syntax ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
** constituency-based parse tree
** dependency-based parse tree
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
*** attributive adjective
*** predicative adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
**** definite article
**** indifinite article
**** zero article
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
*** preposition
*** postposition
*** circumposition
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
*** collective noun
*** abstract noun
*** concrete noun
*** common noun
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
*** tritransitive verb
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
**argument clause
**adjuctive clause
**predicative clause
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
**simple sentence
**compound sentence
**complex sentence
**compound–complex sentence
**declaritive sentence
**interrogative sentence
**exclamatory sentence
**imperative sentence
**instructive sentence
**major sentence
**minor sentence
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
 
== Rhetoric ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
 
== Linguistic typology ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
 
== Historical Linguistics ==
 
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
 
== Anthropological linguistics ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
 
== Lexicostatistics ==
 
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
 
==-- AUTHOR --==
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
 
{{#seo:
|title=Most important words related to linguistics and learning languages
|description=Here is a list of important words to know if you are a polyglot or simply if you like languages
        |og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/d/d4/Words_polyglots.png/450px-Words_polyglots.png
}}
 
{{other-lessons}}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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