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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Assamese|Assamese]]  → [[Language/Assamese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Assamese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adjectives and Adverbs → Descriptive Adjectives</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Assamese|Assamese]]  → [[Language/Assamese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Assamese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Descriptive Adjectives</div>
 
Welcome to another exciting lesson in our "Complete 0 to A1 Assamese Course"! Today, we will dive into the fascinating world of descriptive adjectives in Assamese. Descriptive adjectives are essential in any language as they add depth and color to our sentences, allowing us to convey precise meanings and emotions. In Assamese, they help us describe people, places, and things in vivid detail.
 
In this lesson, we will explore the following topics:
 
== Importance of Descriptive Adjectives ==
 
Descriptive adjectives play a crucial role in Assamese conversation. They can transform a simple sentence into a vivid picture. For example, instead of saying "the flower," we can say "the beautiful flower" or "the fragrant flower." This not only makes our sentences more engaging but also helps the listener understand exactly what we mean.
 
Moreover, descriptive adjectives in Assamese need to agree with the nouns they modify in terms of gender and number. This is an essential aspect that we will also cover in detail.


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Structure of the Lesson ===
 
1. '''Definition and Role of Descriptive Adjectives'''
 
2. '''Types of Descriptive Adjectives'''
 
3. '''Agreement Rules in Assamese'''
 
4. '''Placement of Descriptive Adjectives in Sentences'''
 
5. '''Examples of Descriptive Adjectives'''
 
6. '''Practice Exercises'''
 
7. '''Conclusion'''
 
== Definition and Role of Descriptive Adjectives ==
 
Descriptive adjectives are words that describe a noun's qualities, characteristics, or attributes. They provide more information about a noun, allowing us to form a clearer image in our minds.
 
For instance, in Assamese, we can say:
 
* '''বড় গছ''' (bɔɹɔ gɔch) - "big tree"
 
* '''সুন্দৰ মাকলী''' (sundɔɹ mɑkɔli) - "beautiful girl"
 
In these examples, "বড়" (big) and "সুন্দৰ" (beautiful) are the descriptive adjectives that enhance the nouns they describe.
 
=== Types of Descriptive Adjectives ===
 
Descriptive adjectives can be categorized based on their qualities. Here are some common types:
 
1. '''Size''':
 
* বড় (bɔɹɔ) - big
 
* সৰু (sɔɹu) - small
 
2. '''Color''':
 
* ৰঙীন (ɹɔŋi:n) - colorful


Welcome to the lesson on Descriptive Adjectives in Assamese! In this lesson, we will learn how to use descriptive adjectives in Assamese sentences. Adjectives play a crucial role in adding detail and description to our sentences, allowing us to express ourselves more effectively. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to use descriptive adjectives in Assamese and be able to construct more meaningful sentences.
* নীলা (nīlɑ) - blue


== Importance of Descriptive Adjectives in Assamese ==
3. '''Quality''':


Descriptive adjectives are an essential part of any language, including Assamese. They allow us to provide information about the qualities or characteristics of nouns in a sentence. In Assamese, descriptive adjectives can be used to describe a person, place, thing, or idea. By using adjectives, we can paint a vivid picture and create a more engaging and descriptive conversation.
* সুন্দৰ (sundɔɹ) - beautiful


For example, instead of saying "I saw a house," we can say "I saw a beautiful house." The addition of the adjective "beautiful" gives the listener a clearer image of the house and enhances the overall meaning of the sentence.
* দুখঃদায়ক (dukhɔdāɪk) - sad


Understanding how to use descriptive adjectives correctly is crucial for effective communication in Assamese. It allows us to express our thoughts and feelings more precisely and helps us create a more engaging conversation.
4. '''Shape''':


Now, let's dive into the details of using descriptive adjectives in Assamese!
* গোল (gɔl) - round


== Placement of Descriptive Adjectives ==
* চৌকোনা (tʃɔʊkɔnɑ) - square


In Assamese, descriptive adjectives usually come after the noun they modify. This is different from English, where adjectives generally come before the noun. Let's look at some examples to illustrate this:
5. '''Texture''':


=== Example 1 ===
* মচ (mɔtʃ) - soft


Assamese: এটা সুন্দৰ গাৰ (Eta sundor ghar)
* কঠিন (kɔtʰin) - hard
Translation: This is a beautiful house


In this example, the adjective "সুন্দৰ" (sundor) meaning "beautiful" comes after the noun "গাৰ" (ghar) meaning "house."
== Agreement Rules in Assamese ==


=== Example 2 ===
In Assamese, descriptive adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in gender and number.


Assamese: তুমি মোৰ ভাল বনোৱা বন্ধু (Tumi mor bhal bonowa bondhu)
1. '''Gender Agreement''':
Translation: You are my good friend


Here, the adjective "ভাল" (bhal) meaning "good" is placed after the noun "বনোৱা বন্ধু" (bonowa bondhu) meaning "friend."
* Assamese nouns are either masculine or feminine. The adjective must match the noun's gender.


It's important to note that while descriptive adjectives generally come after the noun, there can be exceptions and variations in certain cases. We will explore these exceptions in detail in later lessons.
* For example:


== Agreement Rules for Descriptive Adjectives ==
* '''সুন্দৰ ল'ৰা''' (sundɔɹ lɔɹɑ) - "handsome boy" (masculine)


In Assamese, descriptive adjectives agree with the noun they modify in terms of gender and number. This means that the adjective must match the gender and number of the noun it describes. Let's look at some examples:
* '''সুন্দৰ মাকলী''' (sundɔɹ mɑkɔli) - "beautiful girl" (feminine)


=== Example 1 ===
2. '''Number Agreement''':


Assamese: তুমি সুন্দৰ মেইল চাকৰ (Tumi sundor meil chakor)
* Adjectives also change based on whether the noun is singular or plural.
Translation: You are a beautiful peacock


In this example, the adjective "সুন্দৰ" (sundor) meaning "beautiful" agrees with the feminine noun "মেইল" (meil) meaning "peacock."
* For example:


=== Example 2 ===
* '''বড় গছ''' (bɔɹɔ gɔch) - "big tree" (singular)


Assamese: তিনি সুন্দৰ পুষ্প পুৰণি (Tini sundor puspa purani)
* '''বড় গছসমূহ''' (bɔɹɔ gɔchɔmuh) - "big trees" (plural)
Translation: She is holding beautiful flowers


Here, the adjective "সুন্দৰ" (sundor) agrees with the plural noun "পুষ্প" (puspa) meaning "flowers."
=== Placement of Descriptive Adjectives in Sentences ===


It's important to pay attention to the gender and number of the noun when using descriptive adjectives in Assamese. Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify to ensure grammatical correctness in sentences.
In Assamese, descriptive adjectives typically come '''before''' the nouns they modify. For example:


== Cultural Insights ==
* '''সুন্দৰ ফুল''' (sundɔɹ phul) - "beautiful flower"


Assam, a beautiful state in northeastern India, is known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse linguistic traditions. The Assamese language, spoken by the majority of the population, has its own unique characteristics, including the usage of descriptive adjectives.
* '''নতুন গাড়ী''' (notun gɑɹi) - "new car"


Assamese culture is deeply intertwined with nature, and this is reflected in the language. Many descriptive adjectives in Assamese are related to nature and its elements. For example, the adjective "সুন্দৰ" (sundor) meaning "beautiful" often describes natural landscapes, flowers, and people.
However, there are cases where adjectives can follow the noun for emphasis or stylistic reasons, though this is less common.


Moreover, Assamese adjectives can also reflect the cultural values and traditional practices of the region. For instance, the adjective "সকল" (sokol) meaning "all" is often used to emphasize inclusiveness and community spirit, highlighting the importance of unity in Assamese culture.
== Examples of Descriptive Adjectives ==


Understanding the cultural context and significance of descriptive adjectives can deepen your appreciation for the Assamese language and its connection to the rich cultural tapestry of Assam.
Let's look at some examples to solidify our understanding. Below, we have a table showcasing various Assamese descriptive adjectives along with their pronunciation and English translations.


== Exercises ==
{| class="wikitable"


Now, let's put our knowledge of descriptive adjectives into practice with some exercises. Translate the following sentences from English to Assamese, using the appropriate descriptive adjective.
! Assamese !! Pronunciation !! English


1. The red rose
|-
2. They have a big house
3. The old man is wise
4. She is wearing a beautiful dress


=== Solutions ===
| সুন্দৰ (beautiful) || sundɔɹ || beautiful


1. লাল গুলাপ (Lal gulap)
|-
2. তাকে এটা বড় ঘৰ আছে (Take eta bor ghor ase)
 
3. পুৰণি মানুহ বুজে লগে (Purani manuh buje loge)
| দীৰ্ঘ (long) || dīɹɡʰ || long
4. সেইটা সুন্দৰ পোৱা চাদৰ (Sei ta sundor puwa sador)
 
|-
 
| সৰু (small) || sɔɹu || small
 
|-
 
| লাল (red) || lɑl || red
 
|-
 
| নীল (blue) || nīl || blue
 
|-
 
| মিঠা (sweet) || mītʰɑ || sweet
 
|-
 
| কঠিন (hard) || kɔtʰin || hard
 
|-
 
| মচ (soft) || mɔtʃ || soft
 
|-
 
| সৰল (simple) || sɔɹɔl || simple
 
|-
 
| সজীৱ (alive) || sɔdʒi:b || alive
 
|-
 
| নৱীন (new) || nɔbi:n || new
 
|-
 
| জোনাকী (glowing) || dʒonaki || glowing
 
|-
 
| বেয়া (bad) || beja || bad
 
|-
 
| গাঢ় (deep) || ɡɑɹʱ || deep
 
|-
 
| উজ্জ্বল (bright) || uʤʤbɔl || bright
 
|-
 
| খাৰাপ (bad) || khɑɹɑp || bad
 
|-
 
| বিস্তৃত (wide) || bɪstɹit || wide
 
|-
 
| সুৰৰ (musical) || suɹɔɹ || musical
 
|-
 
| শীতল (cool) || ʃitɔl || cool
 
|-
 
| সমৃদ্ধ (rich) || sɔmɹɪdʰ || rich
 
|}
 
== Practice Exercises ==
 
To reinforce your understanding of descriptive adjectives, let’s practice a bit! Here are some exercises for you to apply what you've learned.
 
=== Exercise 1: Identify the Descriptive Adjective ===
 
Read the following sentences and identify the descriptive adjectives:
 
1. '''সুন্দৰ ফুল গছত আছে।'''
 
2. '''বড় চিৰা বাচল।'''
 
3. '''নীল আকাশ।'''
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. সুন্দৰ (beautiful)
 
2. বড় (big)
 
3. নীল (blue)
 
=== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ===
 
Complete the following sentences with appropriate descriptive adjectives:
 
1. '''তুমি _______ (good) গায়ক।'''
 
2. '''মোৰ _______ (new) গাড়ী।'''
 
3. '''সুন্দৰ _______ (flower)।'''
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. ভাল (bhal) - "good"
 
2. নতুন (notun) - "new"
 
3. ফুল (phul) - "flower"
 
=== Exercise 3: Change the Adjective ===
 
Change the adjectives according to the gender or number of the noun:
 
1. '''বড় গছ''' (big tree) to '''বড় গছসমূহ''' (big trees)
 
2. '''সুন্দৰ মাকলী''' (beautiful girl) to '''সুন্দৰ মাকলীৰা''' (beautiful girls)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. '''বড় গছসমূহ''' (big trees)
 
2. '''সুন্দৰ মাকলীৰা''' (beautiful girls)
 
=== Exercise 4: Translate the Sentences ===
 
Translate the following sentences to Assamese:
 
1. "The big house is beautiful."
 
2. "This small cat is soft."
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. '''বড় ঘৰটো সুন্দৰ।'''
 
2. '''এই সৰু মেকুৰীটো মচ।'''
 
=== Exercise 5: Match the Adjectives ===
 
Match the Assamese adjectives with their English meanings:
 
| Assamese | English |
 
|----------|---------|
 
| ১. লাল  | a. new  |
 
| ২. নতুন  | b. red  |
 
| ৩. মিঠা | c. sweet|
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. লাল - b. red
 
2. নতুন - a. new
 
3. মিঠা - c. sweet
 
=== Exercise 6: Create Sentences ===
 
Create sentences using the following adjectives:
 
1. '''সুন্দৰ''' (beautiful)
 
2. '''কঠিন''' (hard)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. '''সুন্দৰ মাকলী গাইছে।''' (The beautiful girl is singing.)
 
2. '''এই বইখন কঠিন।''' (This book is hard.)
 
=== Exercise 7: Adjective Agreement ===
 
Choose the correct adjective form based on the following nouns:
 
1. '''(মাকলী) সুন্দৰ / সুন্দৰী।'''
 
2. '''(গছ) বড় / বড়।'''
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. '''সুন্দৰী''' (feminine form of beautiful)
 
2. '''বড়''' (remains the same for masculine)
 
=== Exercise 8: Write Descriptive Sentences ===
 
Write three sentences describing your favorite food using descriptive adjectives.
 
''Solutions: Examples could include:''
 
1. '''মোৰ প্ৰিয় মিঠাই মিঠা আৰু সুন্দৰ।''' (My favorite sweet is sweet and beautiful.)
 
2. '''এই ৰসগোল্লা খুব মিঠা।''' (This rasgulla is very sweet.)
 
3. '''মিঠা কেকটো দীৰ্ঘ আৰু সুন্দৰ।''' (The sweet cake is long and beautiful.)
 
=== Exercise 9: Choose the Opposite Adjective ===
 
Choose the opposite of the adjectives listed below:
 
1. '''বড়''' (big)
 
2. '''দীর্ঘ''' (long)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. '''সৰু''' (small)
 
2. '''ছোট''' (short)
 
=== Exercise 10: Adjective Placement ===
 
Rewrite the following sentences, placing the adjective correctly before the noun:
 
1. '''মিঠা আপেল।''' (Sweet apple)
 
2. '''বড় ঘৰত।''' (In the big house)
 
''Solutions:''
 
1. '''মিঠা আপেল।'''
 
2. '''বড় ঘৰত।'''


== Conclusion ==
== Conclusion ==


Congratulations! You have learned how to use descriptive adjectives in Assamese. Descriptive adjectives add depth and detail to our sentences, allowing us to express ourselves more effectively. Remember to pay attention to the placement and agreement rules of descriptive adjectives to ensure grammatical correctness in Assamese.
Congratulations on completing this lesson on descriptive adjectives in Assamese! Understanding and correctly using adjectives will greatly enhance your ability to communicate effectively in Assamese. Keep practicing, and soon you will be able to describe the world around you with rich, colorful language.  


Continue practicing and incorporating descriptive adjectives into your conversations to further enhance your language skills. In the next lesson, we will explore comparatives and superlatives in Assamese, taking our understanding of adjectives to the next level.
In our next lesson, we will delve into comparatives and superlatives, building on what we've learned today. Stay excited, and see you soon!


Happy learning!
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Latest revision as of 12:44, 2 August 2024

◀️ Eating Out — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Comparatives and Superlatives ▶️

Assamese-Language-PolyglotClub.png
AssameseGrammar0 to A1 Course → Descriptive Adjectives

Welcome to another exciting lesson in our "Complete 0 to A1 Assamese Course"! Today, we will dive into the fascinating world of descriptive adjectives in Assamese. Descriptive adjectives are essential in any language as they add depth and color to our sentences, allowing us to convey precise meanings and emotions. In Assamese, they help us describe people, places, and things in vivid detail.

In this lesson, we will explore the following topics:

Importance of Descriptive Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Descriptive adjectives play a crucial role in Assamese conversation. They can transform a simple sentence into a vivid picture. For example, instead of saying "the flower," we can say "the beautiful flower" or "the fragrant flower." This not only makes our sentences more engaging but also helps the listener understand exactly what we mean.

Moreover, descriptive adjectives in Assamese need to agree with the nouns they modify in terms of gender and number. This is an essential aspect that we will also cover in detail.

Structure of the Lesson[edit | edit source]

1. Definition and Role of Descriptive Adjectives

2. Types of Descriptive Adjectives

3. Agreement Rules in Assamese

4. Placement of Descriptive Adjectives in Sentences

5. Examples of Descriptive Adjectives

6. Practice Exercises

7. Conclusion

Definition and Role of Descriptive Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Descriptive adjectives are words that describe a noun's qualities, characteristics, or attributes. They provide more information about a noun, allowing us to form a clearer image in our minds.

For instance, in Assamese, we can say:

  • বড় গছ (bɔɹɔ gɔch) - "big tree"
  • সুন্দৰ মাকলী (sundɔɹ mɑkɔli) - "beautiful girl"

In these examples, "বড়" (big) and "সুন্দৰ" (beautiful) are the descriptive adjectives that enhance the nouns they describe.

Types of Descriptive Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Descriptive adjectives can be categorized based on their qualities. Here are some common types:

1. Size:

  • বড় (bɔɹɔ) - big
  • সৰু (sɔɹu) - small

2. Color:

  • ৰঙীন (ɹɔŋi:n) - colorful
  • নীলা (nīlɑ) - blue

3. Quality:

  • সুন্দৰ (sundɔɹ) - beautiful
  • দুখঃদায়ক (dukhɔdāɪk) - sad

4. Shape:

  • গোল (gɔl) - round
  • চৌকোনা (tʃɔʊkɔnɑ) - square

5. Texture:

  • মচ (mɔtʃ) - soft
  • কঠিন (kɔtʰin) - hard

Agreement Rules in Assamese[edit | edit source]

In Assamese, descriptive adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in gender and number.

1. Gender Agreement:

  • Assamese nouns are either masculine or feminine. The adjective must match the noun's gender.
  • For example:
  • সুন্দৰ ল'ৰা (sundɔɹ lɔɹɑ) - "handsome boy" (masculine)
  • সুন্দৰ মাকলী (sundɔɹ mɑkɔli) - "beautiful girl" (feminine)

2. Number Agreement:

  • Adjectives also change based on whether the noun is singular or plural.
  • For example:
  • বড় গছ (bɔɹɔ gɔch) - "big tree" (singular)
  • বড় গছসমূহ (bɔɹɔ gɔchɔmuh) - "big trees" (plural)

Placement of Descriptive Adjectives in Sentences[edit | edit source]

In Assamese, descriptive adjectives typically come before the nouns they modify. For example:

  • সুন্দৰ ফুল (sundɔɹ phul) - "beautiful flower"
  • নতুন গাড়ী (notun gɑɹi) - "new car"

However, there are cases where adjectives can follow the noun for emphasis or stylistic reasons, though this is less common.

Examples of Descriptive Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Let's look at some examples to solidify our understanding. Below, we have a table showcasing various Assamese descriptive adjectives along with their pronunciation and English translations.

Assamese Pronunciation English
সুন্দৰ (beautiful) sundɔɹ beautiful
দীৰ্ঘ (long) dīɹɡʰ long
সৰু (small) sɔɹu small
লাল (red) lɑl red
নীল (blue) nīl blue
মিঠা (sweet) mītʰɑ sweet
কঠিন (hard) kɔtʰin hard
মচ (soft) mɔtʃ soft
সৰল (simple) sɔɹɔl simple
সজীৱ (alive) sɔdʒi:b alive
নৱীন (new) nɔbi:n new
জোনাকী (glowing) dʒonaki glowing
বেয়া (bad) beja bad
গাঢ় (deep) ɡɑɹʱ deep
উজ্জ্বল (bright) uʤʤbɔl bright
খাৰাপ (bad) khɑɹɑp bad
বিস্তৃত (wide) bɪstɹit wide
সুৰৰ (musical) suɹɔɹ musical
শীতল (cool) ʃitɔl cool
সমৃদ্ধ (rich) sɔmɹɪdʰ rich

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

To reinforce your understanding of descriptive adjectives, let’s practice a bit! Here are some exercises for you to apply what you've learned.

Exercise 1: Identify the Descriptive Adjective[edit | edit source]

Read the following sentences and identify the descriptive adjectives:

1. সুন্দৰ ফুল গছত আছে।

2. বড় চিৰা বাচল।

3. নীল আকাশ।

Solutions:

1. সুন্দৰ (beautiful)

2. বড় (big)

3. নীল (blue)

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the following sentences with appropriate descriptive adjectives:

1. তুমি _______ (good) গায়ক।

2. মোৰ _______ (new) গাড়ী।

3. সুন্দৰ _______ (flower)।

Solutions:

1. ভাল (bhal) - "good"

2. নতুন (notun) - "new"

3. ফুল (phul) - "flower"

Exercise 3: Change the Adjective[edit | edit source]

Change the adjectives according to the gender or number of the noun:

1. বড় গছ (big tree) to বড় গছসমূহ (big trees)

2. সুন্দৰ মাকলী (beautiful girl) to সুন্দৰ মাকলীৰা (beautiful girls)

Solutions:

1. বড় গছসমূহ (big trees)

2. সুন্দৰ মাকলীৰা (beautiful girls)

Exercise 4: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences to Assamese:

1. "The big house is beautiful."

2. "This small cat is soft."

Solutions:

1. বড় ঘৰটো সুন্দৰ।

2. এই সৰু মেকুৰীটো মচ।

Exercise 5: Match the Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Match the Assamese adjectives with their English meanings:

| Assamese | English |

|----------|---------|

| ১. লাল | a. new |

| ২. নতুন | b. red |

| ৩. মিঠা | c. sweet|

Solutions:

1. লাল - b. red

2. নতুন - a. new

3. মিঠা - c. sweet

Exercise 6: Create Sentences[edit | edit source]

Create sentences using the following adjectives:

1. সুন্দৰ (beautiful)

2. কঠিন (hard)

Solutions:

1. সুন্দৰ মাকলী গাইছে। (The beautiful girl is singing.)

2. এই বইখন কঠিন। (This book is hard.)

Exercise 7: Adjective Agreement[edit | edit source]

Choose the correct adjective form based on the following nouns:

1. (মাকলী) সুন্দৰ / সুন্দৰী।

2. (গছ) বড় / বড়।

Solutions:

1. সুন্দৰী (feminine form of beautiful)

2. বড় (remains the same for masculine)

Exercise 8: Write Descriptive Sentences[edit | edit source]

Write three sentences describing your favorite food using descriptive adjectives.

Solutions: Examples could include:

1. মোৰ প্ৰিয় মিঠাই মিঠা আৰু সুন্দৰ। (My favorite sweet is sweet and beautiful.)

2. এই ৰসগোল্লা খুব মিঠা। (This rasgulla is very sweet.)

3. মিঠা কেকটো দীৰ্ঘ আৰু সুন্দৰ। (The sweet cake is long and beautiful.)

Exercise 9: Choose the Opposite Adjective[edit | edit source]

Choose the opposite of the adjectives listed below:

1. বড় (big)

2. দীর্ঘ (long)

Solutions:

1. সৰু (small)

2. ছোট (short)

Exercise 10: Adjective Placement[edit | edit source]

Rewrite the following sentences, placing the adjective correctly before the noun:

1. মিঠা আপেল। (Sweet apple)

2. বড় ঘৰত। (In the big house)

Solutions:

1. মিঠা আপেল।

2. বড় ঘৰত।

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing this lesson on descriptive adjectives in Assamese! Understanding and correctly using adjectives will greatly enhance your ability to communicate effectively in Assamese. Keep practicing, and soon you will be able to describe the world around you with rich, colorful language.

In our next lesson, we will delve into comparatives and superlatives, building on what we've learned today. Stay excited, and see you soon!

Table of Contents - Assamese Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Assamese Script


Greetings and Introductions


Basic Sentence Structure


Numbers and Time


Nouns and Pronouns


Family and Relationships


Verbs and Tenses


Food and Dining


Adjectives and Adverbs


Travel and Transportation


Assamese Festivals and Traditions


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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