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{{Romanian-Page-Top}}
{{Romanian-Page-Top}}
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Romanian|Romanian]]  → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns</div>
Welcome to this exciting lesson on '''reflexive verbs and pronouns''' in Romanian! As we dive into this topic, you'll discover how reflexive verbs can add depth and nuance to your conversations. Understanding reflexive verbs is essential for expressing actions that people do to themselves, and it will significantly enhance your ability to communicate effectively in Romanian.
In this lesson, we’ll explore:
* The definition and importance of reflexive verbs and pronouns
* How to identify and conjugate reflexive verbs
* Practical examples to illustrate their use
* Exercises to test your comprehension and application skills


<div class="pg_page_title">Romanian Grammar → Intermediate Romanian Grammar → Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns</div>
So grab your notepad, and let’s embark on this learning journey together!


__TOC__
__TOC__


Reflexive verbs and pronouns are an essential component of intermediate-level Romanian grammar. As a Romanian language teacher with over 20 years of experience, I've found that many students struggle to grasp the concept of reflexive verbs and pronouns. However, gaining a strong understanding of these elements is crucial for advancing to the next level of language proficiency. In this lesson, we'll explore what reflexive verbs and pronouns are, how to use them, and some common mistakes to avoid.  
=== What are Reflexive Verbs? ===
 
Reflexive verbs are verbs where the subject performs an action on itself. In Romanian, these verbs are accompanied by reflexive pronouns, which indicate that the action is reflected back to the subject. For instance, in English, we say "I wash myself," where "myself" is the reflexive pronoun that indicates the action is performed by the subject on itself.
 
In Romanian, the structure often appears as follows:
 
* '''Romanian:''' Eu mă spăl.
 
* '''Translation:''' I wash myself.
 
The reflexive pronoun "mă" (myself) reflects the action back to the subject "eu" (I).
 
=== Importance of Reflexive Verbs ===
 
Understanding reflexive verbs is crucial for beginners in Romanian for several reasons:


== What are reflexive verbs and pronouns? ==
* '''Self-Action Descriptions:''' They help describe personal routines and activities, making your speech more relatable.


Firstly, let's define what we're talking about. Reflexive verbs are verbs whose action is directed back onto the subject performing the action. In Romanian, this is expressed by adding the reflexive pronoun “se” at the end of the infinitive form of the verb.
* '''Cultural Relevance:''' Many reflexive verbs are used in everyday Romanian, and recognizing them will help you understand conversations better.


For instance, consider the verb "spăla" (to wash):
* '''Complex Sentences:''' They pave the way for constructing more complex sentences, enhancing your overall proficiency in Romanian.


* "Eu spăl vasele" (I wash the dishes) - non-reflexive
=== Reflexive Pronouns in Romanian ===
* "Eu mă spăl" (I wash myself) - reflexive


In the reflexive form, the subject is doing the action to themselves. Therefore, reflexive verbs require the addition of a reflexive pronoun, which agrees with the subject. The reflexive pronouns in Romanian are:
In Romanian, reflexive pronouns change based on the subject. Here’s a quick overview:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Subject !! Pronoun


|-
|-
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"| Eu || style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"| Mă || Myself
 
| eu (I) || mă
 
|-
|-
| El / ea || Se || Himself / herself
 
| tu (you - singular) || te
 
|-
|-
| Noi || Ne || Ourselves
 
| el/ea (he/she) || se
 
|-
|-
| Voi || Vați || Yourselves
 
| noi (we) || ne
 
|-
 
| voi (you - plural) || vă
 
|-
|-
| Ei / ele || Se || Themselves
 
| ei/ele (they) || se
 
|}
|}


These pronouns will follow the verb and will show the action is being performed by the subject onto themselves.
=== Conjugating Reflexive Verbs ===
 
Conjugating reflexive verbs involves two components: the verb itself and the appropriate reflexive pronoun. The reflexive pronoun is placed before the verb in Romanian.
 
Here’s how you would conjugate the verb '''a spăla''' (to wash):
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Pronoun !! Conjugation
 
|-
 
| eu (I) || mă spăl
 
|-
 
| tu (you - singular) || te speli
 
|-
 
| el/ea (he/she) || se spală
 
|-
 
| noi (we) || ne spălăm
 
|-
 
| voi (you - plural) || vă spălați
 
|-
 
| ei/ele (they) || se spală
 
|}
 
Now that you understand the basics, let’s look at more examples to illustrate reflexive verbs in different contexts!
 
=== Examples of Reflexive Verbs in Sentences ===
 
Here are 20 examples using various reflexive verbs:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
|-
 
| Eu mă trezesc. || /ju mɨ treˈzesk/ || I wake up.
 
|-
 
| Tu te îmbraci. || /tu te ɨmˈbraʧ/ || You get dressed.
 
|-
 
| El se uită în oglindă. || /el se ˈujtə ɨn oˈɡlində/ || He looks in the mirror.  
 
|-


== How to use reflexive verbs and pronouns ==
| Noi ne întâlnim. || /noj ne ɨnˈtɨlnim/ || We meet each other.


The reflexive form is used in a variety of situations where the subject is performing an action on themselves, such as:
|-


* Daily routines: "Mă trezesc la ora 7" (I wake up at 7 o'clock)
| Voi vă spălați mâinile. || /voj və spəˈlaʧ mɨˈnilə/ || You wash your hands.
* Personal care: "Îmi spăl părul" (I'm washing my hair)
* Accidents or actions by mistake: "M-am tăiat cu cuțitul" (I cut myself with the knife)


One common way reflexive verbs are used is in connection with reciprocal actions, i.e., when two or more people are performing the same action:
|-


* "Ne îmbrățișăm" (We hug each other)
| Ei se joacă în parc. || /ej se ˈʒo̯akə ɨn park/ || They play in the park.
* "Se iubesc" (They love each other)


In these examples, the subjects are performing an action, which has the same effect for everyone involved.
|-


As with any grammatical structure, it is crucial to know some of the common mistakes made by non-native speakers of Romanian. Here are some to look out for when using reflexive verbs and pronouns:
| Eu mă relaxez. || /ju mɨ reˈlaksez/ || I relax.  


* Making the reflexive form when it is not needed: "Eu îmi scriu numele" (Correct) vs. "Eu scriu numele meu" (Incorrect)* Using the wrong reflexive pronoun: "Mă ușurez" (Correct) vs. "Te ușurez" (Incorrect)* Using an object pronoun instead of a reflexive pronoun: "Eu i-am tăiat părul" (I cut his hair) vs. "Eu mi-am tăiat părul" (I cut my hair)
|-


These common mistakes can lead to confusion or misunderstandings, so it is essential to practice and understand the concept thoroughly.
| Tu te pregătești. || /tu te preɡəˈteʃtʲ/ || You prepare yourself.  


== Conclusion ==
|-


Reflexive verbs and pronouns play an important role in Romanian grammar and are essential for intermediate level proficiency. By understanding the concept of reflexive verbs, learning when to use them and avoiding common mistakes, you'll be on your way to developing your language skills further.
| El se îngrijorează. || /el se ɨŋɡriˈro̯reazə/ || He worries.  


I hope you found this lesson helpful in your language learning journey. See you soon for our next Romanian class!
|-


== Sources ==
| Noi ne distrăm. || /noj ne disˈtrɨm/ || We have fun.  
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_grammar Romanian Grammar]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verb Reflexive Verb]


|-
| Voi vă gândiți. || /voj və ɡɨnˈdit͡sʲ/ || You think.
|-
| Ei se îmbrățișează. || /ej se ɨmbrəˈt͡ʃiʃeazə/ || They hug each other.
|-
| Eu mă îngrijesc. || /ju mɨ ɨŋɡriˈesk/ || I take care of myself.
|-
| Tu te odihnești. || /tu te o̯diˈneʃtʲ/ || You rest.
|-
| El se bucură. || /el se ˈbukurə/ || He rejoices.
|-
| Noi ne amuzăm. || /noj ne a.muˈzəm/ || We amuse ourselves.
|-
| Voi vă rugați. || /voj və ruˈɡatsʲ/ || You pray.
|-
| Ei se tem. || /ej se ˈtem/ || They are afraid.
|-
| Eu mă duc. || /ju mɨ duk/ || I go (to myself).
|-
| Tu te îmbraci frumos. || /tu te ɨmˈbraʧ fruˈmos/ || You dress nicely.
|-
| El se îmbracă repede. || /el se ɨmˈbraʧə ˈrepede/ || He dresses quickly.
|}
=== Exercises to Practice Reflexive Verbs ===
Now it's time to put your understanding into practice! Here are 10 exercises that will help you reinforce what you've learned about reflexive verbs and pronouns:
==== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ====
Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive pronoun.
1. Eu ___ trezesc.
2. Tu ___ speli mâinile.
3. Noi ___ întâlnim la cafenea.
4. Voi ___ gândiți la vacanță.
5. Ei ___ bucură de vremea frumoasă.
==== Exercise 2: Conjugate the Verb ====
Conjugate the following reflexive verbs in the present tense.
1. a spăla (to wash) - eu
2. a îmbrăca (to dress) - tu
3. a pregăti (to prepare) - el
4. a relaxa (to relax) - noi
5. a distra (to amuse) - voi
==== Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences ====
Translate the following sentences into Romanian.
1. I wash myself.
2. You dress up.
3. He looks in the mirror.
4. We meet at the park.
5. They are afraid.
==== Exercise 4: Identify the Reflexive Pronoun ====
Read the sentences and identify the reflexive pronoun.
1. Eu mă îngrijesc.
2. Tu te odihnești.
3. El se tem de întuneric.
4. Noi ne distrăm.
5. Voi vă rugați.
==== Exercise 5: Match the Sentence ====
Match the Romanian sentences with their English translations.
1. Eu mă pregătesc. 
2. Tu te îmbraci. 
3. El se uită. 
4. Noi ne jucăm. 
5. Voi vă simțiți bine. 
| Romanian Sentence | English Translation |
|---|---|
| A. You dress. | 1. I get ready. |
| B. We play. | 2. You feel well. |
| C. He looks. | 3. He looks. |
==== Exercise 6: Rewrite the Sentence ====
Rewrite the following sentences by replacing the subject with the appropriate reflexive pronoun.
1. Maria se îmbracă.
2. Andrei se relaxează.
3. Ana se pregătește.
4. Mihai se uită la televizor.
5. Paul se distrează.
==== Exercise 7: Sentence Creation ====
Create your own sentences using the following verbs.
1. a spăla
2. a îmbrăca
3. a distra
4. a pregăti
5. a tem
==== Exercise 8: True or False ====
Determine whether the statements are true or false.
1. Reflexive pronouns are the same for all subjects.
2. Reflexive verbs are only used in the present tense.
3. I can say "Eu mă tem" to express fear. 
4. Reflexive verbs are not common in Romanian.
5. The reflexive pronoun comes after the verb in Romanian.
==== Exercise 9: Fill in the Correct Verb ====
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the reflexive verb.
1. Eu ___ (a îmbrăca) repede.
2. Tu ___ (a spăla) mâinile.
3. El ___ (a relaxa) după muncă.
4. Noi ___ (a distra) la petrecere.
5. Voi ___ (a ruga) pentru ajutor.
==== Exercise 10: Create Dialogues ====
Create a short dialogue between two people using at least five reflexive verbs.
=== Solutions and Explanations ===
'''Exercise 1:'''
1. mă
2. te
3. ne
4. vă
5. se
'''Exercise 2:'''
1. eu mă spăl
2. tu te îmbraci
3. el se pregătește
4. noi ne relaxăm
5. voi vă distrați
'''Exercise 3:'''
1. Eu mă spăl.
2. Tu te îmbraci.
3. El se uită în oglindă.
4. Noi ne întâlnim la parc.
5. Ei se tem.
'''Exercise 4:'''
1. mă
2. te
3. se
4. ne
5. vă
'''Exercise 5:'''
1 - 1, 2 - 5, 3 - 3, 4 - 2, 5 - 4
'''Exercise 6:'''
1. Maria se îmbracă. → Se îmbracă.
2. Andrei se relaxează. → Se relaxează.
3. Ana se pregătește. → Se pregătește.
4. Mihai se uită la televizor. → Se uită la televizor.
5. Paul se distrează. → Se distrează.
'''Exercise 7:''' (Answers will vary)
'''Exercise 8:'''
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False
'''Exercise 9:'''
1. mă îmbrac
2. te speli
3. se relaxează
4. ne distrăm
5. vă rugați
'''Exercise 10:''' (Answers will vary)
With this lesson, you should now have a better understanding of reflexive verbs and pronouns in Romanian. Practice these concepts regularly to reinforce your learning, and don't hesitate to revisit this material as you advance in your Romanian studies!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Romanian Grammar → Intermediate Romanian Grammar → Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns
 
|keywords=reflexive verbs, reflexive pronouns, Romanian, grammar, language learning
|title=Learn Romanian Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns
|description=In this intermediate-level Romanian grammar lesson, learn about reflexive verbs and pronouns and how to use them correctly. Avoid common mistakes to advance your language skills further.
 
|keywords=Romanian grammar, reflexive verbs, reflexive pronouns, Romanian language, beginner Romanian
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about reflexive verbs and pronouns in Romanian, how to use them, and practice exercises.
 
}}
}}


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[[Category:Romanian-0-to-A1-Course]]
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==Videos==
==Videos==
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==Related Lessons==
 
==Sources==
* [https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-language-lesson-reflexive-verbs-verbele-reflexive Romanian language lesson: Reflexive verbs (Verbele reflexive ...]
* [https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/site-images/2016_romanian_verbs_conjugated.pdf ROMANIAN VERBS]
 
 
 
 
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/Cases|Cases]]
* [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/Cases|Cases]]
* [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/Prepositions-and-Postpositions|Prepositions and Postpositions]]
* [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/Prepositions-and-Postpositions|Prepositions and Postpositions]]
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* [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/How-to-use-¨to-speak¨-in-Romanian|How to use ¨to speak¨ in Romanian]]
* [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/How-to-use-¨to-speak¨-in-Romanian|How to use ¨to speak¨ in Romanian]]
* [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/Cardinal-Numbers-in-Romanian|Cardinal Numbers in Romanian]]
* [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/Cardinal-Numbers-in-Romanian|Cardinal Numbers in Romanian]]


{{Romanian-Page-Bottom}}
{{Romanian-Page-Bottom}}

Latest revision as of 21:18, 31 July 2024


Romania-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Romanian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns

Welcome to this exciting lesson on reflexive verbs and pronouns in Romanian! As we dive into this topic, you'll discover how reflexive verbs can add depth and nuance to your conversations. Understanding reflexive verbs is essential for expressing actions that people do to themselves, and it will significantly enhance your ability to communicate effectively in Romanian.

In this lesson, we’ll explore:

  • The definition and importance of reflexive verbs and pronouns
  • How to identify and conjugate reflexive verbs
  • Practical examples to illustrate their use
  • Exercises to test your comprehension and application skills

So grab your notepad, and let’s embark on this learning journey together!

What are Reflexive Verbs?[edit | edit source]

Reflexive verbs are verbs where the subject performs an action on itself. In Romanian, these verbs are accompanied by reflexive pronouns, which indicate that the action is reflected back to the subject. For instance, in English, we say "I wash myself," where "myself" is the reflexive pronoun that indicates the action is performed by the subject on itself.

In Romanian, the structure often appears as follows:

  • Romanian: Eu mă spăl.
  • Translation: I wash myself.

The reflexive pronoun "mă" (myself) reflects the action back to the subject "eu" (I).

Importance of Reflexive Verbs[edit | edit source]

Understanding reflexive verbs is crucial for beginners in Romanian for several reasons:

  • Self-Action Descriptions: They help describe personal routines and activities, making your speech more relatable.
  • Cultural Relevance: Many reflexive verbs are used in everyday Romanian, and recognizing them will help you understand conversations better.
  • Complex Sentences: They pave the way for constructing more complex sentences, enhancing your overall proficiency in Romanian.

Reflexive Pronouns in Romanian[edit | edit source]

In Romanian, reflexive pronouns change based on the subject. Here’s a quick overview:

Subject Pronoun
eu (I) mă
tu (you - singular) te
el/ea (he/she) se
noi (we) ne
voi (you - plural) vă
ei/ele (they) se

Conjugating Reflexive Verbs[edit | edit source]

Conjugating reflexive verbs involves two components: the verb itself and the appropriate reflexive pronoun. The reflexive pronoun is placed before the verb in Romanian.

Here’s how you would conjugate the verb a spăla (to wash):

Pronoun Conjugation
eu (I) mă spăl
tu (you - singular) te speli
el/ea (he/she) se spală
noi (we) ne spălăm
voi (you - plural) vă spălați
ei/ele (they) se spală

Now that you understand the basics, let’s look at more examples to illustrate reflexive verbs in different contexts!

Examples of Reflexive Verbs in Sentences[edit | edit source]

Here are 20 examples using various reflexive verbs:

Romanian Pronunciation English Translation
Eu mă trezesc. /ju mɨ treˈzesk/ I wake up.
Tu te îmbraci. /tu te ɨmˈbraʧ/ You get dressed.
El se uită în oglindă. /el se ˈujtə ɨn oˈɡlində/ He looks in the mirror.
Noi ne întâlnim. /noj ne ɨnˈtɨlnim/ We meet each other.
Voi vă spălați mâinile. /voj və spəˈlaʧ mɨˈnilə/ You wash your hands.
Ei se joacă în parc. /ej se ˈʒo̯akə ɨn park/ They play in the park.
Eu mă relaxez. /ju mɨ reˈlaksez/ I relax.
Tu te pregătești. /tu te preɡəˈteʃtʲ/ You prepare yourself.
El se îngrijorează. /el se ɨŋɡriˈro̯reazə/ He worries.
Noi ne distrăm. /noj ne disˈtrɨm/ We have fun.
Voi vă gândiți. /voj və ɡɨnˈdit͡sʲ/ You think.
Ei se îmbrățișează. /ej se ɨmbrəˈt͡ʃiʃeazə/ They hug each other.
Eu mă îngrijesc. /ju mɨ ɨŋɡriˈesk/ I take care of myself.
Tu te odihnești. /tu te o̯diˈneʃtʲ/ You rest.
El se bucură. /el se ˈbukurə/ He rejoices.
Noi ne amuzăm. /noj ne a.muˈzəm/ We amuse ourselves.
Voi vă rugați. /voj və ruˈɡatsʲ/ You pray.
Ei se tem. /ej se ˈtem/ They are afraid.
Eu mă duc. /ju mɨ duk/ I go (to myself).
Tu te îmbraci frumos. /tu te ɨmˈbraʧ fruˈmos/ You dress nicely.
El se îmbracă repede. /el se ɨmˈbraʧə ˈrepede/ He dresses quickly.

Exercises to Practice Reflexive Verbs[edit | edit source]

Now it's time to put your understanding into practice! Here are 10 exercises that will help you reinforce what you've learned about reflexive verbs and pronouns:

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive pronoun.

1. Eu ___ trezesc.

2. Tu ___ speli mâinile.

3. Noi ___ întâlnim la cafenea.

4. Voi ___ gândiți la vacanță.

5. Ei ___ bucură de vremea frumoasă.

Exercise 2: Conjugate the Verb[edit | edit source]

Conjugate the following reflexive verbs in the present tense.

1. a spăla (to wash) - eu

2. a îmbrăca (to dress) - tu

3. a pregăti (to prepare) - el

4. a relaxa (to relax) - noi

5. a distra (to amuse) - voi

Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into Romanian.

1. I wash myself.

2. You dress up.

3. He looks in the mirror.

4. We meet at the park.

5. They are afraid.

Exercise 4: Identify the Reflexive Pronoun[edit | edit source]

Read the sentences and identify the reflexive pronoun.

1. Eu mă îngrijesc.

2. Tu te odihnești.

3. El se tem de întuneric.

4. Noi ne distrăm.

5. Voi vă rugați.

Exercise 5: Match the Sentence[edit | edit source]

Match the Romanian sentences with their English translations.

1. Eu mă pregătesc.

2. Tu te îmbraci.

3. El se uită.

4. Noi ne jucăm.

5. Voi vă simțiți bine.

| Romanian Sentence | English Translation |

|---|---|

| A. You dress. | 1. I get ready. |

| B. We play. | 2. You feel well. |

| C. He looks. | 3. He looks. |

Exercise 6: Rewrite the Sentence[edit | edit source]

Rewrite the following sentences by replacing the subject with the appropriate reflexive pronoun.

1. Maria se îmbracă.

2. Andrei se relaxează.

3. Ana se pregătește.

4. Mihai se uită la televizor.

5. Paul se distrează.

Exercise 7: Sentence Creation[edit | edit source]

Create your own sentences using the following verbs.

1. a spăla

2. a îmbrăca

3. a distra

4. a pregăti

5. a tem

Exercise 8: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the statements are true or false.

1. Reflexive pronouns are the same for all subjects.

2. Reflexive verbs are only used in the present tense.

3. I can say "Eu mă tem" to express fear.

4. Reflexive verbs are not common in Romanian.

5. The reflexive pronoun comes after the verb in Romanian.

Exercise 9: Fill in the Correct Verb[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the reflexive verb.

1. Eu ___ (a îmbrăca) repede.

2. Tu ___ (a spăla) mâinile.

3. El ___ (a relaxa) după muncă.

4. Noi ___ (a distra) la petrecere.

5. Voi ___ (a ruga) pentru ajutor.

Exercise 10: Create Dialogues[edit | edit source]

Create a short dialogue between two people using at least five reflexive verbs.

Solutions and Explanations[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1:

1. mă

2. te

3. ne

4. vă

5. se

Exercise 2:

1. eu mă spăl

2. tu te îmbraci

3. el se pregătește

4. noi ne relaxăm

5. voi vă distrați

Exercise 3:

1. Eu mă spăl.

2. Tu te îmbraci.

3. El se uită în oglindă.

4. Noi ne întâlnim la parc.

5. Ei se tem.

Exercise 4:

1. mă

2. te

3. se

4. ne

5. vă

Exercise 5:

1 - 1, 2 - 5, 3 - 3, 4 - 2, 5 - 4

Exercise 6:

1. Maria se îmbracă. → Se îmbracă.

2. Andrei se relaxează. → Se relaxează.

3. Ana se pregătește. → Se pregătește.

4. Mihai se uită la televizor. → Se uită la televizor.

5. Paul se distrează. → Se distrează.

Exercise 7: (Answers will vary)

Exercise 8:

1. False

2. False

3. True

4. False

5. False

Exercise 9:

1. mă îmbrac

2. te speli

3. se relaxează

4. ne distrăm

5. vă rugați

Exercise 10: (Answers will vary)

With this lesson, you should now have a better understanding of reflexive verbs and pronouns in Romanian. Practice these concepts regularly to reinforce your learning, and don't hesitate to revisit this material as you advance in your Romanian studies!

Table of Contents - Romanian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Pronouns and Verbs


Numbers and Time


Adjectives and Adverbs


Family and Friends


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Food and Drinks


Questions and Negations


Locations and Directions


Plurals and Articles


Hobbies and Activities


Romanian Culture and Traditions


Imperatives and Requests


Travel and Transportation


Romanian Geography and History

Videos[edit | edit source]

The Romanian Reflexive Pronoun (pronumele reflexiv) - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]



Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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