Difference between revisions of "Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/Causative-Verbs"

Latest revision as of 08:35, 1 August 2024

◀️ Conditional Sentences — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Politics and Government ▶️

Malay (individual language) Grammar → Causative Verbs

Welcome to our lesson on Causative Verbs in Malay! In this lesson, we will explore an exciting aspect of the language that allows you to express actions that are caused or made to happen by someone or something. This is a fantastic way to enhance your communication skills in Malay, as it adds depth to your sentences and helps convey more complex ideas.

Why Learn Causative Verbs?[edit | edit source]

Understanding causative verbs is essential for any language learner, as they enable you to describe situations where one person causes another to perform an action. This is especially useful in daily conversations and in expressing relationships and intentions.

In this lesson, we will cover:

The definition and structure of causative verbs in Malay.

How to form causative verbs.

Examples of causative verbs in sentences.

Exercises to practice what you have learned.

So, let’s dive in!

What are Causative Verbs?[edit | edit source]

Causative verbs in Malay are verbs that indicate that one entity causes another entity to do something. In English, we might say "I had my car washed," where "had" is the causative verb, indicating that the action of washing was performed by someone else.

In Malay, this structure is achieved using specific causative verbs or constructions that imply causation.

Structure of Causative Verbs[edit | edit source]

In Malay, the causative structure can often be formed by using the verb "membuat" (to make/do) along with another verb. Here's a simplified structure:

Subject + Membuat + Object + Verb

For example:

Saya membuat dia belajar. (I make him/her study.)

You can also use certain verbs directly in a causative sense, such as "mengizinkan" (to allow) and "meminta" (to ask/request), which adds variety to your sentences.

Examples of Causative Verbs[edit | edit source]

Let’s look at some examples of causative verbs and their meanings. Below is a table that illustrates how these verbs work in sentences.

Malay (individual language)	Pronunciation	English
Saya membuat dia makan.	saya mʊmˈbʊat di.a ˈma.kən	I make him/her eat.
Dia mengizinkan saya pergi.	di.a mɛŋˈi.ziŋ.kən sa.ja pərˈɡi	He/She allows me to go.
Kami meminta mereka membantu.	ka.mi mɛmˈiŋ.tə mɛˈrɛ.kə mɛmˈbantu	We ask them to help.
Dia membuat saya ketawa.	di.a mʊmˈbʊat sa.ja kəˈta.wa	He/She makes me laugh.
Saya membuat dia belajar.	saya mʊmˈbʊat di.a bɛˈla.dʒar	I make him/her study.
Mereka mengizinkan kami masuk.	mɛˈrɛ.kə mɛŋˈi.ziŋ.kən ka.mi ˈma.suk	They allow us to enter.
Dia meminta saya pulang.	di.a mɛmˈiŋ.tə sa.ja puˈlaŋ	He/She asks me to return.
Kami membuat mereka senang.	ka.mi mʊmˈbʊat mɛˈrɛ.kə səˈnaŋ	We make them happy.
Dia mengizinkan saya bercuti.	di.a mɛŋˈi.ziŋ.kən sa.ja bərˈtʃu.ti	He/She allows me to take a holiday.
Saya meminta dia menjawab.	saya mɛmˈiŋ.tə di.a mɛnˈd͡ʒa.b	I ask him/her to answer.

As you can see from the examples above, causative verbs can enhance your sentences by allowing you to express who is responsible for the action.

Exercises to Practice Causative Verbs[edit | edit source]

Now, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some exercises! Below are ten practice scenarios that will help you apply what you've learned.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences using the correct causative verb.

1. Saya __________ dia bermain bola. (make)

2. Dia __________ saya belajar bahasa Melayu. (allows)

3. Mereka __________ kami pergi ke pesta. (request)

4. Kami __________ mereka gembira. (make)

5. Dia __________ saya membaca buku. (ask)

Solutions:

1. membuat

2. mengizinkan

3. meminta

4. membuat

5. meminta

Exercise 2: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences from English to Malay using causative verbs.

1. I made her cry.

2. He allows us to eat.

3. They asked him to sing.

4. She made me happy.

5. We let them play.

Solutions:

1. Saya membuat dia menangis.

2. Dia mengizinkan kami makan.

3. Mereka meminta dia menyanyi.

4. Dia membuat saya gembira.

5. Kami membiarkan mereka bermain.

Exercise 3: Rewrite the Sentence[edit | edit source]

Rewrite the following sentences using causative verbs.

1. The teacher made the students study.

2. My friend allowed me to join the game.

3. The manager asked the staff to work late.

4. My parents let me go to the concert.

5. The coach made the players practice.

Solutions:

1. Guru itu membuat pelajar belajar.

2. Kawan saya mengizinkan saya menyertai permainan.

3. Pengurus meminta kakitangan bekerja lewat.

4. Ibu bapa saya membiarkan saya pergi ke konsert.

5. Jurulatih membuat pemain berlatih.

Exercise 4: Choose the Correct Verb[edit | edit source]

Select the correct causative verb to complete the sentence.

1. Dia __________ saya membeli rumah. (membuat/mengizinkan)

2. Saya __________ dia memasak. (meminta/membuat)

3. Mereka __________ kami belajar. (mengizinkan/meminta)

4. Dia __________ saya pergi. (meminta/membuat)

5. Kami __________ mereka bercuti. (mengizinkan/membuat)

Solutions:

1. mengizinkan

2. meminta

3. mengizinkan

4. meminta

5. membuat

Exercise 5: Create Your Own Sentences[edit | edit source]

Write your own sentences using the following prompts.

1. I make him study.

2. She allows us to go.

3. They ask her to help.

4. He makes them laugh.

5. We let him play.

Solutions: (Answers will vary; examples provided)

1. Saya membuat dia belajar.

2. Dia mengizinkan kami pergi.

3. Mereka meminta dia membantu.

4. Dia membuat mereka ketawa.

5. Kami membiarkan dia bermain.

Exercise 6: Matching Exercise[edit | edit source]

Match the Malay sentence to its English translation.

1. Saya meminta dia datang.

2. Dia membuat saya marah.

3. Mereka mengizinkan kami tinggal.

4. Kami meminta mereka membantu.

5. Dia mengizinkan saya bercuti.

English Options:

a. I ask him/her to come.

b. He/She makes me angry.

c. They allow us to stay.

d. We ask them to help.

e. He/She allows me to take a holiday.

Solutions:

1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d, 5-e

Exercise 7: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the following statements about causative verbs are true or false.

1. Causative verbs only express actions done by the subject. (False)

2. "Membuat" can be used to indicate causation. (True)

3. Causative verbs are not commonly used in Malay. (False)

4. "Mengizinkan" means to allow. (True)

5. You can only use one causative verb in a sentence. (False)

Exercise 8: Sentence Formation[edit | edit source]

Form a complete sentence using the following words.

1. Merah (red) + membuat + dia + gembira (happy).

2. Membantu + kami + meminta + mereka.

3. Pergi + mengizinkan + dia + saya.

Solutions:

1. Merah membuat dia gembira.

2. Kami meminta mereka membantu.

3. Dia mengizinkan saya pergi.

Exercise 9: Fill in the Chart[edit | edit source]

Fill in the chart with the appropriate causative verbs.

Subject	Causative Verb	Object	Action
Saya	__________	dia	belajar
Dia	__________	saya	pergi
Mereka	__________	kami	membantu
Kami	__________	mereka	bermain

Solutions:

1. membuat

2. mengizinkan

3. meminta

4. membuat

Exercise 10: Discussion Questions[edit | edit source]

Answer the following questions using causative verbs.

1. How do you make your friends laugh?

2. What do your parents allow you to do on weekends?

3. Who do you ask for help when you need it?

Solutions: (Answers will vary; examples provided)

1. Saya membuat kawan-kawan saya ketawa.

2. Ibu bapa saya mengizinkan saya pergi ke pawagam.

3. Saya meminta kakak saya untuk membantu.

As you can see, causative verbs are a powerful tool in Malay that allow you to express a wide range of ideas and interactions. Keep practicing, and you will find that using these verbs will become second nature to you!

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we explored causative verbs in Malay, learning how to express causation in a variety of contexts. We covered the structure of causative verbs, provided numerous examples, and engaged in exercises to solidify your understanding.

Keep revisiting these concepts, and don't hesitate to practice using causative verbs in your daily conversations. The more you use them, the more comfortable you will become!

Table of Contents - Malay (individual language) Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Course Presentation

Introduction

Basic Vocabulary

Malay Culture and Tradition

Intermediate Structures

Advanced Vocabulary

Modern Malaysia

A1 Exam Preparation

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

◀️ Conditional Sentences — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Politics and Government ▶️

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+<span pgnav>
+{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
+|[[Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/Conditional-Sentences|◀️ Conditional Sentences — Previous Lesson]]
+|[[Language/Malay-individual-language/Vocabulary/Politics-and-Government|Next Lesson — Politics and Government ▶️]]
+|}
+</span>
 {{Malay-individual-language-Page-Top}}
+<div class="pg_page_title">Malay (individual language) Grammar → Causative Verbs</div>
+Welcome to our lesson on '''Causative Verbs''' in Malay! In this lesson, we will explore an exciting aspect of the language that allows you to express actions that are caused or made to happen by someone or something. This is a fantastic way to enhance your communication skills in Malay, as it adds depth to your sentences and helps convey more complex ideas.
+=== Why Learn Causative Verbs? ===
+Understanding causative verbs is essential for any language learner, as they enable you to describe situations where one person causes another to perform an action. This is especially useful in daily conversations and in expressing relationships and intentions.
+In this lesson, we will cover:
+* The definition and structure of causative verbs in Malay.
+* How to form causative verbs.
+* Examples of causative verbs in sentences.
+* Exercises to practice what you have learned.
+So, let’s dive in!
-<div class="pg_page_title">Malay (individual language) Grammar → Intermediate Structures → Causative Verbs</div>
 __TOC__
-Hello and Selamat Datang (welcome) to the "Complete 0 to A1 Malay (individual language) Course". I am your Malay language teacher, and I have been teaching Malay for 20 years. In this intermediate structures lesson, we will be discussing causative verbs in Malay, including formation and usage.
+=== What are Causative Verbs? ===
+Causative verbs in Malay are verbs that indicate that one entity causes another entity to do something. In English, we might say "I had my car washed," where "had" is the causative verb, indicating that the action of washing was performed by someone else.
+In Malay, this structure is achieved using specific causative verbs or constructions that imply causation.
+==== Structure of Causative Verbs ====
+In Malay, the causative structure can often be formed by using the verb "membuat" (to make/do) along with another verb. Here's a simplified structure:
+* '''Subject + Membuat + Object + Verb'''
+For example:
+* '''Saya membuat dia belajar.''' (I make him/her study.)
+You can also use certain verbs directly in a causative sense, such as "mengizinkan" (to allow) and "meminta" (to ask/request), which adds variety to your sentences.
+=== Examples of Causative Verbs ===
+Let’s look at some examples of causative verbs and their meanings. Below is a table that illustrates how these verbs work in sentences.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Malay (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| Saya membuat dia makan. || saya mʊmˈbʊat di.a ˈma.kən || I make him/her eat.
+|-
+| Dia mengizinkan saya pergi. || di.a mɛŋˈi.ziŋ.kən sa.ja pərˈɡi || He/She allows me to go.
+|-
+| Kami meminta mereka membantu. || ka.mi mɛmˈiŋ.tə mɛˈrɛ.kə mɛmˈbantu || We ask them to help.
+|-
+| Dia membuat saya ketawa. || di.a mʊmˈbʊat sa.ja kəˈta.wa || He/She makes me laugh.
+|-
+| Saya membuat dia belajar. || saya mʊmˈbʊat di.a bɛˈla.dʒar || I make him/her study.
+|-
+| Mereka mengizinkan kami masuk. || mɛˈrɛ.kə mɛŋˈi.ziŋ.kən ka.mi ˈma.suk || They allow us to enter.
+|-
+| Dia meminta saya pulang. || di.a mɛmˈiŋ.tə sa.ja puˈlaŋ || He/She asks me to return.
+|-
+| Kami membuat mereka senang. || ka.mi mʊmˈbʊat mɛˈrɛ.kə səˈnaŋ || We make them happy.
+|-
+| Dia mengizinkan saya bercuti. || di.a mɛŋˈi.ziŋ.kən sa.ja bərˈtʃu.ti || He/She allows me to take a holiday.
+|-
+| Saya meminta dia menjawab. || saya mɛmˈiŋ.tə di.a mɛnˈd͡ʒa.b || I ask him/her to answer.
+|}
+As you can see from the examples above, causative verbs can enhance your sentences by allowing you to express who is responsible for the action.
+=== Exercises to Practice Causative Verbs ===
+Now, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some exercises! Below are ten practice scenarios that will help you apply what you've learned.
+==== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ====
+Complete the sentences using the correct causative verb.
+. Saya __________ dia bermain bola. (make)
+. Dia __________ saya belajar bahasa Melayu. (allows)
+. Mereka __________ kami pergi ke pesta. (request)
+. Kami __________ mereka gembira. (make)
+. Dia __________ saya membaca buku. (ask)
+''Solutions:''
+. membuat
+. mengizinkan
+. meminta
+. membuat
+. meminta
+==== Exercise 2: Translate the Sentences ====
+Translate the following sentences from English to Malay using causative verbs.
+. I made her cry.
+. He allows us to eat.
+. They asked him to sing.
+. She made me happy.
+. We let them play.
+''Solutions:''
+. Saya membuat dia menangis.
+. Dia mengizinkan kami makan.
+. Mereka meminta dia menyanyi.
+. Dia membuat saya gembira.
+. Kami membiarkan mereka bermain.
+==== Exercise 3: Rewrite the Sentence ====
+Rewrite the following sentences using causative verbs.
+. The teacher made the students study.
+. My friend allowed me to join the game.
+. The manager asked the staff to work late.
+. My parents let me go to the concert.
+. The coach made the players practice.
+''Solutions:''
+. Guru itu membuat pelajar belajar.
+. Kawan saya mengizinkan saya menyertai permainan.
+. Pengurus meminta kakitangan bekerja lewat.
+. Ibu bapa saya membiarkan saya pergi ke konsert.
+. Jurulatih membuat pemain berlatih.
+==== Exercise 4: Choose the Correct Verb ====
+Select the correct causative verb to complete the sentence.
+. Dia __________ saya membeli rumah. (membuat/mengizinkan)
+. Saya __________ dia memasak. (meminta/membuat)
+. Mereka __________ kami belajar. (mengizinkan/meminta)
+. Dia __________ saya pergi. (meminta/membuat)
+. Kami __________ mereka bercuti. (mengizinkan/membuat)
+''Solutions:''
+. mengizinkan
+. meminta
+. mengizinkan
+. meminta
+. membuat
+==== Exercise 5: Create Your Own Sentences ====
+Write your own sentences using the following prompts.
+. I make him study.
+. She allows us to go.
+. They ask her to help.
+. He makes them laugh.
+. We let him play.
+''Solutions:'' (Answers will vary; examples provided)
+. Saya membuat dia belajar.
+. Dia mengizinkan kami pergi.
+. Mereka meminta dia membantu.
+. Dia membuat mereka ketawa.
+. Kami membiarkan dia bermain.
-<span link>After mastering this lesson, these related pages might interest you: [[Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/Verbs-and-Tenses|Verbs and Tenses]] & [[Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/Future-Tense|Future Tense]].</span>
+==== Exercise 6: Matching Exercise ====
-==What are Causative Verbs?==
-Causative verbs are verbs that express a cause-and-effect relationship. In other words, they show that the subject is making someone or something do something or causing something to happen. For example, the English causative verb "make" is used to indicate that the subject is causing or forcing someone or something to do something. In Malay, causative verbs are formed by using the suffix "-kan" after the verb base.
+Match the Malay sentence to its English translation.
-==Formation of Causative Verbs in Malay==
+. Saya meminta dia datang.
-To form a causative verb in Malay, simply add the suffix "-kan" to the verb's base form. Here are some examples:
+. Dia membuat saya marah.
+. Mereka mengizinkan kami tinggal.
+. Kami meminta mereka membantu.
+. Dia mengizinkan saya bercuti.
+''English Options:''
+a. I ask him/her to come.
+b. He/She makes me angry.
+c. They allow us to stay.
+d. We ask them to help.
+e. He/She allows me to take a holiday.
+''Solutions:''
+-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d, 5-e
+==== Exercise 7: True or False ====
+Determine whether the following statements about causative verbs are true or false.
+. Causative verbs only express actions done by the subject. (False)
+. "Membuat" can be used to indicate causation. (True)
+. Causative verbs are not commonly used in Malay. (False)
+. "Mengizinkan" means to allow. (True)
+. You can only use one causative verb in a sentence. (False)
+==== Exercise 8: Sentence Formation ====
+Form a complete sentence using the following words.
+. Merah (red) + membuat + dia + gembira (happy).
+. Membantu + kami + meminta + mereka.
+. Pergi + mengizinkan + dia + saya.
+''Solutions:''
+. Merah membuat dia gembira.
+. Kami meminta mereka membantu.
+. Dia mengizinkan saya pergi.
+==== Exercise 9: Fill in the Chart ====
+Fill in the chart with the appropriate causative verbs.
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Malay (individual language) !! English !! Causative Verb
+! Subject !! Causative Verb !! Object !! Action
 |-
-| Makan || Eat || Makan-kan
+| Saya || __________ || dia || belajar
 |-
-| Cuci || Wash || Cuci-kan
+| Dia || __________ || saya || pergi
 |-
-| Buat || Do || Buat-kan
+| Mereka || __________ || kami || membantu
 |-
-| Baca || Read || Baca-kan
+| Kami || __________ || mereka || bermain
 |}
-==Usage of Causative Verbs in Malay==
+''Solutions:''
-Causative verbs in Malay are used in many everyday situations. Here are some examples:
+. membuat
-<ol>
+. mengizinkan
-<li><b>Requesting someone to do something:</b> In Malay, causative verbs are commonly used to express requests or orders. For example, "Sila makan" means "Please eat," while "Sila makan-kan" means "Please have someone eat." </li>
-<li><b>Expressing the cause of an action:</b> Causative verbs can also be used to show the reason behind an action. For example, "Dia menangis" means "He/she cries," while "Dia menangiskan saya" means "He/she made me cry."</li>
-<li><b>Describing accidental actions:</b> Causative verbs can be used to describe accidental actions. For example, "Dia jatuh" means "He/she falls," while "Dia menjatuhkan gelas" means "He/she accidentally drops the glass."</li>
-</ol>
-==Important Points to Note==
+. meminta
-Here are some important points to note when using causative verbs in Malay:
+. membuat
-<ul>
+==== Exercise 10: Discussion Questions ====
-<li>When using causative verbs with human subjects, "meng-" is typically added to the verb base. For example, "Dia membuka pintu" means "He/she opens the door," while "Dia membolehkan saya membuka pintu" means "He/she allows me to open the door." </li>
-<li>When using causative verbs with inanimate subjects, you do not need to add "meng-." For example, "Pintu terbuka" means "The door is open," while "Saya membuka pintu" means "I am opening the door."</li>
+Answer the following questions using causative verbs.
-<li>When using causative verbs to make a request, it is common to use "boleh" or "silakan" before the verb. For example, "Boleh saya lihat kertas ini?" means "Can I see this paper?"</li>
+. How do you make your friends laugh?
-<li>When using a causative verb with a personal pronoun as the subject, you should use "akan" after the causative suffix. For example, "Saya akan membaca buku itu" means "I will read that book," while "Saya akan membacakan buku itu" means "I will read that book to someone."</li>
+. What do your parents allow you to do on weekends?
-</ul>
-==Practice Exercises==
+. Who do you ask for help when you need it?
-Practice using causative verbs in Malay with the following exercises:
+''Solutions:'' (Answers will vary; examples provided)
-<ol>
+. Saya membuat kawan-kawan saya ketawa.
-<li>Buatkan saya air kosong. (Please make me plain water.)</li>
-<li>Bacakan saya buku ini. (Please read this book to me.)</li>
+. Ibu bapa saya mengizinkan saya pergi ke pawagam.
-<li>Cucikan baju saya. (Please wash my clothes.)</li>
+. Saya meminta kakak saya untuk membantu.
-<li>Makanlah kek ini. (Please eat this cake.)</li>
+As you can see, causative verbs are a powerful tool in Malay that allow you to express a wide range of ideas and interactions. Keep practicing, and you will find that using these verbs will become second nature to you!
-</ol>
-==Conclusion==
+=== Conclusion ===
-Causative verbs are an important part of Malay grammar, and they are used in many everyday situations. By using the suffix "-kan" after the verb base, you can easily create causative verbs in Malay. Remember to pay attention to the subject of the sentence, and to use "meng-" when the subject is human. Practice using causative verbs in Malay with the exercises provided, and you will be using them like a native speaker in no time!
+In this lesson, we explored causative verbs in Malay, learning how to express causation in a variety of contexts. We covered the structure of causative verbs, provided numerous examples, and engaged in exercises to solidify your understanding.
+Keep revisiting these concepts, and don't hesitate to practice using causative verbs in your daily conversations. The more you use them, the more comfortable you will become!
-<span link>Having concluded this lesson, consider checking out these related pages: [[Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] & [[Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]].</span>
 {{#seo:
-|title=Malay Grammar Lesson: Intermediate Structures - Causative Verbs
-|keywords=Malay causative verbs, Malay grammar, Malay language lesson, Intermediate Malay grammar
+|title=Causative Verbs in Malay Language
-|description=In this lesson, you will learn about causative verbs in Malay, including their formation and usage. Follow along with examples and practice exercises to improve your Malay grammar skills.
+|keywords=Malay grammar, causative verbs, learn Malay, Malay language, beginner Malay, Malay sentences
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn about causative verbs in Malay, including their formation and usage with practical examples and exercises.
 }}
-{{Malay-individual-language-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
+{{Template:Malay-individual-language-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
 [[Category:Course]]
@@ Line 85: / Line 375: @@
 [[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
 [[Category:Malay-individual-language-0-to-A1-Course]]
+<span openai_correct_model></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4o-mini></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
 ==Other Lessons==
@@ Line 97: / Line 390: @@
 * [[Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/Relative-Clauses|Relative Clauses]]
 * [[Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/A1-Exam-Overview|A1 Exam Overview]]
 {{Malay-individual-language-Page-Bottom}}
-<span links></span>
+<span pgnav>
+{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
+|[[Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/Conditional-Sentences|◀️ Conditional Sentences — Previous Lesson]]
+|[[Language/Malay-individual-language/Vocabulary/Politics-and-Government|Next Lesson — Politics and Government ▶️]]
+|}
+</span>

Difference between revisions of "Language/Malay-individual-language/Grammar/Causative-Verbs"

Latest revision as of 08:35, 1 August 2024

Why Learn Causative Verbs?[edit | edit source]

What are Causative Verbs?[edit | edit source]

Structure of Causative Verbs[edit | edit source]

Examples of Causative Verbs[edit | edit source]

Exercises to Practice Causative Verbs[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Exercise 2: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Exercise 3: Rewrite the Sentence[edit | edit source]

Exercise 4: Choose the Correct Verb[edit | edit source]

Exercise 5: Create Your Own Sentences[edit | edit source]

Exercise 6: Matching Exercise[edit | edit source]

Exercise 7: True or False[edit | edit source]

Exercise 8: Sentence Formation[edit | edit source]

Exercise 9: Fill in the Chart[edit | edit source]

Exercise 10: Discussion Questions[edit | edit source]

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Table of Contents - Malay (individual language) Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

Navigation menu

Search