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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Czech|Czech]]  → [[Language/Czech/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Czech/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Art and Heritage → Czech Literature</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Czech|Czech]]  → [[Language/Czech/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Czech/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Czech Literature</div>
 
Welcome to the fascinating world of '''Czech Literature'''! This lesson is a delightful journey into the heart of Czech culture through its literary treasures. Understanding literature is crucial for any language learner as it opens windows to history, social issues, and the intricacies of human emotions through the unique lens of a culture. In this lesson, we'll explore some of the most significant Czech writers and their literary works, providing you with a taste of the rich stories and poetry that have shaped the Czech identity.
 
'''Lesson Structure:'''
 
1. '''Introduction to Czech Literature'''
 
2. '''Key Czech Writers and Their Works'''
 
3. '''Czech Literary Movements'''
 
4. '''Themes in Czech Literature'''
 
5. '''Exercises and Practice Scenarios'''


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Introduction to Czech Literature ===


In this lesson, we will explore Czech literature, which is an integral part of Czech culture and heritage. Czech literature has a rich history and has produced many renowned writers and literary works. By delving into Czech literature, you will not only enhance your language skills but also gain insights into Czech society, history, and values. In this comprehensive lesson, we will introduce you to some of the most important Czech writers and their literary works, providing you with a solid foundation in Czech literature. Let's dive into the fascinating world of Czech literature!
Czech literature has a long and illustrious history, deeply intertwined with the nation's cultural evolution. From medieval texts to contemporary novels, Czech literature reflects shifts in society, politics, and philosophy. The language itself has played a pivotal role in expressing the unique experiences of the Czech people, providing insights into their struggles, triumphs, and everyday life.


== Importance of Czech Literature ==
Throughout the centuries, Czech writers have made significant contributions to world literature. They have tackled themes such as identity, nationalism, love, and existentialism, often influenced by historical events. As a beginner, immersing yourself in Czech literature will not only enhance your language skills but also deepen your appreciation for Czech culture.


Czech literature plays a significant role in the development and preservation of the Czech language. It not only showcases the beauty and versatility of the language but also reflects the historical, cultural, and social aspects of Czech society. By studying Czech literature, you will deepen your understanding of the Czech language and gain valuable insights into Czech history, traditions, and values. Moreover, Czech literature has produced numerous masterpieces that have achieved international recognition, making it an essential part of world literature. Through this lesson, you will explore the works of some of the most influential Czech writers and appreciate the richness and depth of Czech literary heritage.
=== Key Czech Writers and Their Works ===


== Structure of the Lesson ==
Czech literature is home to a multitude of remarkable authors, each with their unique style and perspective. Here are some of the most influential Czech writers and a selection of their notable works:


This lesson is divided into several sections, each focusing on a different aspect of Czech literature. We will begin by introducing you to the historical context of Czech literature, followed by an exploration of the most important Czech writers and their works. We will also discuss the themes and styles prevalent in Czech literature. Throughout the lesson, we will provide examples and excerpts from notable Czech literary works to illustrate the concepts and enhance your understanding. Finally, we will conclude with a series of exercises to test your comprehension and application of the knowledge gained in this lesson. Let's embark on this exciting journey through the world of Czech literature!
{| class="wikitable"


== Historical Context of Czech Literature ==
! Czech Writer !! Notable Work !! Description


Czech literature has a long and rich history that dates back to the Middle Ages. It was during this period that the Czech language began to emerge as a literary language, with religious texts and chronicles being the earliest known works. However, it was not until the 19th century that Czech literature experienced a significant revival and gained prominence. This era, known as the Czech National Revival, was characterized by a renewed interest in Czech language, culture, and literature, as well as a sense of national identity and pride. Many of the literary works from this period played a crucial role in shaping the modern Czech nation and its cultural heritage.
|-


== Prominent Czech Writers and Their Works ==
| Karel Čapek || R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) || A science fiction play that introduced the word “robot” to the world, exploring themes of industrialization and humanity.


=== Jan Hus ===
|-


One of the most influential figures in Czech literature and history is Jan Hus. Born in the 14th century, Hus was a religious reformer and preacher who advocated for the use of the Czech language in religious services. His ideas and writings challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and laid the foundation for the Hussite movement. Hus's most famous work is his treatise "De Ecclesia," in which he criticized the corruption and abuses within the Church. Although Hus was eventually condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake, his ideas and martyrdom inspired generations of Czechs and contributed to the development of Czech literature.
| Franz Kafka || The Metamorphosis || A surreal story about a man who wakes up transformed into a giant insect, delving into themes of alienation and existential anxiety.


=== Karel Čapek ===
|-


Another prominent figure in Czech literature is Karel Čapek, a renowned playwright, novelist, and essayist. Čapek is best known for his science fiction play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots), which introduced the term "robot" to the world. The play explores themes of technology, humanity, and the consequences of industrialization. Beyond science fiction, Čapek's works often tackled social and political issues, displaying his keen observation of human nature and society. His writings continue to be celebrated for their wit, creativity, and thought-provoking ideas.
| Jaroslav Hašek || The Good Soldier Švejk || A satirical novel depicting the absurdity of war through the misadventures of a soldier during World War I.


=== Franz Kafka ===
|-


Franz Kafka, although born in Prague to a German-speaking family, is often associated with Czech literature due to his connection to the city and his profound influence on Czech writers. Kafka's works, such as "The Trial" and "The Metamorphosis," are renowned for their exploration of existential themes, alienation, and the absurdity of modern life. His writing style, characterized by its precision, introspection, and haunting atmosphere, continues to captivate readers worldwide. Kafka's legacy can be seen in the works of many Czech writers who were inspired by his unique perspective on the human condition.
| Milan Kundera || The Unbearable Lightness of Being || A philosophical novel that intertwines personal and political lives during the Prague Spring of 1968.


=== Bohumil Hrabal ===
|-


Bohumil Hrabal is considered one of the most important Czech writers of the 20th century. His works often combine elements of realism, surrealism, and absurdity, creating a distinctive style that reflects the complexity and contradictions of the human experience. Hrabal's novel "Closely Watched Trains" is a masterpiece of Czech literature, depicting the life of a young railway worker during World War II. Hrabal's writing is characterized by its humor, vivid imagery, and profound insights into the human psyche. His works continue to be celebrated for their unique voice and artistic vision.
| Božena Němcová || The Grandmother (Babička) || A nostalgic tale that reflects Czech rural life and traditions through the eyes of a grandmother figure.


=== Milan Kundera ===
|-


Milan Kundera is a highly acclaimed Czech-French writer known for his philosophical novels and essays. His most famous work, "The Unbearable Lightness of Being," explores themes of love, fate, and the nature of existence against the backdrop of the Prague Spring and the subsequent Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. Kundera's writing is characterized by its intellectual depth, intricate narrative structure, and profound exploration of human emotions and relationships. His works have been translated into numerous languages and have gained international recognition.
| Václav Havel || The Garden Party || A play that critiques bureaucracy and the absurdity of life in a totalitarian state.


== Themes and Styles in Czech Literature ==
|-
 
| Petr Král || The Way to Prague || A poetic exploration of identity and memory, blending personal experiences with broader historical references.


Czech literature encompasses a wide range of themes and styles, reflecting the diversity and complexity of Czech society and culture. From historical epics and romantic poetry to avant-garde experimental works, Czech literature offers a rich tapestry of genres and themes. Some common themes explored in Czech literature include love, identity, social and political issues, existentialism, and the search for meaning in life. Czech writers often employ vivid imagery, poetic language, and profound symbolism to convey their ideas and evoke emotions in readers. The unique blend of realism, surrealism, and absurdity is a hallmark of Czech literature, creating a distinct and captivating literary tradition.
|-


== Exercises ==
| Jiří Suchý || The People of Our Town || A musical comedy that captures the spirit of Czech humor and community life.


1. Match the following Czech writers with their famous works:
|-
 
| Ema Destinnová || Various Operas || A renowned opera singer whose performances brought Czech music to the world stage, contributing to the literature of opera.
 
|-
 
| Václav Čtvrtek || The Adventures of the Little Mole (Krtek) || A beloved children's series that teaches moral lessons through the endearing character of a little mole.
 
|}
 
=== Czech Literary Movements ===
 
Czech literature has evolved through various movements, each reflecting the changing social and political landscape. Understanding these movements will help you appreciate the context behind the works. Here are some key literary movements:
 
* '''Romanticism''': Focused on emotion and individualism, this movement celebrated nature and national identity, with writers like Karel Hynek Mácha leading the way.
 
* '''Realism''': This movement depicted everyday life and society, emphasizing the importance of factual representation. Authors like Božena Němcová were influential during this period.
 
* '''Modernism''': Characterized by a break from traditional forms, modernism in Czech literature saw writers like Franz Kafka exploring new narrative styles and existential themes.
 
* '''Socialist Realism''': Under the influence of communism, this movement aimed to promote socialist ideals through literature, with a focus on the working class.
 
* '''Postmodernism''': In the late 20th century, Czech literature began to reflect a more fragmented reality, with authors like Milan Kundera questioning narrative and identity.
 
=== Themes in Czech Literature ===
 
Czech literature is rich with recurring themes that resonate deeply with readers. Here are some prevalent themes found in Czech literary works:
 
1. '''Identity and Alienation''': Many authors explore the complexities of personal and national identity, often reflecting on the feelings of isolation and disconnection.
 
2. '''Historical Trauma''': The impact of World War II and communism has left a profound mark on Czech literature, shaping narratives around loss, suffering, and resilience.
 
3. '''Love and Relationships''': Romantic entanglements, familial bonds, and friendships are common subjects, often portrayed with a mix of humor and tragedy.
 
4. '''Absurdity of Life''': Influenced by existential philosophy, many writers present life as inherently absurd, questioning the meaning of existence.
 
5. '''Nature and Rural Life''': Many works celebrate the beauty of the Czech landscape and the simplicity of rural life, often reflecting on the connection between people and nature.
 
=== Exercises and Practice Scenarios ===
 
Now that you have a taste of Czech literature, it’s time to put your knowledge into practice! Here are some exercises designed to reinforce what you’ve learned:
 
==== Exercise 1: Matching Authors to Works ====
 
Match the Czech writer to their notable work.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Czech Writer !! Famous Work
 
! Writer !! Notable Work  
 
|-
|-
| Jan Hus || a. R.U.R.
 
| Karel Čapek || A. The Grandmother
 
|-
|-
| Karel Čapek || b. The Trial
 
| Franz Kafka || B. R.U.R.
 
|-
|-
| Franz Kafka || c. De Ecclesia
 
| Milan Kundera || C. The Metamorphosis
 
|-
|-
| Bohumil Hrabal || d. Closely Watched Trains
 
|-
| Božena Němcová || D. The Unbearable Lightness of Being
| Milan Kundera || e. The Unbearable Lightness of Being
 
|}
|}


Solution:
* '''Solutions''':
* Jan Hus - c. De Ecclesia
 
* Karel Čapek - a. R.U.R.
* Karel Čapek - B
* Franz Kafka - b. The Trial
 
* Bohumil Hrabal - d. Closely Watched Trains
* Franz Kafka - C
* Milan Kundera - e. The Unbearable Lightness of Being
 
* Milan Kundera - D
 
* Božena Němcová - A
 
==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====
 
Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the word bank.
 
* Word bank: alienation, absurdity, identity
 
1. Many Czech writers explore the theme of ___________ in their works.
 
2. The ___________ of life is a common subject in postmodern Czech literature.
 
3. Questions of ___________ are central to characters in Kafka's stories.


2. Discuss the themes and styles prevalent in Czech literature. Provide examples from specific works to support your analysis.
* '''Solutions''':


Solution:
1. identity
Czech literature explores a wide range of themes, including love, identity, social and political issues, existentialism, and the search for meaning in life. For example, in Karel Čapek's play "R.U.R.," the theme of technological advancement and its impact on humanity is examined. The play raises questions about the ethical implications of creating artificial beings and the potential consequences of relying too heavily on technology. Another prevalent theme is the absurdity of modern life, as seen in Franz Kafka's "The Trial." The novel follows the protagonist's struggle against an inexplicable and oppressive legal system, highlighting the absurdity and powerlessness of the individual in the face of bureaucracy. These examples illustrate the diverse themes and thought-provoking ideas present in Czech literature.


== Conclusion ==
2. absurdity


Czech literature is a treasure trove of literary masterpieces that not only showcase the beauty and versatility of the Czech language but also provide valuable insights into Czech society, history, and values. Through the works of renowned Czech writers such as Jan Hus, Karel Čapek, Franz Kafka, Bohumil Hrabal, and Milan Kundera, we have explored the themes, styles, and historical context of Czech literature. By diving into Czech literature, you will deepen your understanding of the language, gain cultural knowledge, and appreciate the profound contributions of Czech writers to world literature. We hope this lesson has sparked your interest in Czech literature and inspired you to explore further. Happy reading!
3. alienation
 
==== Exercise 3: True or False ====
 
Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
 
1. Karel Čapek wrote The Good Soldier Švejk.
 
2. Milan Kundera is known for his contributions to modernist literature.
 
3. Božena Němcová's work focuses on Czech rural life.
 
* '''Solutions''':
 
1. False
 
2. True
 
3. True
 
==== Exercise 4: Short Answer Questions ====
 
Answer the following questions in a few sentences.
 
1. What is the significance of the word "robot" in Czech literature?
 
2. How did World War II influence Czech writers?
 
* '''Solutions''':
 
1. The word "robot" was introduced by Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R., symbolizing the impact of industrialization and the ethical dilemmas surrounding technology.
 
2. World War II left deep scars on Czech society, and many writers addressed themes of loss, trauma, and resilience in their works as a response to the horrors of war.
 
==== Exercise 5: Creative Writing ====
 
Write a short paragraph imagining you are a character in a Czech novel. What challenges do you face, and how do you perceive your surroundings?
 
* '''Solutions''': (Answers will vary based on students’ creativity.)
 
==== Exercise 6: Identify the Theme ====
 
Read the following excerpts and identify the central theme.
 
1. "The streets felt empty, as if the world had forgotten me."
 
2. "The sun shone brightly over the fields, a reminder of simpler times."
 
* '''Solutions''':
 
1. Alienation
 
2. Nature and Rural Life
 
==== Exercise 7: Group Discussion ====
 
Discuss with a partner the impact of historical events on Czech literature. Provide examples.
 
* '''Solutions''': (Answers will vary based on discussions.)
 
==== Exercise 8: Author's Biography ====
 
Choose one Czech writer and write a short biography, highlighting their major works and contributions to literature.
 
* '''Solutions''': (Answers will vary based on students’ research.)
 
==== Exercise 9: Literary Devices ====
 
Identify literary devices used in the following sentence: "He felt like a ghost in a crowded room."
 
* '''Solutions''': Metaphor, imagery.
 
==== Exercise 10: Create Your Own Story ====
 
Using at least three themes discussed in this lesson, create a short story outline.
 
* '''Solutions''': (Answers will vary based on students’ creativity.)
 
In conclusion, exploring Czech literature offers an enriching perspective on the Czech language and culture. By understanding the writers and their contexts, you can deepen your appreciation for the nuances of the language itself. Keep reading, writing, and reflecting, and you'll find yourself not only learning a new language but also engaging with a vibrant culture.


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Czech Culture → Art and Heritage → Czech Literature
 
|keywords=Czech literature, Czech writers, Czech literary works, Czech language, Czech culture, Czech heritage
|title=Czech Culture and Literature: A Beginner's Guide
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the most important Czech writers and literary works, exploring the historical context, themes, and styles of Czech literature. Gain insights into Czech society, history, and values through the fascinating world of Czech literature.
 
|keywords=Czech literature, Czech writers, language learning, cultural appreciation, Czech culture
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about key Czech writers, their notable works, and the themes present in Czech literature, enhancing your understanding of Czech culture.
 
}}
}}


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==Videos==
==Videos==

Latest revision as of 04:25, 1 August 2024

◀️ Czech Cuisine — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Architecture and Landmark ▶️

Czech-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Czech → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Czech Literature

Welcome to the fascinating world of Czech Literature! This lesson is a delightful journey into the heart of Czech culture through its literary treasures. Understanding literature is crucial for any language learner as it opens windows to history, social issues, and the intricacies of human emotions through the unique lens of a culture. In this lesson, we'll explore some of the most significant Czech writers and their literary works, providing you with a taste of the rich stories and poetry that have shaped the Czech identity.

Lesson Structure:

1. Introduction to Czech Literature

2. Key Czech Writers and Their Works

3. Czech Literary Movements

4. Themes in Czech Literature

5. Exercises and Practice Scenarios

Introduction to Czech Literature[edit | edit source]

Czech literature has a long and illustrious history, deeply intertwined with the nation's cultural evolution. From medieval texts to contemporary novels, Czech literature reflects shifts in society, politics, and philosophy. The language itself has played a pivotal role in expressing the unique experiences of the Czech people, providing insights into their struggles, triumphs, and everyday life.

Throughout the centuries, Czech writers have made significant contributions to world literature. They have tackled themes such as identity, nationalism, love, and existentialism, often influenced by historical events. As a beginner, immersing yourself in Czech literature will not only enhance your language skills but also deepen your appreciation for Czech culture.

Key Czech Writers and Their Works[edit | edit source]

Czech literature is home to a multitude of remarkable authors, each with their unique style and perspective. Here are some of the most influential Czech writers and a selection of their notable works:

Czech Writer Notable Work Description
Karel Čapek R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) A science fiction play that introduced the word “robot” to the world, exploring themes of industrialization and humanity.
Franz Kafka The Metamorphosis A surreal story about a man who wakes up transformed into a giant insect, delving into themes of alienation and existential anxiety.
Jaroslav Hašek The Good Soldier Švejk A satirical novel depicting the absurdity of war through the misadventures of a soldier during World War I.
Milan Kundera The Unbearable Lightness of Being A philosophical novel that intertwines personal and political lives during the Prague Spring of 1968.
Božena Němcová The Grandmother (Babička) A nostalgic tale that reflects Czech rural life and traditions through the eyes of a grandmother figure.
Václav Havel The Garden Party A play that critiques bureaucracy and the absurdity of life in a totalitarian state.
Petr Král The Way to Prague A poetic exploration of identity and memory, blending personal experiences with broader historical references.
Jiří Suchý The People of Our Town A musical comedy that captures the spirit of Czech humor and community life.
Ema Destinnová Various Operas A renowned opera singer whose performances brought Czech music to the world stage, contributing to the literature of opera.
Václav Čtvrtek The Adventures of the Little Mole (Krtek) A beloved children's series that teaches moral lessons through the endearing character of a little mole.

Czech Literary Movements[edit | edit source]

Czech literature has evolved through various movements, each reflecting the changing social and political landscape. Understanding these movements will help you appreciate the context behind the works. Here are some key literary movements:

  • Romanticism: Focused on emotion and individualism, this movement celebrated nature and national identity, with writers like Karel Hynek Mácha leading the way.
  • Realism: This movement depicted everyday life and society, emphasizing the importance of factual representation. Authors like Božena Němcová were influential during this period.
  • Modernism: Characterized by a break from traditional forms, modernism in Czech literature saw writers like Franz Kafka exploring new narrative styles and existential themes.
  • Socialist Realism: Under the influence of communism, this movement aimed to promote socialist ideals through literature, with a focus on the working class.
  • Postmodernism: In the late 20th century, Czech literature began to reflect a more fragmented reality, with authors like Milan Kundera questioning narrative and identity.

Themes in Czech Literature[edit | edit source]

Czech literature is rich with recurring themes that resonate deeply with readers. Here are some prevalent themes found in Czech literary works:

1. Identity and Alienation: Many authors explore the complexities of personal and national identity, often reflecting on the feelings of isolation and disconnection.

2. Historical Trauma: The impact of World War II and communism has left a profound mark on Czech literature, shaping narratives around loss, suffering, and resilience.

3. Love and Relationships: Romantic entanglements, familial bonds, and friendships are common subjects, often portrayed with a mix of humor and tragedy.

4. Absurdity of Life: Influenced by existential philosophy, many writers present life as inherently absurd, questioning the meaning of existence.

5. Nature and Rural Life: Many works celebrate the beauty of the Czech landscape and the simplicity of rural life, often reflecting on the connection between people and nature.

Exercises and Practice Scenarios[edit | edit source]

Now that you have a taste of Czech literature, it’s time to put your knowledge into practice! Here are some exercises designed to reinforce what you’ve learned:

Exercise 1: Matching Authors to Works[edit | edit source]

Match the Czech writer to their notable work.

Writer Notable Work
Karel Čapek A. The Grandmother
Franz Kafka B. R.U.R.
Milan Kundera C. The Metamorphosis
Božena Němcová D. The Unbearable Lightness of Being
  • Solutions:
  • Karel Čapek - B
  • Franz Kafka - C
  • Milan Kundera - D
  • Božena Němcová - A

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the word bank.

  • Word bank: alienation, absurdity, identity

1. Many Czech writers explore the theme of ___________ in their works.

2. The ___________ of life is a common subject in postmodern Czech literature.

3. Questions of ___________ are central to characters in Kafka's stories.

  • Solutions:

1. identity

2. absurdity

3. alienation

Exercise 3: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Karel Čapek wrote The Good Soldier Švejk.

2. Milan Kundera is known for his contributions to modernist literature.

3. Božena Němcová's work focuses on Czech rural life.

  • Solutions:

1. False

2. True

3. True

Exercise 4: Short Answer Questions[edit | edit source]

Answer the following questions in a few sentences.

1. What is the significance of the word "robot" in Czech literature?

2. How did World War II influence Czech writers?

  • Solutions:

1. The word "robot" was introduced by Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R., symbolizing the impact of industrialization and the ethical dilemmas surrounding technology.

2. World War II left deep scars on Czech society, and many writers addressed themes of loss, trauma, and resilience in their works as a response to the horrors of war.

Exercise 5: Creative Writing[edit | edit source]

Write a short paragraph imagining you are a character in a Czech novel. What challenges do you face, and how do you perceive your surroundings?

  • Solutions: (Answers will vary based on students’ creativity.)

Exercise 6: Identify the Theme[edit | edit source]

Read the following excerpts and identify the central theme.

1. "The streets felt empty, as if the world had forgotten me."

2. "The sun shone brightly over the fields, a reminder of simpler times."

  • Solutions:

1. Alienation

2. Nature and Rural Life

Exercise 7: Group Discussion[edit | edit source]

Discuss with a partner the impact of historical events on Czech literature. Provide examples.

  • Solutions: (Answers will vary based on discussions.)

Exercise 8: Author's Biography[edit | edit source]

Choose one Czech writer and write a short biography, highlighting their major works and contributions to literature.

  • Solutions: (Answers will vary based on students’ research.)

Exercise 9: Literary Devices[edit | edit source]

Identify literary devices used in the following sentence: "He felt like a ghost in a crowded room."

  • Solutions: Metaphor, imagery.

Exercise 10: Create Your Own Story[edit | edit source]

Using at least three themes discussed in this lesson, create a short story outline.

  • Solutions: (Answers will vary based on students’ creativity.)

In conclusion, exploring Czech literature offers an enriching perspective on the Czech language and culture. By understanding the writers and their contexts, you can deepen your appreciation for the nuances of the language itself. Keep reading, writing, and reflecting, and you'll find yourself not only learning a new language but also engaging with a vibrant culture.

Table of Contents - Czech Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Alphabet and Pronunciation


Nouns and Pronouns


Verbs


Adjectives and Adverbs


Greetings and Introductions


At the Restaurant


Daily Life


History and Traditions


Art and Heritage

Videos[edit | edit source]

The Most Beautiful Czech Books of the Year 2019 - YouTube[edit | edit source]

[The Diplomat] Ep.4 - Czech Ambassador to Korea, Tomas Husak _ ...[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]



Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Czech Cuisine — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Architecture and Landmark ▶️

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