Difference between revisions of "Language/Armenian/Culture/Armenian-Churches-and-Monasteries"

Latest revision as of 07:19, 1 August 2024

Armenian → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Armenian Churches and Monasteries

In the vibrant tapestry of Armenian culture, churches and monasteries hold a special place, not only as places of worship but also as symbols of resilience, identity, and artistic expression. They reflect the rich history and spirituality of the Armenian people, and understanding them is essential for anyone looking to grasp the essence of Armenian culture.

In this lesson, we will explore the significance and history of renowned Armenian churches and monasteries, their architectural styles, and the stories they tell. We will also look at how these structures have shaped the Armenian identity and community over the centuries. This exploration will not only enrich your understanding of the Armenian language but also deepen your appreciation for its cultural heritage.

The Historical Context of Armenian Churches[edit | edit source]

Armenia, recognized as the first nation to adopt Christianity as its state religion in 301 AD, is home to countless churches and monasteries that date back to ancient times. Their construction marks the beginning of a unique architectural style that combines local traditions with influences from neighboring cultures.

Significance of Churches and Monasteries:

Serve as centers of community life.

Preserve the Armenian language and literature through ancient manuscripts.

Represent architectural ingenuity and artistic expression in sculpture and frescoes.

Notable Armenian Churches and Monasteries[edit | edit source]

Let's delve into some of the most iconic Armenian churches and monasteries that are not only architectural masterpieces but also carry deep historical significance.

1. Etchmiadzin Cathedral[edit | edit source]

Armenian	Pronunciation	English
Էջմիածին	ʔɛʤmiɑˈt͡sʲin	Etchmiadzin
Կաթողիկե	kɑtʰoɡiˈkɛ	Cathedral
Աստված	ʔɑsˈtʰvɑts	God

Etchmiadzin Cathedral, located in the city of Vagharshapat, is the spiritual center of the Armenian Apostolic Church. It was founded in the early 4th century by St. Gregory the Illuminator.

Key Features:

The oldest cathedral in the world.

Houses important relics and manuscripts.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site.

2. Khor Virap[edit | edit source]

Armenian	Pronunciation	English
Խոր Վիրապ	xɔɾ viˈɾɑp	Khor Virap
բանտ	bɑnt	prison
պատի	pɑˈti	wall

Khor Virap, located near the border with Turkey, is famous for its historical significance and breathtaking views of Mount Ararat. It was here that St. Gregory the Illuminator was imprisoned before converting King Tiridates III to Christianity.

Key Features:

A pilgrimage site.

Contains ancient churches and the remains of a fortress.

Offers stunning views of Mount Ararat.

3. Geghard Monastery[edit | edit source]

Armenian	Pronunciation	English
Գեղարդ	ɡeˈɡɑɾd	Geghard
վանք	vɑŋk	monastery
քար	kʰɑɾ	stone

Geghard Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is renowned for its rock-cut churches and beautiful scenery. The name Geghard means "spear," referring to the spear that pierced Christ's side.

Key Features:

Partially carved out of a mountain.

Houses numerous ancient relics.

Surrounded by stunning cliffs.

4. Tatev Monastery[edit | edit source]

Armenian	Pronunciation	English
Թաթև	tʰɑˈtʰɛv	Tatev
վանք	vɑŋk	monastery
երկնակամար	jɛrɡnɑˈkɑmɑɾ	sky

Tatev Monastery, perched on a dramatic cliff overlooking the Vorotan Gorge, is famous for its breathtaking views and its historical significance as a center of scholarship.

Key Features:

Home to the world’s longest reversible aerial tramway.

Important center for learning and culture.

Offers incredible views of the surrounding landscape.

5. Sanahin Monastery[edit | edit source]

Armenian	Pronunciation	English
Սանահին	sɑˈnɑhin	Sanahin
վանք	vɑŋk	monastery
կրթություն	kəɾtʰuˈtʲun	education

Sanahin Monastery, located in the northern part of Armenia, is known for its rich history and architectural beauty.

Key Features:

UNESCO World Heritage Site.

A center of learning and education during the Middle Ages.

Contains intricate carvings and frescoes.

Architectural Styles[edit | edit source]

Armenian churches and monasteries exhibit a unique and recognizable architectural style that blends local traditions with influences from various periods and cultures.

Style Characteristics:

Cross-Domed Structures: Most Armenian churches feature a central dome with a cross, symbolizing the connection between heaven and earth.

Carvings and Reliefs: Intricate stone carvings are prevalent, often depicting biblical scenes and motifs.

Natural Materials: Churches are predominantly built from local stone, harmonizing with the natural landscape.

The Role of Churches in Armenian Society[edit | edit source]

Armenian churches are more than just places of worship; they play a crucial role in the community's social fabric.

Community Centers:

Host cultural events, celebrations, and festivals.

Serve as venues for community gatherings and discussions.

Preservation of Culture:

Protect and promote the Armenian language and literature.

Act as custodians of Armenian history and traditions.

Exercises and Practice Scenarios[edit | edit source]

Now that you have learned about the rich history and significance of Armenian churches and monasteries, it’s time to apply your knowledge with some exercises!

Exercise 1: Matching Terms[edit | edit source]

Match the Armenian words with their English meanings.

Armenian	English
Էջմիածին
Կաթողիկե
Խոր Վիրապ
Գեղարդ
Թաթև

Answers:

Էջմիածին - Etchmiadzin

Կաթողիկե - Cathedral

Խոր Վիրապ - Khor Virap

Գեղարդ - Geghard

Թաթև - Tatev

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct words.

1. The oldest ____ in the world is the Etchmiadzin Cathedral.

2. Khor Virap is famous for its ____.

3. Geghard Monastery is known for its rock-cut ____.

Answers:

1. cathedral

2. history

3. churches

Exercise 3: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the statements are true or false.

1. Khor Virap is located in the northern part of Armenia. (False)

2. Tatev Monastery is famous for its aerial tramway. (True)

3. Sanahin Monastery is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (True)

Exercise 4: Short Answer Questions[edit | edit source]

Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What is the significance of Etchmiadzin Cathedral?

2. Describe one feature of Geghard Monastery.

Sample Answers:

1. Etchmiadzin Cathedral is significant because it is the oldest cathedral in the world and serves as the spiritual center of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

2. One feature of Geghard Monastery is that it is partially carved out of a mountain, showcasing incredible architectural ingenuity.

Exercise 5: Vocabulary Practice[edit | edit source]

Translate the following Armenian words into English.

1. վանք

2. Աստված

3. քար

Answers:

1. monastery

2. God

3. stone

Exercise 6: Discussion Prompts[edit | edit source]

Discuss in pairs:

What do you find most interesting about Armenian churches and monasteries?

How do you think these structures contribute to Armenian cultural identity?

Exercise 7: Picture Identification[edit | edit source]

Look at the pictures of Armenian churches (provided by the teacher) and identify them based on their features.

Sample Answers:

The church with a cross-dome is likely Etchmiadzin Cathedral.

The rock-cut church is Geghard Monastery.

Exercise 8: Sentence Creation[edit | edit source]

Create sentences using the following words:

1. Tatev

2. Khor Virap

3. Geghard

Sample Sentences:

1. Tatev Monastery is located on a cliff and offers stunning views.

2. Khor Virap is an important historical site in Armenia.

3. Geghard is known for its unique architecture.

Exercise 9: Research Assignment[edit | edit source]

Choose one Armenian church or monastery and research its history and significance. Prepare a short presentation to share with the class.

Exercise 10: Reflection[edit | edit source]

Write a short paragraph reflecting on what you learned in this lesson about Armenian churches and monasteries.

Sample Reflection:

In this lesson, I learned that Armenian churches and monasteries are not only places of worship but also vital parts of Armenian culture and history. I found it fascinating to discover the unique architectural styles and the stories behind each site.

As we conclude this lesson, remember that the legacy of Armenian churches and monasteries continues to inspire and connect the Armenian people to their rich cultural heritage. Embrace this understanding as you continue your journey in learning the Armenian language and culture!

Table of Contents - Armenian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Course Presentation

Greetings and Introductions

Alphabet and Pronunciation

Numbers and Time

Basic Sentence Structure

Family and Relationships

Nouns and Pronouns

Food and Dining

Verbs and Tenses

Travel and Transportation

Adjectives and Adverbs

Armenian Traditions and Customs

Videos[edit | edit source]

Armenian Communities of Persia/Iran: A Talk by Author and ...[edit | edit source]

Baking ARMENIAN LAVASH + Touring Geghard Monastery ...[edit | edit source]

Baking ARMENIAN GATA Bread + HUGE Feast in Armenia's Little ...[edit | edit source]

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Armenian-Page-Top}}
+<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Armenian|Armenian]]  → [[Language/Armenian/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Armenian Churches and Monasteries</div>
+In the vibrant tapestry of Armenian culture, churches and monasteries hold a special place, not only as places of worship but also as symbols of resilience, identity, and artistic expression. They reflect the rich history and spirituality of the Armenian people, and understanding them is essential for anyone looking to grasp the essence of Armenian culture.
-<div class="pg_page_title">Armenian Culture → Armenian Art and Architecture → Armenian Churches and Monasteries</div>
+In this lesson, we will explore the significance and history of renowned Armenian churches and monasteries, their architectural styles, and the stories they tell. We will also look at how these structures have shaped the Armenian identity and community over the centuries. This exploration will not only enrich your understanding of the Armenian language but also deepen your appreciation for its cultural heritage.
 __TOC__
-Armenian Churches and Monasteries are an essential part of Armenian culture and history. They are also significant in the development of Armenian architecture, painting, and literature. In this lesson, we will explore some of the most famous Armenian Churches and Monasteries and discuss their historical and cultural significance.
+=== The Historical Context of Armenian Churches ===
-== Etchmiadzin Cathedral ==
+Armenia, recognized as the first nation to adopt Christianity as its state religion in 301 AD, is home to countless churches and monasteries that date back to ancient times. Their construction marks the beginning of a unique architectural style that combines local traditions with influences from neighboring cultures.
-Located in the city of Vagharshapat, Etchmiadzin Cathedral is considered the spiritual center of the Armenian Apostolic Church. The cathedral was built by Saint Gregory the Illuminator in the early 4th century, making it the oldest cathedral in the world. Its current structure was built in the 5th century and underwent several renovations throughout the centuries. The cathedral is also famous for housing the Holy Lance, which was used to pierce Jesus's side during his crucifixion.
+* '''Significance of Churches and Monasteries:'''
+* Serve as centers of community life.
+* Preserve the Armenian language and literature through ancient manuscripts.
+* Represent architectural ingenuity and artistic expression in sculpture and frescoes.
+=== Notable Armenian Churches and Monasteries ===
+Let's delve into some of the most iconic Armenian churches and monasteries that are not only architectural masterpieces but also carry deep historical significance.
+==== 1. Etchmiadzin Cathedral ====
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Armenian !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| Էջմիածին || ʔɛʤmiɑˈt͡sʲin || Etchmiadzin
 |-
-| Վաղարշապատ || Vagh-aar-shaa-pat || Vagharshapat
+| Կաթողիկե || kɑtʰoɡiˈkɛ || Cathedral
+|-
+| Աստված || ʔɑsˈtʰvɑts || God
 |}
-== Geghard Monastery ==
+Etchmiadzin Cathedral, located in the city of Vagharshapat, is the spiritual center of the Armenian Apostolic Church. It was founded in the early 4th century by St. Gregory the Illuminator.
-Located 23 kilometers from Yerevan, Geghard Monastery is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that was founded in the 4th century. The monastery was built into a cave and was later expanded in the 13th century. It is famous for its rock-carved architecture, which is an outstanding example of Armenian medieval architecture. The name of the monastery "Geghard" means "spear" in Armenian and refers to the spear that was used to wound Jesus during his crucifixion.
+* '''Key Features:'''
+* The oldest cathedral in the world.
+* Houses important relics and manuscripts.
+* A UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+==== 2. Khor Virap ====
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Armenian !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| Խոր Վիրապ || xɔɾ viˈɾɑp || Khor Virap
+|-
+| բանտ || bɑnt || prison
+|-
+| պատի || pɑˈti || wall
+|}
+Khor Virap, located near the border with Turkey, is famous for its historical significance and breathtaking views of Mount Ararat. It was here that St. Gregory the Illuminator was imprisoned before converting King Tiridates III to Christianity.
+* '''Key Features:'''
+* A pilgrimage site.
+* Contains ancient churches and the remains of a fortress.
+* Offers stunning views of Mount Ararat.
+==== 3. Geghard Monastery ====
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Armenian !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| Գեղարդ || ɡeˈɡɑɾd || Geghard
+|-
+| վանք || vɑŋk || monastery
 |-
-| Գեղարդ || Geh-ghard || Geghard
+| քար || kʰɑɾ || stone
 |}
-== Tatev Monastery ==
+Geghard Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is renowned for its rock-cut churches and beautiful scenery. The name Geghard means "spear," referring to the spear that pierced Christ's side.
-Located in the Syunik Province of Armenia, Tatev Monastery is a 9th-century Armenian Apostolic monastery. The monastery played a significant role in the political and cultural life of medieval Armenia. The main church of the monastery, the Church of St. Peter and Paul, was built in the 9th century and was destroyed several times throughout history. The current structure was rebuilt in the 19th century.
+* '''Key Features:'''
+* Partially carved out of a mountain.
+* Houses numerous ancient relics.
+* Surrounded by stunning cliffs.
+==== 4. Tatev Monastery ====
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Armenian !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| Թաթև || tʰɑˈtʰɛv || Tatev
 |-
-| Տաթև || Ta-tev || Tatev
+| վանք || vɑŋk || monastery
+|-
+| երկնակամար || jɛrɡnɑˈkɑmɑɾ || sky
 |}
-== Hor Virap Monastery ==
+Tatev Monastery, perched on a dramatic cliff overlooking the Vorotan Gorge, is famous for its breathtaking views and its historical significance as a center of scholarship.
-Located near the Turkish border, Hor Virap Monastery is a pilgrimage site in Armenia. It was built in the 17th century and is famous for its beautiful architecture and stunning surroundings. This monastery is best known for its location, where Saint Gregory the Illuminator was imprisoned for 13 years before he converted King Tiridates III to Christianity. Visitors can climb down into the underground chamber where Saint Gregory was imprisoned.
+* '''Key Features:'''
+* Home to the world’s longest reversible aerial tramway.
+* Important center for learning and culture.
+* Offers incredible views of the surrounding landscape.
+==== 5. Sanahin Monastery ====
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Armenian !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| Սանահին || sɑˈnɑhin || Sanahin
 |-
-| Հոռ Վիրապ || Hor Virap || Hor Virap
+| վանք || vɑŋk || monastery
+|-
+| կրթություն || kəɾtʰuˈtʲun || education
 |}
-Armenian Churches and Monasteries are an integral part of Armenian cultural heritage. They are not only places of worship but also significant examples of Armenian architecture, history, and culture. By learning about these sites, we can gain insight into the development of Armenian civilization and appreciate its beauty and complexity.
+Sanahin Monastery, located in the northern part of Armenia, is known for its rich history and architectural beauty.
+* '''Key Features:'''
+* UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+* A center of learning and education during the Middle Ages.
+* Contains intricate carvings and frescoes.
+=== Architectural Styles ===
+Armenian churches and monasteries exhibit a unique and recognizable architectural style that blends local traditions with influences from various periods and cultures.
+* '''Style Characteristics:'''
+* '''Cross-Domed Structures:''' Most Armenian churches feature a central dome with a cross, symbolizing the connection between heaven and earth.
+* '''Carvings and Reliefs:''' Intricate stone carvings are prevalent, often depicting biblical scenes and motifs.
+* '''Natural Materials:''' Churches are predominantly built from local stone, harmonizing with the natural landscape.
+=== The Role of Churches in Armenian Society ===
+Armenian churches are more than just places of worship; they play a crucial role in the community's social fabric.
+* '''Community Centers:'''
+* Host cultural events, celebrations, and festivals.
+* Serve as venues for community gatherings and discussions.
+* '''Preservation of Culture:'''
+* Protect and promote the Armenian language and literature.
+* Act as custodians of Armenian history and traditions.
+=== Exercises and Practice Scenarios ===
+Now that you have learned about the rich history and significance of Armenian churches and monasteries, it’s time to apply your knowledge with some exercises!
+==== Exercise 1: Matching Terms ====
+Match the Armenian words with their English meanings.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Armenian !! English
+|-
+| Էջմիածին ||
+|-
+| Կաթողիկե ||
+|-
+| Խոր Վիրապ ||
+|-
+| Գեղարդ ||
+|-
+| Թաթև ||
+|}
+'''Answers:'''
+* Էջմիածին - Etchmiadzin
+* Կաթողիկե - Cathedral
+* Խոր Վիրապ - Khor Virap
+* Գեղարդ - Geghard
+* Թաթև - Tatev
+==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====
+Complete the sentences with the correct words.
+. The oldest ____ in the world is the Etchmiadzin Cathedral.
+. Khor Virap is famous for its ____.
+. Geghard Monastery is known for its rock-cut ____.
+'''Answers:'''
+. cathedral
+. history
+. churches
+==== Exercise 3: True or False ====
+Determine whether the statements are true or false.
+. Khor Virap is located in the northern part of Armenia. (False)
+. Tatev Monastery is famous for its aerial tramway. (True)
+. Sanahin Monastery is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (True)
+==== Exercise 4: Short Answer Questions ====
+Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
+. What is the significance of Etchmiadzin Cathedral?
+. Describe one feature of Geghard Monastery.
+'''Sample Answers:'''
+. Etchmiadzin Cathedral is significant because it is the oldest cathedral in the world and serves as the spiritual center of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
+. One feature of Geghard Monastery is that it is partially carved out of a mountain, showcasing incredible architectural ingenuity.
+==== Exercise 5: Vocabulary Practice ====
+Translate the following Armenian words into English.
+. վանք
+. Աստված
+. քար
+'''Answers:'''
+. monastery
+. God
+. stone
+==== Exercise 6: Discussion Prompts ====
+Discuss in pairs:
+* What do you find most interesting about Armenian churches and monasteries?
+* How do you think these structures contribute to Armenian cultural identity?
+==== Exercise 7: Picture Identification ====
+Look at the pictures of Armenian churches (provided by the teacher) and identify them based on their features.
+'''Sample Answers:'''
+* The church with a cross-dome is likely Etchmiadzin Cathedral.
+* The rock-cut church is Geghard Monastery.
+==== Exercise 8: Sentence Creation ====
+Create sentences using the following words:
+. Tatev
+. Khor Virap
+. Geghard
+'''Sample Sentences:'''
+. Tatev Monastery is located on a cliff and offers stunning views.
+. Khor Virap is an important historical site in Armenia.
+. Geghard is known for its unique architecture.
+==== Exercise 9: Research Assignment ====
+Choose one Armenian church or monastery and research its history and significance. Prepare a short presentation to share with the class.
+==== Exercise 10: Reflection ====
+Write a short paragraph reflecting on what you learned in this lesson about Armenian churches and monasteries.
+'''Sample Reflection:'''
+In this lesson, I learned that Armenian churches and monasteries are not only places of worship but also vital parts of Armenian culture and history. I found it fascinating to discover the unique architectural styles and the stories behind each site.
+As we conclude this lesson, remember that the legacy of Armenian churches and monasteries continues to inspire and connect the Armenian people to their rich cultural heritage. Embrace this understanding as you continue your journey in learning the Armenian language and culture!
 {{#seo:
-|title=Armenian Culture → Armenian Art and Architecture → Armenian Churches and Monasteries
-|keywords=Armenian art, Armenian architecture, Armenian Churches, Armenian Monasteries, Armenian culture, Armenian history, Armenian Apostolic Church
+|title=Armenian Culture: Churches and Monasteries
-|description=In this lesson, we will explore some of the most famous Armenian Churches and Monasteries and discuss their historical and cultural significance.
+|keywords=Armenian culture, Armenian churches, Armenian monasteries, Etchmiadzin, Khor Virap, Geghard, Tatev
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the significance, history, and architectural styles of Armenian churches and monasteries, enriching your understanding of Armenian culture.
 }}
-{{Armenian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
+{{Template:Armenian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
 [[Category:Course]]
@@ Line 58: / Line 377: @@
 [[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
 [[Category:Armenian-0-to-A1-Course]]
+<span openai_correct_model></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4o-mini></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
+==Videos==
+===Armenian Communities of Persia/Iran: A Talk by Author and ...===
+<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuUpE_H-E64</youtube>
+===Baking ARMENIAN LAVASH + Touring Geghard Monastery ...===
+<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JElxlYF0B5c</youtube>
+===Baking ARMENIAN GATA Bread + HUGE Feast in Armenia's Little ...===
+<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5EowjyClEI</youtube>
+==Sources==
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_cultural_heritage_in_Turkey Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey - Wikipedia]
+* [https://hyperallergic.com/761723/cultural-armenian-heritage-sites-in-nakhichevan-destroyed-by-azerbaijan/ US Researchers Confirm 98% of Cultural Armenian Heritage Sites ...]
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Monastic_Ensembles_of_Iran Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran - Wikipedia]
-==Related Lessons==
+==Other Lessons==
 * [[Language/Armenian/Culture/Armenian-Pop-Music|Armenian Pop Music]]
 * [[Language/Armenian/Culture/Armenian-Holidays-and-Festivals|Armenian Holidays and Festivals]]
@@ Line 70: / Line 409: @@
 * [[Language/Armenian/Culture/Armenians-in-Diaspora|Armenians in Diaspora]]
 * [[Language/Armenian/Culture/Armenian-National-Instruments|Armenian National Instruments]]
 {{Armenian-Page-Bottom}}

Difference between revisions of "Language/Armenian/Culture/Armenian-Churches-and-Monasteries"

Latest revision as of 07:19, 1 August 2024

The Historical Context of Armenian Churches[edit | edit source]

Notable Armenian Churches and Monasteries[edit | edit source]

1. Etchmiadzin Cathedral[edit | edit source]

2. Khor Virap[edit | edit source]

3. Geghard Monastery[edit | edit source]

4. Tatev Monastery[edit | edit source]

5. Sanahin Monastery[edit | edit source]

Architectural Styles[edit | edit source]

The Role of Churches in Armenian Society[edit | edit source]

Exercises and Practice Scenarios[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1: Matching Terms[edit | edit source]

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Exercise 3: True or False[edit | edit source]

Exercise 4: Short Answer Questions[edit | edit source]

Exercise 5: Vocabulary Practice[edit | edit source]

Exercise 6: Discussion Prompts[edit | edit source]

Exercise 7: Picture Identification[edit | edit source]

Exercise 8: Sentence Creation[edit | edit source]

Exercise 9: Research Assignment[edit | edit source]

Exercise 10: Reflection[edit | edit source]

Table of Contents - Armenian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Videos[edit | edit source]

Armenian Communities of Persia/Iran: A Talk by Author and ...[edit | edit source]

Baking ARMENIAN LAVASH + Touring Geghard Monastery ...[edit | edit source]

Baking ARMENIAN GATA Bread + HUGE Feast in Armenia's Little ...[edit | edit source]

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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