Difference between revisions of "Language/Czech/Culture/Czech-Film-and-Music"

Latest revision as of 04:28, 1 August 2024

◀️ Architecture and Landmark — Previous Lesson

Czech → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Czech Film and Music

Welcome to the exciting world of Czech culture, where film and music play pivotal roles in reflecting the country's rich history and vibrant spirit. In this lesson, we will explore the significance of Czech film and music, highlighting key artists, productions, and their contributions to both Czech culture and the broader global artistic landscape. As complete beginners, this will be an engaging journey into the heart of Czech creativity, providing you with insights that not only enhance your language skills but also deepen your appreciation for Czech heritage.

Importance of Film and Music in Czech Culture

Film and music are crucial expressions of cultural identity in the Czech Republic. From the early days of cinema to contemporary productions, Czech filmmakers and musicians have made substantial contributions to the arts.

Film: Czech cinema has gained international recognition for its unique storytelling, innovative techniques, and cultural narratives. It reflects the societal changes and historical events that have shaped the nation.

Music: The Czech Republic has a rich musical tradition, encompassing classical, folk, jazz, and contemporary genres. Renowned composers like Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana have left an indelible mark on classical music, while modern artists continue to innovate and inspire.

In this lesson, we will cover:

A brief history of Czech film and music

Key figures in Czech cinema and music

Iconic films and musical pieces

Exercises to practice your new vocabulary and knowledge

A Brief History of Czech Film[edit | edit source]

Czech cinema has a storied history that dates back to the late 19th century. It has evolved through various phases, each contributing to the rich tapestry of Czech culture.

Early Beginnings[edit | edit source]

The first Czech films were created in the 1890s, with Lumière-style short films showcasing local life.

The establishment of the first Czech film studio, Československý státní film, in 1945 marked the beginning of a more structured film production environment.

The Golden Age[edit | edit source]

The 1960s are often referred to as the Golden Age of Czech cinema, characterized by a wave of artistic innovation known as the Czech New Wave.

Filmmakers like Věra Chytilová and Miloš Forman gained international acclaim for their unconventional narratives and visual styles.

Key Figures in Czech Film[edit | edit source]

Czech cinema boasts numerous influential filmmakers and actors whose works continue to resonate today. Here are some notable names:

Czech	Pronunciation	English
Miloš Forman	[ˈmɪloʃ ˈfoʁman]	Milos Forman
Věra Chytilová	[ˈvjɛra ˈxɪtɪlova]	Vera Chytilová
Jiří Menzel	[ˈjiːr̝iː ˈmɛnʦɛl]	Jiří Menzel
Jan Švankmajer	[jan ˈʃvaŋkmaɪ̯ɛr]	Jan Švankmajer
Karel Zeman	[ˈkarɛl ˈzɛman]	Karel Zeman

Iconic Czech Films[edit | edit source]

Here are some iconic Czech films that have left a significant impact both domestically and internationally:

Title	Year	Description
"The Shop on Main Street"	1965	A poignant story about the relationship between a carpenter and a Jewish widow during WWII.
"Daisies"	1966	A surreal comedy exploring the lives of two young women who challenge societal norms.
"Closely Watched Trains"	1966	A coming-of-age film set during WWII, focusing on a young railway worker.
"The Firemen's Ball"	1967	A satirical take on the incompetence of the authorities, set during a fireman’s ball.
"The Little Mermaid"	1976	An animated adaptation of the classic fairy tale, showcasing unique Czech animation styles.

A Brief History of Czech Music[edit | edit source]

Czech music has a rich tradition that spans centuries, from folk melodies to classical masterpieces.

Folk Music[edit | edit source]

Folk music has deep roots in Czech culture, often reflecting the daily lives and traditions of the people.

Instruments like the cymbals and fiddle are commonly used in folk performances.

Classical Music[edit | edit source]

Czech classical music is celebrated for its emotional depth and melodic richness.

Notable composers such as Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana have significantly influenced the global music scene.

Key Figures in Czech Music[edit | edit source]

Here are some prominent Czech musicians and composers:

Czech	Pronunciation	English
Antonín Dvořák	[ˈantoɲiːn ˈdvorʑaːk]	Antonin Dvořák
Bedřich Smetana	[ˈbɛdr̝ɪx ˈsmɛtana]	Bedřich Smetana
Leoš Janáček	[ˈlɛoʃ ˈjanatʃɛk]	Leoš Janáček
Václav Havel	[ˈvaːtslaf ˈɦavɛl]	Václav Havel
Karel Gott	[ˈkarɛl ˈɡot]	Karel Gott

Iconic Czech Music Pieces[edit | edit source]

Here are some iconic pieces of Czech music:

Title	Year	Description
"Má vlast"	1872	A symphonic poem by Bedřich Smetana, celebrating the beauty of the Czech landscape.
"Symphony No. 9"	1893	Antonín Dvořák's famous symphony, known as the "New World Symphony."
"Sinfonietta"	1926	A vibrant orchestral work by Leoš Janáček.
"Song for the Moon"	1982	A popular song by Karel Gott, beloved across generations.
"Czech Suite"	1932	A suite by Vítězslav Novák that highlights Czech folk themes and melodies.

Exercises and Practice Scenarios[edit | edit source]

Now that we've explored the fascinating world of Czech film and music, it's time to reinforce your learning with some exercises. Here are ten engaging activities to help you practice.

Exercise 1: Match the Filmmaker[edit | edit source]

Match the filmmaker with their notable film.

1. Miloš Forman

2. Věra Chytilová

3. Jiří Menzel

4. Jan Švankmajer

5. Karel Zeman

A. "The Shop on Main Street"

B. "Daisies"

C. "Closely Watched Trains"

D. "The Firemen's Ball"

E. "The Little Mermaid"

Solution:

1 - A

2 - B

3 - C

4 - D

5 - E

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct Czech film titles.

"________" is a surreal comedy exploring the lives of two young women.

"________" is a coming-of-age film set during WWII.

Solution:

"Daisies"

"Closely Watched Trains"

Exercise 3: Identify the Composer[edit | edit source]

Identify the composer based on the provided description.

1. Known for "Má vlast"

2. Famous for the "New World Symphony"

3. Created "Sinfonietta"

Solution:

1 - Bedřich Smetana

2 - Antonín Dvořák

3 - Leoš Janáček

Exercise 4: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine if the statements are true or false.

Karel Gott is known for classical music.

The 1960s marked the Golden Age of Czech cinema.

Solution:

1 - False

2 - True

Exercise 5: Multiple Choice[edit | edit source]

What is the primary instrument used in Czech folk music?

A) Piano

B) Cymbals

C) Guitar

Solution:

B) Cymbals

Exercise 6: Vocabulary Match[edit | edit source]

Match the Czech words with their English translations.

1. Film

2. Hudba

3. Herec

4. Režisér

5. Melodie

A) Actor

B) Music

C) Film

D) Melody

E) Director

Solution:

1 - C

2 - B

3 - A

4 - E

5 - D

Exercise 7: Short Answer[edit | edit source]

What is the significance of the Czech New Wave in film?

Solution: The Czech New Wave was a movement in the 1960s that brought innovative storytelling and visual styles, reflecting societal changes.

Exercise 8: Create a Sentence[edit | edit source]

Create a sentence using the following words: "Daisies", "young women", "society".

Solution: "Daisies" is a film that challenges societal norms through the lives of two young women.

Exercise 9: Discussion Questions[edit | edit source]

Discuss with a partner:

What is your favorite Czech film and why?

How do you think music influences culture?

Solution: There are no specific solutions; this is for discussion.

Exercise 10: Listening Activity[edit | edit source]

Listen to a piece of Czech music and write down your impressions.

Solution: Responses will vary; students should express their feelings about the music.

As we wrap up this lesson, I hope you feel inspired to explore more of Czech film and music. These artistic expressions not only enrich your Czech language learning journey but also connect you to the heart of Czech culture. Keep practicing and enjoy the beauty of the Czech arts!

Table of Contents - Czech Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Course Presentation

Alphabet and Pronunciation

Nouns and Pronouns

Verbs

Adjectives and Adverbs

Greetings and Introductions

At the Restaurant

Daily Life

History and Traditions

Art and Heritage

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

◀️ Architecture and Landmark — Previous Lesson

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+<span pgnav>
+{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
+|[[Language/Czech/Culture/Architecture-and-Landmark|◀️ Architecture and Landmark — Previous Lesson]]
+|}
+</span>
 {{Czech-Page-Top}}
+<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Czech|Czech]]  → [[Language/Czech/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Czech/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Czech Film and Music</div>
+Welcome to the exciting world of Czech culture, where film and music play pivotal roles in reflecting the country's rich history and vibrant spirit. In this lesson, we will explore the significance of Czech film and music, highlighting key artists, productions, and their contributions to both Czech culture and the broader global artistic landscape. As complete beginners, this will be an engaging journey into the heart of Czech creativity, providing you with insights that not only enhance your language skills but also deepen your appreciation for Czech heritage.
+'''Importance of Film and Music in Czech Culture'''
+Film and music are crucial expressions of cultural identity in the Czech Republic. From the early days of cinema to contemporary productions, Czech filmmakers and musicians have made substantial contributions to the arts.
+* '''Film''': Czech cinema has gained international recognition for its unique storytelling, innovative techniques, and cultural narratives. It reflects the societal changes and historical events that have shaped the nation.
+* '''Music''': The Czech Republic has a rich musical tradition, encompassing classical, folk, jazz, and contemporary genres. Renowned composers like Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana have left an indelible mark on classical music, while modern artists continue to innovate and inspire.
+In this lesson, we will cover:
+* A brief history of Czech film and music
+* Key figures in Czech cinema and music
+* Iconic films and musical pieces
+* Exercises to practice your new vocabulary and knowledge
-<div class="pg_page_title">Czech Culture →  → Czech Film and Music</div>
 __TOC__
-As a Czech language teacher, I cannot stress enough the importance of incorporating cultural elements into language learning. Not only does it make the learning process more interesting and engaging, but it also provides learners with a deeper appreciation of the language and its speakers. In this lesson, we will dive into the world of Czech film and music, two major components of Czech culture that have gained recognition worldwide.
+=== A Brief History of Czech Film ===
+Czech cinema has a storied history that dates back to the late 19th century. It has evolved through various phases, each contributing to the rich tapestry of Czech culture.
+==== Early Beginnings ====
+* The first Czech films were created in the 1890s, with Lumière-style short films showcasing local life.
+* The establishment of the first Czech film studio, '''Československý státní film''', in 1945 marked the beginning of a more structured film production environment.
+==== The Golden Age ====
+* The 1960s are often referred to as the Golden Age of Czech cinema, characterized by a wave of artistic innovation known as the '''Czech New Wave'''.
-== Czech Film ==
+* Filmmakers like '''Věra Chytilová''' and '''Miloš Forman''' gained international acclaim for their unconventional narratives and visual styles.
-When it comes to Czech cinema, one cannot overlook the works of legendary filmmaker Miloš Forman. Born in Čáslav, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic), Forman went on to direct critically acclaimed films both in Czechoslovakia and the United States. Some of his most notable works include "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" and "Amadeus," both of which won Oscars for Best Picture. Other prominent Czech filmmakers include Jan Švankmajer, a puppeteer and animator known for his surrealist works, and Věra Chytilová, a female director known for her feminist films.
-Czech cinema also has a rich history of animated films, dating back to the 1920s. Jiří Trnka, considered the father of Czech animation, created numerous shorts and feature-length films throughout his career, many of which are still popular today. Another renowned Czech animator is Jan Svěrák, who won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for his 1996 film "Kolya."
+=== Key Figures in Czech Film ===
-Here are some of the most important Czech films:
+Czech cinema boasts numerous influential filmmakers and actors whose works continue to resonate today. Here are some notable names:
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Czech !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
+! Czech !! Pronunciation !! English
 |-
-| Hoří, má panenko || 'ho-rzee ma pa-nen-ko || The Firemen's Ball
+| Miloš Forman || [ˈmɪloʃ ˈfoʁman] || Milos Forman
 |-
-| Ostře sledované vlaky || 'os-tre se-dova-ne vla-ky || Closely Watched Trains
+| Věra Chytilová || [ˈvjɛra ˈxɪtɪlova] || Vera Chytilová
 |-
-| Kolya || 'ko-lya || Kolya
+| Jiří Menzel || [ˈjiːr̝iː ˈmɛnʦɛl] || Jiří Menzel
 |-
-| Obecná škola || 'o-bet-sna shko-la || The Elementary School
+| Jan Švankmajer || [jan ˈʃvaŋkmaɪ̯ɛr] || Jan Švankmajer
 |-
-| Šílení || 'shee-le-nee || Lunacy
+| Karel Zeman || [ˈkarɛl ˈzɛman] || Karel Zeman
 |}
-== Czech Music ==
+=== Iconic Czech Films ===
-Music is an integral part of Czech culture, with a rich tradition dating back centuries. Perhaps one of the most well-known Czech composers is Antonín Dvořák, who created a number of symphonies, chamber works, and operas during the late 19th century. Bedřich Smetana is another renowned composer who is often referred to as the father of Czech music, with works like "The Moldau" and "My Country" depicting the beauty and grandeur of the Czech landscape.
+Here are some iconic Czech films that have left a significant impact both domestically and internationally:
+{| class="wikitable"
-In addition to classical music, Czech Republic has a vibrant contemporary music scene as well. From rock to pop to alternative, Czech musicians have made their mark both locally and internationally. Here are some noteworthy Czech musicians and bands:
+! Title !! Year !! Description
-* Karel Gott – Often referred to as the Czech Elvis Presley, Gott was one of the most popular Czech singers of all time, with a career spanning over 50 years.
+|-
-* Lucie – A popular rock band formed in the 1980s, Lucie is known for their catchy melodies and socially conscious lyrics.
-* Kryštof – Formed in 1995, Kryštof is a popular alternative rock band with a devoted fanbase in the Czech Republic.
-* Jana Kirschner – A singer-songwriter known for her soulful voice and introspective lyrics, Kirschner has released several successful albums throughout her career.
-Here are some of the most important Czech songs and albums:
+| "The Shop on Main Street" || 1965 || A poignant story about the relationship between a carpenter and a Jewish widow during WWII.
+|-
+| "Daisies" || 1966 || A surreal comedy exploring the lives of two young women who challenge societal norms.
+|-
+| "Closely Watched Trains" || 1966 || A coming-of-age film set during WWII, focusing on a young railway worker.
+|-
+| "The Firemen's Ball" || 1967 || A satirical take on the incompetence of the authorities, set during a fireman’s ball.
+|-
+| "The Little Mermaid" || 1976 || An animated adaptation of the classic fairy tale, showcasing unique Czech animation styles.
+|}
+=== A Brief History of Czech Music ===
+Czech music has a rich tradition that spans centuries, from folk melodies to classical masterpieces.
+==== Folk Music ====
+* Folk music has deep roots in Czech culture, often reflecting the daily lives and traditions of the people.
+* Instruments like the '''cymbals''' and '''fiddle''' are commonly used in folk performances.
+==== Classical Music ====
+* Czech classical music is celebrated for its emotional depth and melodic richness.
+* Notable composers such as '''Antonín Dvořák''' and '''Bedřich Smetana''' have significantly influenced the global music scene.
+=== Key Figures in Czech Music ===
+Here are some prominent Czech musicians and composers:
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Czech !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| Antonín Dvořák || [ˈantoɲiːn ˈdvorʑaːk] || Antonin Dvořák
+|-
+| Bedřich Smetana || [ˈbɛdr̝ɪx ˈsmɛtana] || Bedřich Smetana
+|-
+| Leoš Janáček || [ˈlɛoʃ ˈjanatʃɛk] || Leoš Janáček
+|-
+| Václav Havel || [ˈvaːtslaf ˈɦavɛl] || Václav Havel
+|-
+| Karel Gott || [ˈkarɛl ˈɡot] || Karel Gott
+|}
+=== Iconic Czech Music Pieces ===
+Here are some iconic pieces of Czech music:
 {| class="wikitable"
-! Czech !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
+! Title !! Year !! Description
 |-
-| "Květy" || 'kvye-ty || Flowers
+| "Má vlast" || 1872 || A symphonic poem by Bedřich Smetana, celebrating the beauty of the Czech landscape.
 |-
-| "Sám" || 'sa:m || Alone
+| "Symphony No. 9" || 1893 || Antonín Dvořák's famous symphony, known as the "New World Symphony."
 |-
-| "Ostrovy" || 'os-tro-vi || Islands
+| "Sinfonietta" || 1926 || A vibrant orchestral work by Leoš Janáček.
 |-
-| "Chci zas v tobě spát" || 'kh-tsee zas f to-beh spa:t || I Want to Sleep with You Again
+| "Song for the Moon" || 1982 || A popular song by Karel Gott, beloved across generations.
 |-
-| "Unaveni a zničeni" || oo-na-ve-ni a zni-che-ni || Tired and Destroyed
+| "Czech Suite" || 1932 || A suite by Vítězslav Novák that highlights Czech folk themes and melodies.
 |}
-I hope this lesson has introduced you to the world of Czech film and music, and has inspired you to explore more of Czech culture. By immersing yourself in these artistic expressions, not only can you improve your language skills, but you can also gain a deeper understanding of the Czech people and their way of life.
+=== Exercises and Practice Scenarios ===
-== Sources ==
+Now that we've explored the fascinating world of Czech film and music, it's time to reinforce your learning with some exercises. Here are ten engaging activities to help you practice.
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic Cinema of the Czech Republic]
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic Music of the Czech Republic]
+==== Exercise 1: Match the Filmmaker ====
+Match the filmmaker with their notable film.
+. Miloš Forman
+. Věra Chytilová
+. Jiří Menzel
+. Jan Švankmajer
+. Karel Zeman
+A. "The Shop on Main Street"
+B. "Daisies"
+C. "Closely Watched Trains"
+D. "The Firemen's Ball"
+E. "The Little Mermaid"
+'''Solution''':
+- A
+- B
+- C
+- D
+- E
+==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====
+Fill in the blanks with the correct Czech film titles.
+* "________" is a surreal comedy exploring the lives of two young women.
+* "________" is a coming-of-age film set during WWII.
+'''Solution''':
+* "Daisies"
+* "Closely Watched Trains"
+==== Exercise 3: Identify the Composer ====
+Identify the composer based on the provided description.
+. Known for "Má vlast"
+. Famous for the "New World Symphony"
+. Created "Sinfonietta"
+'''Solution''':
+- Bedřich Smetana
+- Antonín Dvořák
+- Leoš Janáček
+==== Exercise 4: True or False ====
+Determine if the statements are true or false.
+* Karel Gott is known for classical music.
+* The 1960s marked the Golden Age of Czech cinema.
+'''Solution''':
+- False
+- True
+==== Exercise 5: Multiple Choice ====
+What is the primary instrument used in Czech folk music?
+A) Piano
+B) Cymbals
+C) Guitar
+'''Solution''':
+B) Cymbals
+==== Exercise 6: Vocabulary Match ====
+Match the Czech words with their English translations.
+. Film
+. Hudba
+. Herec
+. Režisér
+. Melodie
+A) Actor
+B) Music
+C) Film
+D) Melody
+E) Director
+'''Solution''':
+- C
+- B
+- A
+- E
+- D
+==== Exercise 7: Short Answer ====
+What is the significance of the Czech New Wave in film?
+'''Solution''': The Czech New Wave was a movement in the 1960s that brought innovative storytelling and visual styles, reflecting societal changes.
+==== Exercise 8: Create a Sentence ====
+Create a sentence using the following words: "Daisies", "young women", "society".
+'''Solution''': "Daisies" is a film that challenges societal norms through the lives of two young women.
+==== Exercise 9: Discussion Questions ====
+Discuss with a partner:
+* What is your favorite Czech film and why?
+* How do you think music influences culture?
+'''Solution''': There are no specific solutions; this is for discussion.
+==== Exercise 10: Listening Activity ====
+Listen to a piece of Czech music and write down your impressions.
+'''Solution''': Responses will vary; students should express their feelings about the music.
+As we wrap up this lesson, I hope you feel inspired to explore more of Czech film and music. These artistic expressions not only enrich your Czech language learning journey but also connect you to the heart of Czech culture. Keep practicing and enjoy the beauty of the Czech arts!
 {{#seo:
-|title=Complete 0 to A1 Czech Course: Czech Film and Music
-|keywords=Czech, language, culture, film, music, Miloš Forman, Jan Švankmajer, Věra Chytilová, Jirí Trnka, Jan Svěrák, Antonín, Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana, Karel, Gott, Lucie, Kryštof, Jana Kirschner
+|title=Czech Culture: Exploring Film and Music
-|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the most important Czech film and music artists and productions, from legendary filmmaker Miloš Forman to popular rock band Lucie.
+|keywords=Czech film, Czech music, Czech culture, Czech artists, Czech movies, Czech composers, Czech New Wave
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the most important Czech film and music artists and productions, enhancing your understanding of Czech culture while improving your language skills.
 }}
-{{Czech-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
+{{Template:Czech-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
 [[Category:Course]]
@@ Line 72: / Line 366: @@
 [[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
 [[Category:Czech-0-to-A1-Course]]
+<span openai_correct_model></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4o-mini></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
+==Sources==
+* [https://www.newpraguetimes.com/new-prague-times-montgomery-messenger/content/film-highlights-role-music-czech-culture Film highlights role of music in Czech culture | MN South News]
+* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Czech-Republic/Theatre Czech Republic - Theatre | Britannica]
+* [https://catalog.ufl.edu/UGRD/courses/las_ls_mod_for_lang_czech/ Czech | Languages, Literatures, and Cultures < University of Florida]
+* [https://clcl.uiowa.edu/language-resources/czech-language-and-culture-resources Czech Language and Culture Resources | Center for Language and ...]
-==Related Lessons==
+==Other Lessons==
 * [[Language/Czech/Culture/Czech-Literature|Czech Literature]]
 * [[Language/Czech/Culture/Festivals-and-Celebrations|Festivals and Celebrations]]
@@ Line 81: / Line 383: @@
 * [[Language/Czech/Culture/History-and-Czech-Lands|History and Czech Lands]]
 * [[Language/Czech/Culture/Architecture-and-Landmark|Architecture and Landmark]]
 {{Czech-Page-Bottom}}
+<span pgnav>
+{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
+|[[Language/Czech/Culture/Architecture-and-Landmark|◀️ Architecture and Landmark — Previous Lesson]]
+|}
+</span>

Difference between revisions of "Language/Czech/Culture/Czech-Film-and-Music"

Latest revision as of 04:28, 1 August 2024

A Brief History of Czech Film[edit | edit source]

Early Beginnings[edit | edit source]

The Golden Age[edit | edit source]

Key Figures in Czech Film[edit | edit source]

Iconic Czech Films[edit | edit source]

A Brief History of Czech Music[edit | edit source]

Folk Music[edit | edit source]

Classical Music[edit | edit source]

Key Figures in Czech Music[edit | edit source]

Iconic Czech Music Pieces[edit | edit source]

Exercises and Practice Scenarios[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1: Match the Filmmaker[edit | edit source]

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Exercise 3: Identify the Composer[edit | edit source]

Exercise 4: True or False[edit | edit source]

Exercise 5: Multiple Choice[edit | edit source]

Exercise 6: Vocabulary Match[edit | edit source]

Exercise 7: Short Answer[edit | edit source]

Exercise 8: Create a Sentence[edit | edit source]

Exercise 9: Discussion Questions[edit | edit source]

Exercise 10: Listening Activity[edit | edit source]

Table of Contents - Czech Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

Navigation menu

Search