Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Traditional-Architectures:-Northern-Africa"

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|12<sup>th</sup> century
|12<sup>th</sup> century
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mashrabiya
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mashrabiya
|-
|
* ''manār'' منار [urd]
* ''manāra'' مَنَارَة‎ [arb]
* ''manara'' манара [bak,tat]
* ''manora'' манора [tgk]
* menara [msa]
* ''menâre'' مناره [pes]
* minara [rhg,tuk]
* ''minara'' минара [kum]
* minare [kmr,tur]
* ''minare'' مناره [ota]
* minarə [aze]
* minora [uzb]
* ''monāra'' مناره [pus]
* ''munar'' مۇنار [uig]
* munara [tsg]
* ''munara'' мунара [kir]
* ''munára'' муна́ра [hbs]
* ''mūnara'' мұнара [kaz]
* ''ṣawmaʕa'' صومعة [ary]
|beacon
|
|Umayyad Caliphate period
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Minarets
|-
|-
|
|
Line 98: Line 73:
|
|
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iwans_(architecture)
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iwans_(architecture)
|-
|
* ''ḵān'' خان [arb]
* ''kāṭrā'' কাটরা [ben]
* ''kārvānsarāy'' کاروانسرای [pes]
|inn
|
|
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caravanserais
|-
|-
|
|
Line 112: Line 96:
|c. 4700 BC
|c. 4700 BC
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyramids_of_Egypt
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyramids_of_Egypt
|-
|
* ''manār'' منار [urd]
* ''manāra'' مَنَارَة‎ [arb]
* ''manara'' манара [bak,tat]
* ''manora'' манора [tgk]
* menara [msa]
* ''menâre'' مناره [pes]
* minara [rhg,tuk]
* ''minara'' минара [kum]
* minare [kmr,tur]
* ''minare'' مناره [ota]
* minarə [aze]
* minora [uzb]
* ''monāra'' مناره [pus]
* ''munar'' مۇنار [uig]
* munara [tsg]
* ''munara'' мунара [kir]
* ''munára'' муна́ра [hbs]
* ''mūnara'' мұнара [kaz]
* ''ṣawma'a'' صومعة [ary]
|tower
|
|Umayyad Caliphate period
|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Minarets
|}
|}


Line 159: Line 168:
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg/625px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg/625px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">رباط المنستير</div>
''Ribāṭ al-Munastīr''
|ribāṭ
|Monastir
|796
|
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Ribat_Monastir.JPG/640px-Grand_Ribat_Monastir.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ribat_of_Monastir
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">جامع الزيتونة</div>
''Jāmi' al-Zaytūna''
|mosque
|Tunis
|698 – 864
|Aghlabid
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MinaretMosqueeZitounaTunis.JPG/640px-MinaretMosqueeZitounaTunis.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zitouna_Mosque
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">الجامع الكبير بصفاقس</div>
''al-Jāmi' al-Kabīr bi-Ṣafāqis''
|mosque
|Sfax
|c. 849
|Aghlabid, Zirid
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sfax_01.jpg/640px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sfax_01.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Sfax
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">الجامع الكبير بسوسة</div>
''al-Jāmi' al-Kabīr bi-Sūsah''
|mosque
|Sousse
|851
|Aghlabid
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Great_Mosque_of_Sousse.jpg/640px-Great_Mosque_of_Sousse.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Sousse
|-
|-
|[arb]
|[arb]
Line 170: Line 223:
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/University_of_Al_Qaraouiyine.jpg/454px-University_of_Al_Qaraouiyine.jpg
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/University_of_Al_Qaraouiyine.jpg/454px-University_of_Al_Qaraouiyine.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Qarawiyyin
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Qarawiyyin
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">مسجد ابن خيرون</div>
''Masjid Ibn Ḵayyirūn''
|mosque
|Kairouan
|866
|Aghlabid, Hafsid
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_trois_portes_04.JPG/640px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_trois_portes_04.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Three_Doors_Mosque
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">الجامع الكبير في المهدية</div>
''al-Jāmiʻ al-Kabīr fī al-Mahdīyah''
|mosque
|Mahdia
|916
|Fatimid
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/VueGrandeMosqueMahdia.JPG/640px-VueGrandeMosqueMahdia.JPG
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Mahdia
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">الجامع الكبير لتلمسان</div>
''al-Jāmiʻ al-Kabīr litilimsān''
|mosque
|Tlemcen
|1082
|Almoravid, Zayyanid
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_003.jpg/640px-Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_003.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">الجامع الكبير</div>
''al-Jāmiʻ al-Kabīr''
|mosque
|Algiers
|1097
|Almoravid
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg/640px-Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Algiers
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">مسجد القلعة</div>
''Masjid al-Qal'ah''
|mosque
|Qal'at Bani Hammad
|11<sup>th</sup> century
|
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/563px-28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad
|-
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">آيت بن حدّو</div>
''Aït Benhaddou''
|fortified village
|Atlas Mountains
|11<sup>th</sup> century
|
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg/640px-Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou
|-
|-
|[arb]
|[arb]
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<div style="text-align:right">جامع الكتبية</div>
<div style="text-align:right">جامع الكتبية</div>


''Jāmiʕ al-Kutubiyya''
''Jāmi' al-Kutubiyya''
|mosque
|mosque
|Marrakesh
|Marrakesh
Line 216: Line 335:
|-
|-
|[arb]
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">آيت بن حدّو</div>
<div style="text-align:right">صومعة حسان</div>


''Aït Benhaddou''
''Ṣawma'at Ḥassān''
|fortified village
|tower
|Atlas Mountains
|Rabat
|11<sup>th</sup> century
|1160
|
|Almohad
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg/640px-Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg
|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hassan_Tower%2C_Rabat%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%29.jpg/351px-Hassan_Tower%2C_Rabat%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%29.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hassan_Tower
|-
|-
|[arb]
|[arb]
Line 293: Line 412:
|-
|-
|[arb]
|[arb]
<div style="text-align:right">قَصْر أَلْبَانِيَّة</div>
<div style="text-align:right">قصر الباهية</div>


''Qaṣr ʔalbāniyya''
''Qaṣr al-Bāniyya''
|palace
|palace
|Marrakesh
|Marrakesh

Revision as of 20:13, 18 October 2024

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1000px-United_Nations_geographical_subregions.png

main page
Northern America Northern Africa Northern Europe Central Asia Micronesia
Central America Western Africa Eastern Europe Eastern Asia Polynesia
Caribbean Central Africa Western Europe Western Asia Melanesia
Southern America Eastern Africa Southern Europe Southern Asia Australia and New Zealand
Southern Africa Southeastern Asia

Generic Structure

structure function place of origin time image
  • šāḏarwān شَاذَرْوَان‎ [arb]
  • šâdorvân شادروان [pes]
  • şadırvan شادروان [ota]
  • şadrewan [kmr]
  • šedr̀vān шедр̀ва̄н [hbs]
  • shatërvan [sqi]
  • šodurvon шодурвон [tgk]
 ablution fountain Iran https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C5%9Ead%C4%B1rvans
  • mašrabiyya مَشْرَبِيَّة‎ [arb]
 balcony Baghdad 12th century https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mashrabiya
  • güvercinlik [tur]
  • güvercinlik گوگرجینلك [ota]
  • kabutarxâne کبوترخانه [pes]
 dovecote 13th century https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dovecotes_by_country
  • manzil منزل [arb]
 farmhouse Djerba https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menzels
  • ribāṭ رِبَاط [arb]
 fortification Maghreb 7th century https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ribats
  • qṣar قصر [arb]
 fortified village Northern Africa https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ksour
  • bxn.t [egy]
 gate Egypt https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pylons_(architecture)
  • eyvān ایوان [pes]
  • 'īwān إيوان [ara]
 hall Mesopotamia https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iwans_(architecture)
  • ḵān خان [arb]
  • kāṭrā কাটরা [ben]
  • kārvānsarāy کاروانسرای [pes]
 inn https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caravanserais
  • tekhenu [egy]
 monument Egypt 20th century BC https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Obelisks
  • myr [egy]
 tomb Egypt c. 4700 BC https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyramids_of_Egypt
  • manār منار [urd]
  • manāra مَنَارَة‎ [arb]
  • manara манара [bak,tat]
  • manora манора [tgk]
  • menara [msa]
  • menâre مناره [pes]
  • minara [rhg,tuk]
  • minara минара [kum]
  • minare [kmr,tur]
  • minare مناره [ota]
  • minarə [aze]
  • minora [uzb]
  • monāra مناره [pus]
  • munar مۇنار [uig]
  • munara [tsg]
  • munara мунара [kir]
  • munára муна́ра [hbs]
  • mūnara мұнара [kaz]
  • ṣawma'a صومعة [ary]
 tower Umayyad Caliphate period https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Minarets

Specific Building

building function location time style image
tomb Giza c. 2600 BC 640px-Pyramids_of_the_Giza_Necropolis.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Giza_pyramid_complex

monument Heliopolis 20th century BC 320px-Heliopolis200501.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Obelisk_of_Senusret_I_in_Heliopolis

[egy]

Bḥd.t

temple Edfu 237 BC – 57 BC 640px-The_Temple_of_Edfu_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edfu_Temple

[arb]
جامع القيروان الأكبر

Jāmi' al-Qayrawān al-Akbar

mosque Kairouan 670 Aghlabid 625px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan

[arb]
رباط المنستير

Ribāṭ al-Munastīr

ribāṭ Monastir 796 640px-Grand_Ribat_Monastir.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ribat_of_Monastir

[arb]
جامع الزيتونة

Jāmi' al-Zaytūna

mosque Tunis 698 – 864 Aghlabid 640px-MinaretMosqueeZitounaTunis.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zitouna_Mosque

[arb]
الجامع الكبير بصفاقس

al-Jāmi' al-Kabīr bi-Ṣafāqis

mosque Sfax c. 849 Aghlabid, Zirid 640px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sfax_01.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Sfax

[arb]
الجامع الكبير بسوسة

al-Jāmi' al-Kabīr bi-Sūsah

mosque Sousse 851 Aghlabid 640px-Great_Mosque_of_Sousse.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Sousse

[arb]
جامعة القرويين

Jāmi'at al-Qarawīyīn

mosque Fez 857 – 859 454px-University_of_Al_Qaraouiyine.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Qarawiyyin

[arb]
مسجد ابن خيرون

Masjid Ibn Ḵayyirūn

mosque Kairouan 866 Aghlabid, Hafsid 640px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_trois_portes_04.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Three_Doors_Mosque

[arb]
الجامع الكبير في المهدية

al-Jāmiʻ al-Kabīr fī al-Mahdīyah

mosque Mahdia 916 Fatimid 640px-VueGrandeMosqueMahdia.JPG

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Mahdia

[arb]
الجامع الكبير لتلمسان

al-Jāmiʻ al-Kabīr litilimsān

mosque Tlemcen 1082 Almoravid, Zayyanid 640px-Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_003.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen

[arb]
الجامع الكبير

al-Jāmiʻ al-Kabīr

mosque Algiers 1097 Almoravid 640px-Djama%C3%A2_el_Kebir.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Algiers

[arb]
مسجد القلعة

Masjid al-Qal'ah

mosque Qal'at Bani Hammad 11th century 563px-28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad

[arb]
آيت بن حدّو

Aït Benhaddou

fortified village Atlas Mountains 11th century 640px-Ksar_A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%2C_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%83%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%29.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou

[arb]
القبة المرابطية

Qubba al-Ba'diyyin

monument Marrakesh 1117 or 1125 Almoravid 381px-Almoravid_Qubba_IMG_5629.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Almoravid_Koubba

[arb]
جامع الكتبية

Jāmi' al-Kutubiyya

mosque Marrakesh 1147 – betwwen 1158 and 1195 Zirid 360px-Marokko0112.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Koutoubia_Mosque

[shi]

ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ

Timzgida n Tinml

mosque Tinmel 1148 Almohad 640px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_18_%28cropped%29.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Mosque_of_Tinmel

[arb]
مسجد الصالح طلائع

Masjid al-Salih Tala'i

mosque Cairo 1160 Fatimid 640px-Mosque_of_Salih_Talai_from_above.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque

[arb]
صومعة حسان

Ṣawma'at Ḥassān

tower Rabat 1160 Almohad 351px-Hassan_Tower%2C_Rabat%2C_Marocco_%28%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%29.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hassan_Tower

[arb]
مدرسة العطارين

Madrasat al-'attārīn

madrasa Fez 1323 – 1325 Marinid 640px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_%288754656512%29.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Attarine_Madrasa

[arb]
المدرسة البوعنانية

al-Madrasa 'abū 'inānīya

madrasa Fez 1350 – 1355 Marinid 640px-Bou_Inania_Madrasa_2011.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bou_Inania_Madrasa,_Fes

[arb]
قلعة قايتباي

Qalʻat Qāyitbāy

citadel Alexandria 1477 – 1479 Mamluk 592px-Alexandria_Egypt_%28235108463%29.jpeg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citadel_of_Qaitbay

[arb]
مسجد الصالح طلائع

Qaṣr Awlād Sulṭān

fortified granery Tataouine 15th century 640px-Ksar_Ouled_Soltane_01.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ksar_Ouled_Soltane

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سبيل وكتاب عبدالرحمن كتخدا

Sabīl wa-Kuttāb 'abd-al-Raḥmān Katkhudā

monument, public fountain Cairo 1744 Mamluk 525px-Sabil-Kuttab_of_Katkhuda_%2814613468600%29.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sabil_of_Abd_al-Rahman_Katkhuda

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سبيل وكتاب عبدالرحمن كتخدا

Qaṣabat Tāwryrt

fortress Ouarzazate 19th century Berber 640px-Kasbah_Taourirt_2078_-_2080.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kasbah_Taourirt

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قصر الباهية

Qaṣr al-Bāniyya

palace Marrakesh 19th century Zirid 640px-Bahia_Palace_large_court.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bahia_Palace

Structure

Architectures Costumes Foods Miscellaneous Handicrafts Musical Instruments Symbols and Motifs Visual Arts Vehicles Weapons and Armours Writings
Calendars and Clocks Performing Arts Economic Systems Festivals Games Literatures Martial Arts Music Religions and Folklores Political Systems Units of Measurement

1000px-United_Nations_geographical_subregions.png

main page
Northern America Northern Africa Northern Europe Central Asia Micronesia
Central America Western Africa Eastern Europe Eastern Asia Polynesia
Caribbean Central Africa Western Europe Western Asia Melanesia
Southern America Eastern Africa Southern Europe Southern Asia Australia and New Zealand
Southern Africa Southeastern Asia

Other lessons

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