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{{Central-pashto-Page-Top}}
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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Central-pashto|Central Pashto]]  → [[Language/Central-pashto/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Central-pashto/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions → Common Prepositions</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Central-pashto|Central Pashto]]  → [[Language/Central-pashto/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Central-pashto/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Common Prepositions</div>
 
Welcome to our lesson on '''Common Prepositions''' in Central Pashto! Prepositions are the unsung heroes of language; they connect words and phrases, helping us articulate our thoughts with clarity and precision. In Central Pashto, understanding prepositions is crucial as they play a vital role in sentence structure and meaning.
 
In this lesson, we will explore various common prepositions used in Central Pashto, their meanings, and how to use them effectively in sentences. By the end of this lesson, you will not only understand what prepositions are but also how to incorporate them into your everyday Pashto conversations.
 
Here’s what we will cover:
 
* '''Introduction to Prepositions'''
 
* '''List of Common Prepositions'''
 
* '''Usage of Prepositions in Sentences'''
 
* '''Practice Exercises'''
 
* '''Summary and Review'''


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Introduction to Prepositions ===


In this lesson, we will delve into the topic of common prepositions in Central Pashto. Prepositions are important elements in sentence structure as they indicate relationships between different parts of a sentence. By understanding and using prepositions correctly, you will be able to express ideas clearly and accurately in Central Pashto. Throughout this lesson, we will explore the meanings and usage of common prepositions, and provide you with ample examples to practice and reinforce your understanding.
Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence. They describe relationships in terms of time, place, and direction, among others. In Central Pashto, prepositions serve to clarify the context of action and provide essential information.


== Common Prepositions ==
For example, consider the preposition "in" in the sentence "The book is in the bag." Here, "in" indicates the location of the book concerning the bag. Similarly, Pashto prepositions help convey such relationships clearly and effectively.


=== Preposition 1: د ===
=== List of Common Prepositions ===


The preposition د (da) is one of the most commonly used prepositions in Central Pashto. It is used to indicate possession or ownership. Let's take a look at some examples:
Below, you will find a list of some common prepositions in Central Pashto, along with their meanings in English.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Central Pashto !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
! Central Pashto !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| په  || pa || in
 
|-
 
| سره  || sara || with
 
|-
 
| لپاره  || lparah || for
 
|-
 
| تر  || tar || until
 
|-
 
| مخکې  || makhkeh || before
 
|-
 
| وروسته  || warosta || after
 
|-
 
| د  || da || of
 
|-
 
| په اړه  || pa arrah || about
 
|-
 
| لاندې  || landay || under
 
|-
 
| پورته  || purta || above
 
|-
 
| سره  || sara || with
 
|-
 
| په وړاندې  || pa wrande || in front of
 
|-
 
| تر څنګ  || tar tsang || next to
 
|-
 
| تر  || tar || to
 
|-
 
| نه  || na || from
 
|-
 
| د لارې  || da lara || along
 
|-
 
| د باندې  || da bande || outside
 
|-
 
| د دننه  || da dinnah || inside
 
|-
|-
| په کور کې لوبډله چېرته وي. || pa kōr ke lobəḍəla čərta wē. || The book is on the table.
 
| د مخکې  || da makhkeh || before
 
|-
|-
| زه له پښتنو پېښور کې وم. || za la paṣtənu peṣwar ke wam. || I am from the Pashtun tribe.
 
| د وروسته  || da warosta || after
 
|-
|-
| مې ته وړاندي شم. || me ta wəraṇḍi šam. || I am angry with you.
 
| د سره  || da sara || with
 
|}
|}


In the first example, the preposition د (da) is used to indicate the location of the book in relation to the table. In the second example, it is used to express origin or belonging. And in the third example, it is used to indicate the recipient of the emotion.
=== Usage of Prepositions in Sentences ===


=== Preposition 2: په ===
Now that we have a list of common prepositions, let’s see how these words fit into sentences. Here are some examples that illustrate their usage:


The preposition په (pa) is another commonly used preposition in Central Pashto. It is used to indicate location, time, or manner. Let's see some examples:
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Central Pashto !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| کتاب په مېز باندې دی. || kitab pa mez bande di. || The book is on the table.
 
|-
 
| زه له تاسو سره یم. || za la tasoo sara yem. || I am with you.
 
|-
 
| دا کتاب د ښکلا لپاره دی. || da kitab da shqala lparah di. || This book is for beauty.
 
|-
 
| زه تر شپږو بجو پورې کار کوم. || za tar shpaghu bajoo poray kar kum. || I work until six o'clock.
 
|-
 
| زه مخکې له تاسو سره ځم. || za makhkeh la tasoo sara zam. || I am going before you.
 
|-
 
| هغه وروسته له کور نه لاړ. || hagha warosta la kor na lard. || He left after coming home.
 
|-
 
| دا د زوی کتاب دی. || da da zooy kitab di. || This is the son's book.
 
|-
 
| موږ په اړه د هغه خبرې کوو. || mung pa arrah da hagha khabarey kawoo. || We talk about him.
 
|-
 
| کلا د غر لاندې ده. || kala da ghar landay de. || The castle is under the mountain.
 
|-
 
| سپی د کلا پورته دی. || spi da kala purta di. || The dog is above the castle.
 
|-
 
| زه په وړاندې د کوره باران لرم. || za pa wrande da kora baran laram. || I have rain in front of the house.
 
|-
 
| تر څنګ یې د شپې خوب دی. || tar tsang ye da shpa khub di. || Next to him is the night’s sleep.
 
|-
 
| زه تر کندهار ته ځم. || za tar Kandahar ta zam. || I am going to Kandahar.


{| class="wikitable"
! Central Pashto !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| زه په مکتوب کې کليزه وم. || za pa məktub ke klēza wam. || I am busy with writing.
 
| هغه له کابل نه راغی. || hagha la Kabul na raghay. || He came from Kabul.
 
|-
|-
| د کېسه په ځمکېدو کې شام. || da kesə pa žamkēdō ke šam. || I am sitting on the chair.
 
| موږ د لارې پرانستې کار کوو. || mung da lara paranstay kar kawoo. || We work along the road.
 
|-
|-
| مې په هغه کار کې غواړم. || me pa həgə kār ke gwaṛam. || I am interested in that work.
|}


In the first example, the preposition په (pa) is used to indicate the manner in which the person is busy (with writing). In the second example, it is used to indicate the location of the person in relation to the chair. And in the third example, it is used to express interest in a particular work.
| ماشوم د باندې دی. || mashoom da bande de. || The child is outside.


=== Preposition 3: له ===
|-


The preposition له (la) is used to indicate the source or origin of something. Let's look at some examples:
| زه د دننه یم. || za da dinnah yem. || I am inside.


{| class="wikitable"
! Central Pashto !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| زه له لوبډله چېرته راځم. || za la lobəḍəla čərta rāṣam. || I took the book from the table.
 
| زه د مخې د کوره ځم. || za da makhkeh da kora zam. || I am going before the house.
 
|-
|-
| د هغه کور له دوسرې کې وي. || da həgə kōr la dōsarē ke wē. || The house is next to that one.
 
| هغه د وروسته د کوره لاړ. || hagha da warosta da kora lard. || He left after the house.  
 
|-
|-
| مې له ډېرې ژوند سره نندارم. || me la ḍērē žwand sara nandāram. || I have a good relationship with many people.
 
| زه د سره له ملگرو یم. || za da sara la malgaro yem. || I am with friends.
 
|}
|}


In the first example, the preposition له (la) is used to indicate the source from which the book was taken. In the second example, it is used to indicate the location of the house in relation to another one. And in the third example, it is used to express a relationship with multiple individuals.
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises to help you practice using prepositions in Central Pashto.


=== Preposition 4: بې ===
==== Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks ====


The preposition بې (bē) is used to indicate absence or lack of something. Let's see some examples:
Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions from the list provided.
 
1. زه ___ کتاب لولم. (I read a book.)
 
2. دا کمره ___ دی. (This camera is on the table.)
 
3. هغه ___ ښار دی. (He is from the city.)
 
4. موږ ___ کوره روان یو. (We are going to the house.)
 
5. زه ___ ملګري یم. (I am with friends.)
 
6. دغه کتاب ___ زیارت دی. (This book is about visiting.)
 
7. زه ___ تر څنګ یم. (I am next to him.)
 
8. دا ___ د پوهاند کتاب دی. (This is the professor's book.)
 
9. ___ باران کې ډیر خوند دی. (There is much joy in the rain.)
 
10. موږ ___ د لارې تیریږو. (We walk along the road.)
 
=== Solutions for Exercise 1 ===
 
1. په (pa)
 
2. باندې (bande)
 
3. نه (na)
 
4. ته (ta)
 
5. سره (sara)
 
6. په اړه (pa arrah)
 
7. تر (tar)
 
8. د (da)
 
9. په (pa)
 
10. د (da)
 
==== Exercise 2: Sentence formation ====
 
Use the following words to form sentences, incorporating the appropriate prepositions.
 
1. کتاب / مېز / دی (The book is on the table.)
 
2. زه / کور / ته / ځم (I am going to the house.)
 
3. هغه / له / ملګري / دی (He is with friends.)
 
4. باران / د / ښکلا / دی (The rain is beautiful.)
 
5. موږ / د / کلا / لاندې / یو (We are under the castle.)
 
=== Solutions for Exercise 2 ===
 
1. کتاب په مېز باندې دی. (Kitab pa mez bande di.)
 
2. زه کور ته ځم. (Za kor ta zam.)
 
3. هغه له ملګري سره دی. (Hagha la malgari sara di.)
 
4. باران د ښکلا دی. (Baran da shqala di.)
 
5. موږ د کلا لاندې یو. (Mung da kala landay yo.)
 
==== Exercise 3: Translation ====
 
Translate the following sentences from English to Central Pashto using the correct prepositions.
 
1. The cat is under the table.
 
2. We are going with friends.
 
3. The book is about history.
 
4. She lives in the city.
 
5. I will wait until tomorrow.
 
=== Solutions for Exercise 3 ===
 
1. پیشو د مېز لاندې ده. (Pisho da mez landay de.)
 
2. موږ د ملګرو سره ځو. (Mung da malgaro sara zwo.)
 
3. کتاب د تاریخ په اړه دی. (Kitab da tareekh pa arrah di.)
 
4. هغې په ښار کې ژوند کوي. (Hagha pa shahr ke zindagi kawi.)
 
5. زه تر سبا پورې انتظار کوم. (Za tar saba poray intezar kum.)
 
==== Exercise 4: Matching ====
 
Match the English sentences with their Pashto translations.
 
1. I am outside.
 
2. The dog is above the roof.
 
3. We talk about life.
 
4. He came from the market.
 
5. The children are next to the school.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Central Pashto !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
! English !! Central Pashto
 
|-
|-
| زه بې پخوانۍ نشته. || za bē pəxwānəyə naštə. || I have no money.
 
| 1. I am outside. || زه د باندې یم.
 
|-
|-
| مې بې شناخت لرم. || me bē šənāxat laram. || I have no knowledge.
 
| 2. The dog is above the roof. || سپی د چت پورته دی.
 
|-
 
| 3. We talk about life. || موږ د ژوند په اړه خبرې کوو.
 
|-
|-
| د هغه کار بې ونډه وي. || da həgə kār bē wandə wē. || That work has no value.
 
| 4. He came from the market. || هغه د بازار نه راغی.
 
|-
 
| 5. The children are next to the school. || ماشومان د ښوونځي تر څنګ دي.
 
|}
|}


In the first example, the preposition بې (bē) is used to indicate the absence of money. In the second example, it is used to indicate the lack of knowledge. And in the third example, it is used to express the absence of value in a particular work.
==== Exercise 5: Create Your Own ====


== Cultural Insights ==
Write five sentences in Central Pashto using different prepositions.


Central Pashto is spoken by the Pashtun people, who have a rich and vibrant cultural heritage. The usage of prepositions in Central Pashto is influenced by both regional variations and historical factors. It is important to note that while the examples provided in this lesson represent the general usage of prepositions in Central Pashto, there may be slight variations in different Pashtun communities.
=== Solutions for Exercise 5 ===


Historically, the Pashtun people have been influenced by various cultures and civilizations, including Persian, Arabic, and Indian. These influences can be seen in the vocabulary and grammar of the Pashto language, including the usage of prepositions. For example, the preposition د (da) is derived from the Persian preposition "در" (dar), which also means "in" or "at". Similarly, the preposition له (la) is derived from the Persian preposition "از" (az), which means "from". These historical influences have shaped the language and contributed to its richness and diversity.
1. کتاب په کتابتون کې دی. (Kitab pa ketabton ke di.) - The book is in the library.


In Pashtun culture, hospitality is highly valued. It is common for Pashtun families to offer food and drinks to their guests. When expressing hospitality, the preposition په (pa) is often used to indicate the manner in which the food or drinks are served. For example, "په ګوټه کې چاي ورکړي" (pa gōṭə ke chāi warkəṛi) means "tea is served in a cup". This cultural practice highlights the importance of prepositions in Central Pashto as they play a crucial role in expressing specific meanings and nuances.
2. زه د ملګرو سره یم. (Za da malgaro sara yem.) - I am with friends.


== Exercises ==
3. هغه د کلا لاندې دی. (Hagha da kala landay de.) - He is under the castle.


Now it's time to put your knowledge of common prepositions in Central Pashto to the test. Complete the following exercises by filling in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions:
4. موږ د لارې پرانستې ځو. (Mung da lara paranstay zwo.) - We walk along the road.


1. زه _____ میوه اړه ورکړم.
5. زه تر دوو بجو پورې انتظار کوم. (Za tar doo bajoo poray intezar kum.) - I wait until two o'clock.
2. مې _____ ته غواړم.
3. د _____ کې دړه شوم.
4. مې _____ پښتنو پېښور کې وم.
5. زه _____ هغه کار کې علاقه لرم.


Solutions:
=== Summary and Review ===
1. په (pa)
 
2. بې (bē)
In this lesson, we delved into the world of '''common prepositions''' in Central Pashto. We learned about their meanings, saw them in action within sentences, and practiced using them through various exercises.  
3. په (pa)
4. له (la)
5. له (la)


== Conclusion ==
Prepositions are essential for constructing meaningful sentences and conveying relationships between different elements in your speech. As you continue your journey in learning Central Pashto, remember to pay attention to how prepositions are used in context, and don't hesitate to practice forming your sentences!


Congratulations! You have successfully learned about common prepositions in Central Pashto. Prepositions are essential in understanding and constructing sentences in Central Pashto, and by mastering their usage, you will be able to express ideas accurately and fluently. Remember to practice using prepositions in different contexts to solidify your understanding. Keep up the good work, and continue to explore the fascinating world of Central Pashto!
Keep practicing, and you will see your command of Central Pashto grow stronger with each lesson!


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Latest revision as of 05:04, 2 August 2024

◀️ Household Chores — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Prepositions of Place ▶️

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Central Pashto → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Common Prepositions

Welcome to our lesson on Common Prepositions in Central Pashto! Prepositions are the unsung heroes of language; they connect words and phrases, helping us articulate our thoughts with clarity and precision. In Central Pashto, understanding prepositions is crucial as they play a vital role in sentence structure and meaning.

In this lesson, we will explore various common prepositions used in Central Pashto, their meanings, and how to use them effectively in sentences. By the end of this lesson, you will not only understand what prepositions are but also how to incorporate them into your everyday Pashto conversations.

Here’s what we will cover:

  • Introduction to Prepositions
  • List of Common Prepositions
  • Usage of Prepositions in Sentences
  • Practice Exercises
  • Summary and Review

Introduction to Prepositions[edit | edit source]

Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence. They describe relationships in terms of time, place, and direction, among others. In Central Pashto, prepositions serve to clarify the context of action and provide essential information.

For example, consider the preposition "in" in the sentence "The book is in the bag." Here, "in" indicates the location of the book concerning the bag. Similarly, Pashto prepositions help convey such relationships clearly and effectively.

List of Common Prepositions[edit | edit source]

Below, you will find a list of some common prepositions in Central Pashto, along with their meanings in English.

Central Pashto Pronunciation English
په pa in
سره sara with
لپاره lparah for
تر tar until
مخکې makhkeh before
وروسته warosta after
د da of
په اړه pa arrah about
لاندې landay under
پورته purta above
سره sara with
په وړاندې pa wrande in front of
تر څنګ tar tsang next to
تر tar to
نه na from
د لارې da lara along
د باندې da bande outside
د دننه da dinnah inside
د مخکې da makhkeh before
د وروسته da warosta after
د سره da sara with

Usage of Prepositions in Sentences[edit | edit source]

Now that we have a list of common prepositions, let’s see how these words fit into sentences. Here are some examples that illustrate their usage:

Central Pashto Pronunciation English
کتاب په مېز باندې دی. kitab pa mez bande di. The book is on the table.
زه له تاسو سره یم. za la tasoo sara yem. I am with you.
دا کتاب د ښکلا لپاره دی. da kitab da shqala lparah di. This book is for beauty.
زه تر شپږو بجو پورې کار کوم. za tar shpaghu bajoo poray kar kum. I work until six o'clock.
زه مخکې له تاسو سره ځم. za makhkeh la tasoo sara zam. I am going before you.
هغه وروسته له کور نه لاړ. hagha warosta la kor na lard. He left after coming home.
دا د زوی کتاب دی. da da zooy kitab di. This is the son's book.
موږ په اړه د هغه خبرې کوو. mung pa arrah da hagha khabarey kawoo. We talk about him.
کلا د غر لاندې ده. kala da ghar landay de. The castle is under the mountain.
سپی د کلا پورته دی. spi da kala purta di. The dog is above the castle.
زه په وړاندې د کوره باران لرم. za pa wrande da kora baran laram. I have rain in front of the house.
تر څنګ یې د شپې خوب دی. tar tsang ye da shpa khub di. Next to him is the night’s sleep.
زه تر کندهار ته ځم. za tar Kandahar ta zam. I am going to Kandahar.
هغه له کابل نه راغی. hagha la Kabul na raghay. He came from Kabul.
موږ د لارې پرانستې کار کوو. mung da lara paranstay kar kawoo. We work along the road.
ماشوم د باندې دی. mashoom da bande de. The child is outside.
زه د دننه یم. za da dinnah yem. I am inside.
زه د مخې د کوره ځم. za da makhkeh da kora zam. I am going before the house.
هغه د وروسته د کوره لاړ. hagha da warosta da kora lard. He left after the house.
زه د سره له ملگرو یم. za da sara la malgaro yem. I am with friends.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises to help you practice using prepositions in Central Pashto.

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions from the list provided.

1. زه ___ کتاب لولم. (I read a book.)

2. دا کمره ___ دی. (This camera is on the table.)

3. هغه ___ ښار دی. (He is from the city.)

4. موږ ___ کوره روان یو. (We are going to the house.)

5. زه ___ ملګري یم. (I am with friends.)

6. دغه کتاب ___ زیارت دی. (This book is about visiting.)

7. زه ___ تر څنګ یم. (I am next to him.)

8. دا ___ د پوهاند کتاب دی. (This is the professor's book.)

9. ___ باران کې ډیر خوند دی. (There is much joy in the rain.)

10. موږ ___ د لارې تیریږو. (We walk along the road.)

Solutions for Exercise 1[edit | edit source]

1. په (pa)

2. باندې (bande)

3. نه (na)

4. ته (ta)

5. سره (sara)

6. په اړه (pa arrah)

7. تر (tar)

8. د (da)

9. په (pa)

10. د (da)

Exercise 2: Sentence formation[edit | edit source]

Use the following words to form sentences, incorporating the appropriate prepositions.

1. کتاب / مېز / دی (The book is on the table.)

2. زه / کور / ته / ځم (I am going to the house.)

3. هغه / له / ملګري / دی (He is with friends.)

4. باران / د / ښکلا / دی (The rain is beautiful.)

5. موږ / د / کلا / لاندې / یو (We are under the castle.)

Solutions for Exercise 2[edit | edit source]

1. کتاب په مېز باندې دی. (Kitab pa mez bande di.)

2. زه کور ته ځم. (Za kor ta zam.)

3. هغه له ملګري سره دی. (Hagha la malgari sara di.)

4. باران د ښکلا دی. (Baran da shqala di.)

5. موږ د کلا لاندې یو. (Mung da kala landay yo.)

Exercise 3: Translation[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences from English to Central Pashto using the correct prepositions.

1. The cat is under the table.

2. We are going with friends.

3. The book is about history.

4. She lives in the city.

5. I will wait until tomorrow.

Solutions for Exercise 3[edit | edit source]

1. پیشو د مېز لاندې ده. (Pisho da mez landay de.)

2. موږ د ملګرو سره ځو. (Mung da malgaro sara zwo.)

3. کتاب د تاریخ په اړه دی. (Kitab da tareekh pa arrah di.)

4. هغې په ښار کې ژوند کوي. (Hagha pa shahr ke zindagi kawi.)

5. زه تر سبا پورې انتظار کوم. (Za tar saba poray intezar kum.)

Exercise 4: Matching[edit | edit source]

Match the English sentences with their Pashto translations.

1. I am outside.

2. The dog is above the roof.

3. We talk about life.

4. He came from the market.

5. The children are next to the school.

English Central Pashto
1. I am outside. زه د باندې یم.
2. The dog is above the roof. سپی د چت پورته دی.
3. We talk about life. موږ د ژوند په اړه خبرې کوو.
4. He came from the market. هغه د بازار نه راغی.
5. The children are next to the school. ماشومان د ښوونځي تر څنګ دي.

Exercise 5: Create Your Own[edit | edit source]

Write five sentences in Central Pashto using different prepositions.

Solutions for Exercise 5[edit | edit source]

1. کتاب په کتابتون کې دی. (Kitab pa ketabton ke di.) - The book is in the library.

2. زه د ملګرو سره یم. (Za da malgaro sara yem.) - I am with friends.

3. هغه د کلا لاندې دی. (Hagha da kala landay de.) - He is under the castle.

4. موږ د لارې پرانستې ځو. (Mung da lara paranstay zwo.) - We walk along the road.

5. زه تر دوو بجو پورې انتظار کوم. (Za tar doo bajoo poray intezar kum.) - I wait until two o'clock.

Summary and Review[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we delved into the world of common prepositions in Central Pashto. We learned about their meanings, saw them in action within sentences, and practiced using them through various exercises.

Prepositions are essential for constructing meaningful sentences and conveying relationships between different elements in your speech. As you continue your journey in learning Central Pashto, remember to pay attention to how prepositions are used in context, and don't hesitate to practice forming your sentences!

Keep practicing, and you will see your command of Central Pashto grow stronger with each lesson!

Table of Contents - Central Pashto Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Personal Pronouns


Numbers and Counting


Basic Sentence Structure


Common Verbs


Present Tense


Food and Drink


Questions


Family and Relationships


Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives


House and Home


Prepositions


Hobbies and Activities


Past Tense


Travel and Transportation


Pashtun Customs and Traditions


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Household Chores — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Prepositions of Place ▶️

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