Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots"

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Must-know words for polyglots.
<div class="pg_page_title">Must-know words for polyglots.</div>
[[File:Words polyglots.png|thumb]]


Mainly about linguistic terms. Also other important things.
[Lesson in progress]


In progress. Far from being completed.
Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms.
On this page, you will find the most important ones.


If you are interested in terms, see https://glossary.sil.org/term
If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see [https://glossary.sil.org/term SIL] and [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary|Wiktionary]]


To know a relatively clear categorization of linguistics, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics
== Branches of Linguistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
!English
* [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
!
** [[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
!
*** [[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
!
*** [[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguistics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Semantics|semantics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
|[[wikipedia:Theoretical_linguistics|theoretical linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|descriptive linguistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonology|phonology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
|[[wikipedia:Morphology_(linguistics)|morphology]]
*** [[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociolinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Syntax|syntax]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
|[[wikipedia:Semantics|sematics]]
*** [[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
|[[wikipedia:Pragmatics|pragmatics]]
** [[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_description|discriptive linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:Stylistics|stylistics]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
|[[wikipedia:Anthropological_linguistics|anthropological linguistics]]
 
|-
== Lexicology ==
|[[wikipedia:Historical_linguistics|historical linguistics]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|varity]]
|[[wikipedia:Phonetics|phonetics]]
* [[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Idiolect|ideolect]]
|[[wikipedia:Etymology|etymology]]
* [[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lexeme|lexeme]]
|[[wikipedia:Sociolinguistics|sociallinguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
|}
* [[wikipedia:Word|word]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Lemma_(morphology)|lemma]]
|[[wikipedia:Applied_linguistics|applied linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Transliteration|transliteration]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Transcription|transcription]]
|[[wikipedia:Computational_linguistics|computational linguistics]]
* [[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Proverb|proverb]]
|[[wikipedia:Neurolinguistics|neurolinguistics]]
 
|-
== Historical Linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Psycholinguistics|psycholinguistics]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Interlinguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Semiotics|semiotics]]
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
|[[wikipedia:Rhetoric|rhetoric]]
* [[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Orthography|orthography]]
== Orthography ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Lexicology|lexicology]]
* [[wikipedia:Eye_dialect|eye dialect]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Lexicography|lexicography]]
== Sociolinguistics ==
|}
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
|
 
|
== Phonetics & Phonology ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]]
* [[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Pulmonic_consonant|pulmonic consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Ejective_consonant|ejective consonant]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Click_consonant|click consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Creole_language|creole]]
** [[wikipedia:Implosive_consonant|implosive consonant]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Labial_consonant|labial consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Bilabial_consonant|bilabial consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Labiodental_consonant|labiodental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Variety_(linguistics)|variety]]
** [[wikipedia:Coronal_consonant|coronal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Linguolabial_consonant|linguolabial consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Interdental_consonant|interdental consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Denti-alveolar_consonant|denti-alveolar consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Dental_consonant|dental consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Dialect|dialect]]
*** [[wikipedia:Apical_consonant|apical consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Palato-alveolar_consonant|palato-alveolar consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|retroflex consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Standard_language|standard language]]
** [[wikipedia:Dorsal_consonant|dorsal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|postalveolar consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal_consonant|alveolo-palatal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|palatal consonant]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Velar_consonant|velar consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Phone_(phonetics)|phone]]
*** [[wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|uvular consonant]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Laryngeal_consonant|laryngeal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|pharyngeal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Glottal_consonant|glottal consonant]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
|[[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
** [[wikipedia:Obstruent|obstruent]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Stop|consonant stop consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Affricate_consonant|affricate consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|fricative consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]]
|[[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
** [[wikipedia:Sonorant|sonorant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Nasal_consonant|nasal consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Approximant_consonant|approximant consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Semivowel|semivowel]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Vibrant_consonant|vibrant consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Consonant|consonant]]
**** [[wikipedia:Flap_consonant|flap/tap consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Trill_consonant|trill consonant]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Liquid_consonant|liquid consonant]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Rhotic_consonant|rhotic consonant]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Lateral_consonant|lateral consonant]]
|[[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
* [[wikipedia:Occlusive|occlusive]]
|
 
|
* [[wikipedia:Continuant|continuant]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Vowel|vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Close_vowel|close vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
** [[wikipedia:Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Close-mid_vowel|close-mid vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Mid_vowel|mid vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Open-mid_vowel|open-mid vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Near-open_vowel|near-open vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
** [[wikipedia:Open_vowel|open vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Front_vowel|front vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Central_vowel|central vowel]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded vowel & rounded vowel]]
|[[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
** [[wikipedia:Nasal_vowel|nasal vowel]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Nasalization|nasalisation]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Syllable|syllable]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Sound_change|sound change]]
|[[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
* [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
|
 
|
== Typography ==
|
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Letter_(alphabet)|letter]]
|[[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]
* [[wikipedia:Letter_case|letter case]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Diacritic|diacritic]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Glyph|glyph]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Grapheme|grapheme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Writing_system|writing system]]
|[[wikipedia:Register_(sociolinguistics)|register]]
** [[wikipedia:Alphabet|alphabet]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Abugida|abugida]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Syllabary|syllabary]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Semi-syllabary|semi-syllabary]]
|[[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
** [[wikipedia:Logogram|logogram]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Ideogram|ideogram]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Pictogram|pictogram]]
|
**** [[wikipedia:Emoji|emoji]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Emoticon|emoticon]]
|[[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
*[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Comma|comma]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Full_stop|period]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Exclamation_mark|exclamation mark]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Question_mark|question mark]]
|[[wikipedia:Cognate|cognate]]
** [[wikipedia:Colon_(punctuation)|colon]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Semicolon|semicolon]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Quotation_mark|quotation mark]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Guillemet|guillemet]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Apostrophe|apostrophe]]
|[[wikipedia:False_friend|false friend]]
** [[wikipedia:Hyphen|hyphen]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Dash|dash]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Ellipsis|ellipsis]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Slash_(punctuation)|slash]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Bracket|brackets]]
|[[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
*** round brackets
|
*** curly brackets
|
*** square brackets
|
*** angle brackets
|-
** [[wikipedia:Interpunct|interpunct]]
|[[wikipedia:Loanword|loadword]]
** [[wikipedia:Space_(punctuation)|space]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Emphasis_(typography)|emphasis]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Italic_type|italic]]
|
** bold
|-
** [[wikipedia:Underline|underline]]
|[[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
* [[wikipedia:Typeface|typeface]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Roman_type|roman type]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Sans-serif|sans-serif]]
|[[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Serif|serif]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Font|font]]
|[[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
*** [[wikipedia:Computer_font|computer font]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Character_encoding|character encoding]]
|[[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
** [[wikipedia:ASCII|ASCII]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]]
|[[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
** [[wikipedia:Mojibake|mojibake]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
== Semantics ==
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
* [[wikipedia:Seme_(semantics)|seme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Sememe|sememe]]
|[[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
|[[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
* [[wikipedia:Grammatical_category|grammatical category]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
|[[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
*** first person
|-
*** second person
|[[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
*** third person
|}
** [[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Argument_(linguistics)|argument]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Adjunct_(grammar)|adjunct]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
** [[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Honorifics_(linguistics)|honorifics]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
|
*** masculine
|-
*** feminine
|[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
*** neuter
|
*** animate
|
*** inanimate
|
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Function_word|function word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
[[wikipedia:Content_word|content word]]
*** [[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|
***[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|[[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
***[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
{| class="wikitable"
***[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
***[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|[[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
|-
***simple aspect
|[[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
***[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
***[[wikipedia:Prospective_aspect|prospective aspect]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
***[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
|-
****indicative mood
|[[wikipedia:Clitic|clitic]]
****energenic mood
|-
***[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
****[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
****[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
****[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|attributive adjective
****[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
****[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|predicative adjective
****potential mood
|-
****[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|[[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominal adjectives]]
**[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
|}
***[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
***[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|[[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|[[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
*[[wikipedia:Hyponymy_and_hypernymy|hyponym & hypernym]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Meronymy|meronym]]
|definite article
*[[wikipedia:Holonymy|holonym]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Synonym|synonym]]
|indifinite article
*[[wikipedia:Opposite_(semantics)|antonym]]
|-
 
|zero article
== Morphology ==
|}
 
|-
* [[wikipedia:Morpheme|morpheme]]
|[[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Bound_and_free_morphemes|bound morpheme & free morpheme]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Word_formation|word formation]]
|[[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
** [[wikipedia:Loanword|loanword]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Anglicism|anglicism]]
|[[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
** [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivation]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Compound_(linguistics)|compound]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Blend_word|blend word]]
|[[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
*** [[wikipedia:Portmanteau|portmanteau]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Acronym|acronym]]
|preposition
** [[wikipedia:Calque|calque]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Neologism|neologism]]
|postposition
** [[wikipedia:Back-formation|backward-formation]]
|-
* [[wikipedia:Root_(linguistics)|root]]
|circumposition
** [[wikipedia:Word_stem|stem]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Affix|affix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Prefix|prefix]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Infix|infix]]
|[[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Circumfix|circumfix]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Interfix|interfix]]
|[[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reduplication|duplifix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Transfix|transfix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Simulfix|simulfix]]
|collective noun
*** [[wikipedia:Suprafix|suprafix]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Disfix|disfix]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
|abstract noun
**[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|concrete noun
*[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
|}
**positive
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|common noun
**superlative
|-
*[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
|[[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
**affirmation
|}
**negation
|-
*[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
|[[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
**singular
{| class="wikitable"
**[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Clusivity|clusivity]]
|[[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
*[[wikipedia:Animacy|animacy]]
|}
*[[wikipedia:Telicity|telicity]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Topic_and_comment|topic & comment]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
*[[wikipedia:Serial_verb_construction|serial verb construction]]
|-
 
|[[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
== Syntax ==
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
|[[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
*[[wikipedia:Parse_tree|parse tree]]
|}
** constituency-based parse tree
|-
** dependency-based parse tree
|[[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
* [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech|part of speech]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Conjunction_(grammar)|conjunction]]
|[[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Interjection|interjection]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Contraction_(grammar)|contraction]]
|[[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Grammatical_particle|particle]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Classifier_(linguistics)|classifier]]
|[[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Numeral_(linguistics)|numeral]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Cardinal_number_(linguistics)|cardinal number]]
|[[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|ordinal number]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Multiplier_(linguistics)|multiplier]]
|tritransitive verb
*** [[wikipedia:Distributive_number|distributive number]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Nominal_number|nominal number]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Adjective|adjective]]
|[[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
*** attributive adjective
|}
*** predicative adjective
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Nominalized_adjective|nominalized adjective]]
|[[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
** [[wikipedia:Adverb|adverb]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Determiner|determiner]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Article_(grammar)|article]]
|[[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
**** definite article
|}
**** indifinite article
{| class="wikitable"
**** zero article
|[[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Demonstrative|demonstrative determiner]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Possessive_determiner|possessive determiner]]
|[[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
*** [[wikipedia:Quantifier_(linguistics)|quantifier]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Preposition_and_postposition|adposition]]
|[[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
*** preposition
|-
*** postposition
|[[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
*** circumposition
|-
** [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]]
|[[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
*** [[wikipedia:Count_noun|countable noun]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Mass_noun|uncountable noun]]
|}
*** collective noun
|}
*** abstract noun
|
*** concrete noun
|
*** common noun
|
*** [[wikipedia:Proper_noun|proper noun]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Pronoun|pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
*** [[wikipedia:Personal_pronoun|personal pronoun]]
{| class="wikitable"
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_pronoun|reflexive pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
*** [[wikipedia:Reciprocal_pronoun|reciprocal pronoun]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Relative_pronoun|relative pronoun]]
|[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
** [[wikipedia:Verb|verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Impersonal_verb|impersonal verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
*** [[wikipedia:Intransitive_verb|intransitive verb]]
|-
*** [[wikipedia:Transitive_verb|transitive verb]]
|[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adposition phrase]]
*** [[wikipedia:Ditransitive_verb|ditransitive verb]]
|-
*** tritransitive verb
|[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
*** [[wikipedia:Modal_verb|modal verb]]
|}
*** [[wikipedia:Reflexive_verb|reflexive verb]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Auxiliary_verb|auxiliary verb]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Finite_verb|finite verb]]
|
*** [[wikipedia:Nonfinite_verb|nonfinite verb]]
|-
**** [[wikipedia:Infinitive|infinitive]]
|[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
**** [[wikipedia:Participle|participle]]
{| class="wikitable"
**** [[wikipedia:Gerund|gerund]]
|argument clause
*[[wikipedia:Phrase|phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Adverbial_phrase|adverbial phrase]]
|adjuctive clause
**[[wikipedia:Adjective_phrase|adjective phrase]]
|-
**[[wikipedia:Noun_phrase|noun phrase]]
|predicative clause
**[[wikipedia:Adpositional_phrase|adpositional phrase]]
|}
**[[wikipedia:Verb_phrase|verb phrase]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Clause|clause]]
|[[wikipedia:Dependent_clause|dependent clause]]
**argument clause
|-
**adjuctive clause
|[[wikipedia:Independent_clause|independent clause]]
**predicative clause
|}
**[[wikipedia:Dependent|clause dependent clause]]
|
**[[wikipedia:Independent|clause independent clause]]
|
*[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
|
**simple sentence
|-
**compound sentence
|[[wikipedia:Sentence_(linguistics)|sentence]]
**complex sentence
{| class="wikitable"
**compound–complex sentence
|simple sentence
**declaritive sentence
|-
**interrogative sentence
|compound sentence
**exclamatory sentence
|-
**imperative sentence
|complex sentence
**instructive sentence
|-
**major sentence
|compound-complex sentence
**minor sentence
|}
*[[wikipedia:Copula_(linguistics)|copula]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|declaritive sentence
*[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|interrogative sentence
*[[wikipedia:Collocation|collocation]]
|-
 
|exclamatory sentence
== Rhetoric ==
|-
 
|imperative sentence
* [[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Allusion|allusion]]
|instructive sentence
** [[wikipedia:Analogy|analogy]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphism]]
{| class="wikitable"
** [[wikipedia:Cliché|cliché]]
|major sentence
** [[wikipedia:Euphemism|euphemism]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|minor sentence
** [[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|}
** [[wikipedia:Personification|personification]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Parody|parody]]
|
** [[wikipedia:Satire|satire]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|[[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation]]
** [[wikipedia:Synecdoche|synecdoche]]
|
* [[wikipedia:Apposition|apposition]]
|
 
|
== Linguistic typology ==
|-
 
|grammatical category
* [[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_person|person]]
** [[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
|first person
** [[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|-
** [[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|second person
** [[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|-
 
|third person
== Historical Linguistics ==
|}
 
|}
*[[wikipedia:Language_family|language family]]
{| class="wikitable"
*[[wikipedia:Dialect_continuum|dialect continuum]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Language_isolate|language isolate]]
|[[wikipedia:Subject_(grammar)|subject]]
*[[wikipedia:Proto-language|proto-language]]
|-
*[[wikipedia:Constructed_language|constructed language]]
|[[wikipedia:Object_(grammar)|object]]
*[[wikipedia:Kurgan_hypothesis|Kurgan hypothesis]]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
== Anthropological linguistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Valency_(linguistics)|valency]]
 
|}
* [[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
== Lexicostatistics ==
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_gender|gender]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
* [[wikipedia:Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
|-
 
|masculine
==-- AUTHOR --==
|-
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel]
|feminine
 
|-
{{#seo:
|neuter
|title=Most important words related to linguistics and learning languages
|}
|description=Here is a list of important words to know if you are a polyglot or simply if you like languages
{| class="wikitable"
        |og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/d/d4/Words_polyglots.png/450px-Words_polyglots.png
|animate
}}
|-
 
|inanimate
{{other-lessons}}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|case]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Nominative_case|nominative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Accusative_case|accusative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Dative_case|dative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ablative_case|ablative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Genitive_case|genitive case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Vocative_case|vocative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Locative_case|locative case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Instrumental_case|instrumental case]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Oblique_case|oblique case]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_tense|tense]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Past_tense|past tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Present_tense|present tense]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Future_tense|future tense]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_aspect|aspect]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|simple aspect
|-
|[[wikipedia:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|progressive aspect & continous aspect]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Perfect_(grammar)|perfect aspect]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_mood|mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Realis_mood|realis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|indicative mood
|-
|energenic mood
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Irrealis_mood|irrealis mood]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Subjunctive_mood|subjunctive mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Conditional_mood|conditional mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Optative_mood|optative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Imperative_mood|imperative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Interrogative|interrogative mood]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Jussive_mood|jussive mood]]
|-
|potential mood
|-
|[[wikipedia:Desiderative_mood|desiderative mood]]
|}
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Voice_(grammar)|voice]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Active_voice|active voice]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Passive_voice|passive voice]]
|}
|-
|[[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_conjugation|conjugation]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Declension|declension]]
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparison_(grammar)|comparison]]
{| class="wikitable"
|positive
|-
|[[wikipedia:Comparative|comparative]]
|-
|superlative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Affirmation_and_negation|polarity]]
{| class="wikitable"
|affirmative
|-
|negative
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammatical_number|number]]
{| class="wikitable"
|singular
|-
|[[wikipedia:Plural|plural]]
|}
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_typology|linguistic typology]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Word_order|word order]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Analytic_language|analystic language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Isolating_language|isolating language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Synthetic_language|synthetic language]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Fusional_language|fusional language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Agglutinative_language|agglutinative language]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Polysynthetic_language|polysynthetic language]]
|}
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Grammar|grammar]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[wikipedia:Predicate_(grammar)|predicate]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Complement_(linguistics)|complement]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Attributive|attributive]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Adverbial|adverbial]]
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Direct_speech|direct speech]]
[[wikipedia:Indirect_speech|indirect speech]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Yes–no_question|yes-no question]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Figure_of_speech|figure of speech]]
{| class="wikitable"
|[[wikipedia:Metaphor|metaphor]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Simile|simile]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Hyperbole|hyperbole]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Parallelism_(rhetoric)|parallelism]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Antithesis|antithesis]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rhetorical_question|rhetorical question]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Metonymy|metonymy]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Irony|irony]]
|-
|[[wikipedia:Double_entendre|double entendre]]
|}
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Ambiguity|ambiguity]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Idiom|idiom]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Linguistic_relativity|linguistic relativity]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[wikipedia:Rosetta_Stone|Rosetta Stone]]
|
|
|
|}

Latest revision as of 21:42, 5 February 2025

Must-know words for polyglots.
Words polyglots.png

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Interlinguistics[edit | edit source]

Orthography[edit | edit source]

Sociolinguistics[edit | edit source]

Phonetics & Phonology[edit | edit source]

Typography[edit | edit source]

Semantics[edit | edit source]

Morphology[edit | edit source]

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Rhetoric[edit | edit source]

Linguistic typology[edit | edit source]

Historical Linguistics[edit | edit source]

Anthropological linguistics[edit | edit source]

Lexicostatistics[edit | edit source]

-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]

GrimPixel

Other Lessons[edit source]

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