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<div style="font-size:300%;">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


Mainly about linguistic terms. Also other important things.
[Lesson in progress]


In progress.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


Remember: you don't have to memorise them all in a single time.
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]


If you are interested in terms, see https://glossary.sil.org/term
== Branches of Linguistics ==


To know a relatively clear categorization of linguistics, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|sematics]]
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|discriptive linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
== Lexicology ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociallinguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
|[[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|[[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
== Historical Linguistics ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|}
 
|}
== Interlinguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
 
|-
== Orthography ==
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
 
|-
== Sociolinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|Linguistics and its best-known branches.
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
Semiotics is not a part of linguistics, but it is closely related to linguistics.
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|variety]]
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|Language and its similar words in definition.
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|[[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
|non–pulmonic consonant
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
|[[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|}
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|[[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|[[wikipedia:Labial–velar_consonant|labial–velar consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Labial–coronal_consonant|labial–coronal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Bidental_consonant|bidental consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|[[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|[[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti–alveolar consonant]]
 
|-
== Typography ==
|[[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|[[wikipedia:Coronal–velar_consonant|coronal–velar consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato–alveolar consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|[[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|[[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|[[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolar–palatal consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|[[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Labio-palatalization|labial–palatal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|[[wikipedia:Uvular–epiglottal_consonant|uvular–epiglottal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
*** round brackets
|-
*** curly brackets
|[[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal cconsonant]]
*** square brackets
|}
*** angle brackets
|-
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Peripheral_consonant|peripheral consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
|[[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
** bold
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|[[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
|[[wikipedia:Stop_consonant|stop consonant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|[[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|}
 
|-
== Semantics ==
|[[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]*
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|[[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|approximant consonant]]
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
|[[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|}
*** first person
|-
*** second person
|[[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
*** third person
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|[[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
|[[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|[[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|[[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
*** masculine
|-
*** feminine
|[[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
*** neuter
|}
*** animate
|}
*** inanimate
|}
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|-
***simple aspect
|[[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
****indicative mood
|}
****energenic mood
|-
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|[[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|}
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|
****potential mood
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:False_friend|false friend]]
== Morphology ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
**positive
|}
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|-
**superlative
|[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
**affirmation
|constituency-based parse tree
**negation
|-
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
|dependency-based parse tree
**singular
|}
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|[[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
== Syntax ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
{| class="wikitable"
** constituency-based parse tree
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
** dependency-based parse tree
|-
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|[[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
*** attributive adjective
{| class="wikitable"
*** predicative adjective
|[[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|[[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
**** definite article
|-
**** indifinite article
|[[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
**** zero article
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
*** preposition
{| class="wikitable"
*** postposition
|attributive adjective
*** circumposition
|-
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|predicative adjective
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominal adjectives]]
*** collective noun
|}
*** abstract noun
|-
*** concrete noun
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
*** common noun
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
|definite article
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|indifinite article
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|zero article
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|-
*** tritransitive verb
|[[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
|preposition
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|postposition
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|circumposition
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
**argument clause
|[[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
**adjuctive clause
|-
**predicative clause
|[[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
|collective noun
**simple sentence
|}
**compound sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**complex sentence
|abstract noun
**compound–complex sentence
|-
**declaritive sentence
|concrete noun
**interrogative sentence
|}
**exclamatory sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**imperative sentence
|common noun
**instructive sentence
|-
**major sentence
|[[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
**minor sentence
|}
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
 
|}
== Rhetoric ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|[[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
== Linguistic typology ==
|-
 
|tritransitive verb
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|[[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Historical Linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
 
|}
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|[[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
 
|-
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
 
|}
== Lexicostatistics ==
|}
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
|-
 
|
==-- AUTHOR --==
{| class="wikitable"
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
{{#seo:
{| class="wikitable"
|title=Most important words related to linguistics and learning languages
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|description=Here is a list of important words to know if you are a polyglot or simply if you like languages
|-
        |og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/d/d4/Words_polyglots.png/450px-Words_polyglots.png
|[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
}}
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
{{other-lessons}}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adposition phrase]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
{| class="wikitable"
|argument clause
|-
|adjuctive clause
|-
|predicative clause
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Dependent_clause|dependent clause]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Independent_clause|independent clause]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
{| class="wikitable"
|simple sentence
|-
|compound sentence
|-
|complex sentence
|-
|compound–complex sentence
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|declaritive sentence
|-
|interrogative sentence
|-
|exclamatory sentence
|-
|imperative sentence
|-
|instructive sentence
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|major sentence
|-
|minor sentence
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemets]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
{| class="wikitable"
|round brackets
|-
|curly brackets
|-
|square brackets
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
{| class="wikitable"
|first person
|-
|second person
|-
|third person
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|masculine
|-
|feminine
|-
|neuter
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|animate
|-
|inanimate
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|simple aspect
|-
|[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|indicative mood
|-
|energenic mood
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|-
|potential mood
|-
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
{| class="wikitable"
|positive
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|-
|superlative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
|affirmation
|-
|negation
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|-
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_typology|linguistic typology]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta_Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|}
|
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>sonorant also includes the vowel.

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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