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{{Hebrew-Page-Top}}
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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Hebrew|Hebrew]]  → [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary|Vocabulary]] → [[Language/Hebrew/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Family Members</div>
Welcome to the '''Family Members''' lesson of our "Complete 0 to A1 Hebrew Course"! Understanding family vocabulary is essential in any language, as it allows you to connect with others on a personal level. In Hebrew, discussing family is often a warm and cherished topic, reflecting the importance of family ties in Israeli culture.
In this lesson, you will learn the Hebrew words for family members, how to pronounce them, and how to use them in sentences. By the end of this lesson, you’ll be able to introduce your family in Hebrew and engage in basic conversations about them.
Here’s what we’ll cover:
* '''Family Vocabulary''': Learn key family terms in Hebrew.
* '''Pronunciation Guide''': Understand how to pronounce these words correctly.
* '''Usage in Sentences''': Explore how to use these terms in everyday conversation.
* '''Practice Exercises''': Reinforce your learning with exercises and solutions.


<div class="pg_page_title">Hebrew Vocabulary → Everyday Hebrew Vocabulary → Family Members</div>
__TOC__
__TOC__


As a Hebrew language teacher with 20 years of experience, one of the most important lessons in any Hebrew course is learning the Hebrew words for family members. Family is a central value in Hebrew culture, and having a solid understanding of these words and how to use them in sentences is essential for communication. In this lesson, you will learn the vocabulary for immediate and extended family, and how to properly use these words in Hebrew sentences.
=== Family Vocabulary ===


== Immediate Family ==
Let’s dive into the Hebrew vocabulary for family members. Below is a table that includes the Hebrew words, their pronunciation, and their English translations.
 
{| class="wikitable"


Immediate family consists of the people who are closest to us, typically related by marriage, blood or adoption. Here are some of the most common immediate family members and how to describe your relationship with them:
! Hebrew !! Pronunciation !! English


{| class="wikitable"
! Hebrew !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| אבא || av || father
 
| אִמָּא || '''ima'' || Mother
 
|-
|-
| אמא || ima || mother
 
| אָב || ''av'' || Father
 
|-
|-
| בן || ben || son
 
| בֵּן || ''ben'' || Son
 
|-
|-
| בת || bat || daughter
 
| בַּת || ''bat'' || Daughter
 
|-
|-
| אח || ach || brother (older or younger)
 
| אֲחִי || ''achi'' || Brother
 
|-
 
| אֲחוֹת || ''achot'' || Sister
 
|-
|-
| אחות || achot || sister (older or younger)
|}


''Note: In the Hebrew language, most of the nouns referring to close family members undergo a specific morphological change when referred to a male or a female. The noun has a different ending for males and females. For example, the word for ''brother" <i>(אח)</i> would change its ending to <i>-ה</i> (<i>ach</i> אח -> <i>ach**a**</i> אחות) when referring to a female sibling. ''
| סַבָּא || ''saba'' || Grandfather


To help you better understand how to use these words in context, here are some example sentences:
|-


* אבא שלי עובד בבנק. (Avi sheli oved be-bank.) - "My father works at a bank."
| סָבָּה || ''savah'' || Grandmother
* האמא שלי מבשלת טעים מאוד. (Haeema sheli mevashelat ta'im meod.) - "My mother is a really good cook."
* הבן שלי אוהב לשחק בכדורגל. (Haben sheli ohev lish'chock be-kaduregel.) - "My son loves playing soccer."
* הבת שלי לומדת פיסיקה באוניברסיטה. (Habat sheli lomedet fizika be-universita.) - "My daughter studies physics at university."
* אח שלי עובד בחברת הייטק. (Ach sheli oved bahevrat hi-tech.) - "My brother works at a high-tech company."
* האחות שלי נולדה בחו"ל וחזרה לארץ בגיל 14. (Haachot sheli noladah be-chutz-laaretz ve-chazra le-aretz be-gil 14.) - "My sister was born abroad and returned to Israel at the age of 14."


== Extended Family ==
|-


Extended family consists of relatives beyond just your immediate family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins and more distant relatives. These are important relationships to maintain in Hebrew culture, so it's important to know how to identify them using their Hebrew names:
| דּוֹד || ''dod'' || Uncle


{| class="wikitable"
! Hebrew !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| סבא || saba || grandfather
 
| דּוֹדָה || ''doda'' || Aunt
 
|-
|-
| סבתא || savta || grandmother
 
| בָּנוֹת || ''banot'' || Daughters
 
|-
|-
| דוד || dod || uncle
 
| בָּנִים || ''banim'' || Sons
 
|-
|-
| דודה || doda || aunt
 
| נֶכֶד || ''neched'' || Grandson
 
|-
|-
| בן דוד || ben-dod || cousin (male)
 
| נֶכְדָה || ''nechda'' || Granddaughter
 
|-
|-
| בת דוד || bat-dod || cousin (female)
 
| משפחה || ''mishpacha'' || Family
 
|-
 
| קְרוֹבִים || ''krovim'' || Relatives
 
|-
 
| חָתוּן || ''chatan'' || Son-in-law
 
|-
 
| כַּלָּה || ''kala'' || Daughter-in-law
 
|-
 
| גּיס || ''gys'' || Brother-in-law
 
|-
 
| גּיסָה || ''gysa'' || Sister-in-law
 
|}
|}


Here are some example sentences to help you use these words in context:
=== Pronunciation Guide ===
 
Pronunciation can sometimes be tricky, but don't worry! I've added the transliterations to help you out. Here are a few tips:
 
* The "א" (Aleph) in Hebrew can be silent.
 
* The "בּ" (Bet with a dagesh) sounds like "b," while "ב" without a dagesh sounds like "v."
 
* The "ח" (Chet) is pronounced like the "ch" in "Bach" or "loch."
 
* The "י" (Yod) can sometimes sound like "ee," especially at the end of a word.
 
=== Usage in Sentences ===
 
Now that we know the terms, let’s see how to use them in sentences. Here are some examples:
 
1. '''אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי אֹהֶבֶת אֹתָנוּ.''' 
 
'''Ima sheli ohevet otanu.'' 
 
My mother loves us.
 
2. '''אֲחִי יָשֵׁן בַּחֶדֶר שֶׁלּוֹ.''' 
 
''Achi yashen ba'cheder shelo.'' 
 
My brother sleeps in his room.
 
3. '''סַבָּא שֶׁלִּי שָׂחַק אֶת הַסִּפָּרוֹת.''' 
 
''Saba sheli sachak et hasifrot.'' 
 
My grandfather read the books.
 
4. '''בַּת שֶׁלִּי רוֹצָה לְשַׂחֵק.''' 
 
''Bat sheli rotza lesachek.'' 
 
My daughter wants to play.
 
5. '''דּוֹדָה שֶׁלִּי גָּרוּת בְּתֵל אביב.''' 
 
''Doda sheli garut be'Tel Aviv.'' 
 
My aunt lives in Tel Aviv.
 
6. '''נֶכֶד שֶׁלִּי לֹא מְבַקֵּשׁ שָׁעָה.''' 


* הסבא שלי גר בבית קשישים. (Hasaba sheli gar be-beit kshishim.) - "My grandfather lives in a retirement home."
''Neched sheli lo mevaqesh sha'ah.''
* הסבתא שלי מבשלת עוף טעים מאוד. (Hasavta sheli mevashelat oof ta'im meod.) - "My grandmother makes really good chicken."
* הדוד שלי מתעסק בתחום ההייטק. (Hadod sheli meta'asek betachum hahi-tech.) - "My uncle works in the high-tech sector."
* דודה שלי עובדת בחברת תקשורת. (Doda sheli ovedet bahevrat tikshoret.) - "My aunt works at a communications company."
* הבן דוד שלי גר באמריקה ונפגשים רק כשהוא בארץ. (Haben-dod sheli gar be-amerika unifgashim rak keshehu ba-aretz.) - "My cousin (male) lives in America and we only meet when he comes to Israel."
* יש לי בת דודה שהיא בת האחות של אמא שלי. (Yesh li bat-doda shehi bat ha-achot shel ima sheli.) - "I have a female cousin who is the daughter of my mother's sister."


== Conclusion ==
My grandson does not ask for time.


Now that you have learned the Hebrew words for immediate and extended family members, you can start practicing using them in sentences. These words are essential for communicating with others in Hebrew, and can also help you better understand Hebrew conversation and culture. Keep practicing and expanding your Hebrew vocabulary to become even more proficient in the language.
7. '''משפחתי אֲהוּבָה עלַי.''' 


== Sources ==
''Mishpahti ahuvah alai.'' 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language Hebrew Language]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_grammar Hebrew Grammar]


My family is dear to me.
8. '''חָתוּן שֶׁלִּי שָׂחַק בַּסְּפָרִים.''' 
''Chatan sheli sachak basfarim.'' 
My son-in-law laughed at the books.
9. '''גיסָה שֶׁלִּי רוֹצָה לְלַמֵּד אֶת הַשְּׁפוֹת.''' 
''Gysa sheli rotza lelamed et hasafot.'' 
My sister-in-law wants to teach languages.
10. '''אֲחוֹת שֶׁלִּי תּוֹכְנָה לְבַשֵּׁל אֹכֶל.''' 
''Achot sheli tochna levashel ochel.'' 
My sister plans to cook food.
=== Practice Exercises ===
Now that you have a good grasp of family vocabulary, it's time to practice! Below are some exercises designed to help reinforce what you’ve learned.
1. '''Match the Hebrew word to its English meaning.'''
a. אִמָּא 
b. בַּת 
c. דּוֹדָה 
d. נֶכֶד 
e. גּיסָה 
'''Answers''': 
1. e 
2. b 
3. c 
4. d 
5. a 
2. '''Fill in the blanks with the correct Hebrew word.'''
My _____ (brother) is playing outside. 
My _____ (father) is cooking dinner. 
My _____ (grandmother) is here today. 
'''Answers''': 
1. אֲחִי 
2. אָב 
3. סָבָּה 
3. '''Translate the following sentences into Hebrew.'''
a. My mother loves my sister. 
b. My aunt is coming to visit. 
c. My daughter is very smart. 
'''Answers''': 
a. אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי אֹהֶבֶת אֶת הַאֲחוֹת שֶׁלִּי. 
b. דּוֹדָה שֶׁלִּי בָּאָה לְבַקֵּר. 
c. בַּת שֶׁלִּי מְאֹד חָכָמָה. 
4. '''Create a short paragraph introducing your family in Hebrew. Use at least five family members.'''
'''Example Answer''': 
אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי אֹהֶבֶת לְבַשֵּׁל. אָב שֶׁלִּי עוֹבֵד בְּמִקְצוֹעַ לָמוּד. אֲחִי שֶׁלִּי רוֹצֶה לְשַׂחֵק כדורגל. אֲחוֹת שֶׁלִּי מְלַמֶּדֶת בַּבֵּית סֵפֶר. 
5. '''Answer the questions in Hebrew.'''
a. Who is your father? 
b. How many brothers do you have? 
c. Do you have any cousins? 
'''Example Answers''': 
a. אָב שֶׁלִּי הוּא יוסי. 
b. יֵשׁ לִי אֶחָד. 
c. יֵשׁ לִי דּוֹדִים וְדּוֹדוֹת. 
6. '''Translate the following family relationship questions into Hebrew.'''
a. Who is your sister? 
b. How old is your grandfather? 
c. Where does your uncle live? 
'''Answers''': 
a. מִי אֲחוֹת שֶׁלְּךָ? 
b. בֶּן כַּמָּה סַבָּא שֶׁלְּךָ? 
c. אֵיפֹה גּוֹרֵי דּוֹד שֶׁלְּךָ? 
7. '''Write a dialogue between two friends discussing their families. Use at least three family member terms.'''
'''Example Dialogue''': 
Friend 1: אֲחוֹת שֶׁלִּי בְּמִקְצוֹעַ אֹהֶבֶת לְהַפְסִיק. 
Friend 2: נֶפְלָא! אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי רוֹצָה לָבוֹא לְבַקֵּר. 
8. '''Identify and write the family relationship for the following terms:'''
a. סַבָּא 
b. אֲחִי 
c. גּיסָה 
'''Answers''': 
a. Grandfather 
b. Brother 
c. Sister-in-law 
9. '''Fill the gaps with the correct family member term.'''
1. אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי שׁוֹתָה קָפֶה. (Mother) 
2. ________ בְּיָדָה קְטָן. (Sister) 
3. ________ שֶׁלִּי לְהָבִיא לַחְמָנִיּוֹת. (Brother) 
'''Answers''': 
1. אִמָּא 
2. אֲחוֹת 
3. אֲחִי 
10. '''Choose the correct family member for the following sentences.'''
a. My _____ (sister) is very talented. 
b. My _____ (father) cooks well. 
c. My _____ (uncle) has a funny story. 
'''Answers''': 
a. אֲחוֹת 
b. אָב 
c. דּוֹד 
In this lesson, we’ve explored the essential vocabulary related to family members in Hebrew, learned how to pronounce them, and practiced their usage in sentences. Keep practicing, and soon you'll find these words rolling off your tongue with ease!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Hebrew Vocabulary → Everyday Hebrew Vocabulary → Family Members
 
|keywords=Hebrew vocabulary, Hebrew family members, learning Hebrew, Hebrew language course
|title=Learn Hebrew Family Vocabulary
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the Hebrew words for family members and how to use them in sentences. Keep practicing and expanding your Hebrew vocabulary to become even more proficient in the language.
 
|keywords=Hebrew, family vocabulary, Hebrew for beginners, Hebrew language, family members in Hebrew, learning Hebrew
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the Hebrew words for family members and how to use them in sentences. Perfect for beginners looking to expand their Hebrew vocabulary!
 
}}
}}


{{Hebrew-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
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[[Category:Course]]
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==Videos==
==Videos==
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===Hebrew Weekly Words with Yaara - Family - YouTube===
===Hebrew Weekly Words with Yaara - Family - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJEMgXRcszk</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJEMgXRcszk</youtube>
==Sources==
* [https://www.hebrewpod101.com/hebrew-vocabulary-lists/must-know-terms-for-family-members Must-Know Hebrew Terms for Family Members]
* [https://rosenhebrewschool.com/blog/hebrew-vocabulary-for-family-members/ Family, dear family: Hebrew vocabulary for family members - Rosen ...]
* [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Family Hebrew Vocabulary - Family]
* [https://www.lingohut.com/en/v773771/hebrew-lessons-family-members Hebrew lessons: Family members]
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Computers|Computers]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Games-and-Toys|Games and Toys]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/City|City]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Sports|Sports]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Colors,-Shapes,-and-Sizes|Colors, Shapes, and Sizes]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/How-to-Say-Hello-and-Greetings|How to Say Hello and Greetings]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Seasons|Seasons]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Colors|Colors]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Education|Education]]
* [[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Weather-and-Climate|Weather and Climate]]


{{Hebrew-Page-Bottom}}
{{Hebrew-Page-Bottom}}
<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Numbers|◀️ Numbers — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Hebrew/Vocabulary/Colors,-Shapes,-and-Sizes|Next Lesson — Colors, Shapes, and Sizes ▶️]]
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Latest revision as of 03:16, 1 August 2024

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Hebrew-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Hebrew → Vocabulary → 0 to A1 Course → Family Members

Welcome to the Family Members lesson of our "Complete 0 to A1 Hebrew Course"! Understanding family vocabulary is essential in any language, as it allows you to connect with others on a personal level. In Hebrew, discussing family is often a warm and cherished topic, reflecting the importance of family ties in Israeli culture.

In this lesson, you will learn the Hebrew words for family members, how to pronounce them, and how to use them in sentences. By the end of this lesson, you’ll be able to introduce your family in Hebrew and engage in basic conversations about them.

Here’s what we’ll cover:

  • Family Vocabulary: Learn key family terms in Hebrew.
  • Pronunciation Guide: Understand how to pronounce these words correctly.
  • Usage in Sentences: Explore how to use these terms in everyday conversation.
  • Practice Exercises: Reinforce your learning with exercises and solutions.

Family Vocabulary[edit | edit source]

Let’s dive into the Hebrew vocabulary for family members. Below is a table that includes the Hebrew words, their pronunciation, and their English translations.

Hebrew Pronunciation English
אִמָּא 'ima Mother
אָב av Father
בֵּן ben Son
בַּת bat Daughter
אֲחִי achi Brother
אֲחוֹת achot Sister
סַבָּא saba Grandfather
סָבָּה savah Grandmother
דּוֹד dod Uncle
דּוֹדָה doda Aunt
בָּנוֹת banot Daughters
בָּנִים banim Sons
נֶכֶד neched Grandson
נֶכְדָה nechda Granddaughter
משפחה mishpacha Family
קְרוֹבִים krovim Relatives
חָתוּן chatan Son-in-law
כַּלָּה kala Daughter-in-law
גּיס gys Brother-in-law
גּיסָה gysa Sister-in-law

Pronunciation Guide[edit | edit source]

Pronunciation can sometimes be tricky, but don't worry! I've added the transliterations to help you out. Here are a few tips:

  • The "א" (Aleph) in Hebrew can be silent.
  • The "בּ" (Bet with a dagesh) sounds like "b," while "ב" without a dagesh sounds like "v."
  • The "ח" (Chet) is pronounced like the "ch" in "Bach" or "loch."
  • The "י" (Yod) can sometimes sound like "ee," especially at the end of a word.

Usage in Sentences[edit | edit source]

Now that we know the terms, let’s see how to use them in sentences. Here are some examples:

1. אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי אֹהֶבֶת אֹתָנוּ.

'Ima sheli ohevet otanu.

My mother loves us.

2. אֲחִי יָשֵׁן בַּחֶדֶר שֶׁלּוֹ.

Achi yashen ba'cheder shelo.

My brother sleeps in his room.

3. סַבָּא שֶׁלִּי שָׂחַק אֶת הַסִּפָּרוֹת.

Saba sheli sachak et hasifrot.

My grandfather read the books.

4. בַּת שֶׁלִּי רוֹצָה לְשַׂחֵק.

Bat sheli rotza lesachek.

My daughter wants to play.

5. דּוֹדָה שֶׁלִּי גָּרוּת בְּתֵל אביב.

Doda sheli garut be'Tel Aviv.

My aunt lives in Tel Aviv.

6. נֶכֶד שֶׁלִּי לֹא מְבַקֵּשׁ שָׁעָה.

Neched sheli lo mevaqesh sha'ah.

My grandson does not ask for time.

7. משפחתי אֲהוּבָה עלַי.

Mishpahti ahuvah alai.

My family is dear to me.

8. חָתוּן שֶׁלִּי שָׂחַק בַּסְּפָרִים.

Chatan sheli sachak basfarim.

My son-in-law laughed at the books.

9. גיסָה שֶׁלִּי רוֹצָה לְלַמֵּד אֶת הַשְּׁפוֹת.

Gysa sheli rotza lelamed et hasafot.

My sister-in-law wants to teach languages.

10. אֲחוֹת שֶׁלִּי תּוֹכְנָה לְבַשֵּׁל אֹכֶל.

Achot sheli tochna levashel ochel.

My sister plans to cook food.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that you have a good grasp of family vocabulary, it's time to practice! Below are some exercises designed to help reinforce what you’ve learned.

1. Match the Hebrew word to its English meaning.

a. אִמָּא

b. בַּת

c. דּוֹדָה

d. נֶכֶד

e. גּיסָה

Answers:

1. e

2. b

3. c

4. d

5. a

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct Hebrew word.

My _____ (brother) is playing outside.

My _____ (father) is cooking dinner.

My _____ (grandmother) is here today.

Answers:

1. אֲחִי

2. אָב

3. סָבָּה

3. Translate the following sentences into Hebrew.

a. My mother loves my sister.

b. My aunt is coming to visit.

c. My daughter is very smart.

Answers:

a. אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי אֹהֶבֶת אֶת הַאֲחוֹת שֶׁלִּי.

b. דּוֹדָה שֶׁלִּי בָּאָה לְבַקֵּר.

c. בַּת שֶׁלִּי מְאֹד חָכָמָה.

4. Create a short paragraph introducing your family in Hebrew. Use at least five family members.

Example Answer:

אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי אֹהֶבֶת לְבַשֵּׁל. אָב שֶׁלִּי עוֹבֵד בְּמִקְצוֹעַ לָמוּד. אֲחִי שֶׁלִּי רוֹצֶה לְשַׂחֵק כדורגל. אֲחוֹת שֶׁלִּי מְלַמֶּדֶת בַּבֵּית סֵפֶר.

5. Answer the questions in Hebrew.

a. Who is your father?

b. How many brothers do you have?

c. Do you have any cousins?

Example Answers:

a. אָב שֶׁלִּי הוּא יוסי.

b. יֵשׁ לִי אֶחָד.

c. יֵשׁ לִי דּוֹדִים וְדּוֹדוֹת.

6. Translate the following family relationship questions into Hebrew.

a. Who is your sister?

b. How old is your grandfather?

c. Where does your uncle live?

Answers:

a. מִי אֲחוֹת שֶׁלְּךָ?

b. בֶּן כַּמָּה סַבָּא שֶׁלְּךָ?

c. אֵיפֹה גּוֹרֵי דּוֹד שֶׁלְּךָ?

7. Write a dialogue between two friends discussing their families. Use at least three family member terms.

Example Dialogue:

Friend 1: אֲחוֹת שֶׁלִּי בְּמִקְצוֹעַ אֹהֶבֶת לְהַפְסִיק.

Friend 2: נֶפְלָא! אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי רוֹצָה לָבוֹא לְבַקֵּר.

8. Identify and write the family relationship for the following terms:

a. סַבָּא

b. אֲחִי

c. גּיסָה

Answers:

a. Grandfather

b. Brother

c. Sister-in-law

9. Fill the gaps with the correct family member term.

1. אִמָּא שֶׁלִּי שׁוֹתָה קָפֶה. (Mother)

2. ________ בְּיָדָה קְטָן. (Sister)

3. ________ שֶׁלִּי לְהָבִיא לַחְמָנִיּוֹת. (Brother)

Answers:

1. אִמָּא

2. אֲחוֹת

3. אֲחִי

10. Choose the correct family member for the following sentences.

a. My _____ (sister) is very talented.

b. My _____ (father) cooks well.

c. My _____ (uncle) has a funny story.

Answers:

a. אֲחוֹת

b. אָב

c. דּוֹד

In this lesson, we’ve explored the essential vocabulary related to family members in Hebrew, learned how to pronounce them, and practiced their usage in sentences. Keep practicing, and soon you'll find these words rolling off your tongue with ease!

Table of Contents - Hebrew Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Hebrew Alphabet


Everyday Hebrew Vocabulary


Hebrew Grammar


Israeli Culture


Hebrew Expressions


Hebrew Numbers


Hebrew Geography and Landmarks


Hebrew Literature and Language


Grammar Review

Videos[edit | edit source]

Learn Hebrew Vocabulary for Kids | Family Members - YouTube[edit | edit source]

My Family - Family Members in Hebrew - YouTube[edit | edit source]

How to Talk about Your Family in Hebrew? - YouTube[edit | edit source]

Learn the Top 15 Must-Know Hebrew Family Words - YouTube[edit | edit source]

Hebrew Weekly Words with Yaara - Family - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]



Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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