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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Romanian|Romanian]]  → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Introduction to Romanian Grammar → Adjectives and Adverbs</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Romanian|Romanian]]  → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adjectives and Adverbs</div>
 
Welcome to our lesson on '''Romanian Adjectives and Adverbs'''! In this session, we will explore how these essential components of the Romanian language are formed and used in sentences. Understanding adjectives and adverbs will not only enrich your vocabulary but also enhance your ability to describe the world around you in Romanian.
 
'''Why Are Adjectives and Adverbs Important?'''
 
Adjectives allow you to describe nouns, giving more detail about people, places, and things. For example, instead of just saying "the dog," you can say "the big dog" or "the happy dog." This adds flavor and clarity to your communication.
 
Adverbs, on the other hand, modify verbs, adjectives, or even other adverbs. They help explain how, when, where, or to what extent something happens. For instance, saying "He runs quickly" tells us not just that he runs, but how he runs.
 
In this lesson, we will cover:
 
* The formation and usage of basic adjectives.
 
* The formation and usage of basic adverbs.
 
* Examples and practice exercises to reinforce your understanding.


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Basic Adjectives ===


In this lesson, we will explore the fascinating world of Romanian adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives and adverbs play a crucial role in expressing descriptions, qualities, and manner in Romanian sentences. Understanding how to form and use them correctly is essential for effective communication in the Romanian language. Whether you want to describe people, places, objects, or actions, adjectives and adverbs will help you convey your thoughts and opinions with precision and clarity. Throughout this lesson, we will delve into the intricacies of Romanian adjectives and adverbs, providing you with a solid foundation to build upon as you progress in your language learning journey.
Adjectives in Romanian agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe. This means that an adjective may change its form depending on whether it is describing a masculine, feminine, or neuter noun, as well as whether the noun is singular or plural.


== Forms of Adjectives ==
==== Formation of Adjectives ====


Adjectives in Romanian, like in many other languages, agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify. This means that the form of the adjective changes depending on the gender, number, and case of the noun it refers to. Let's take a closer look at the different forms of adjectives in Romanian.
Most Romanian adjectives end in '''-u''' for masculine singular, '''-ă''' for feminine singular, and '''-i''' for masculine plural. Feminine plural adjectives typically end in '''-e'''.


=== Masculine Singular ===
Here are some basic adjectives:


In the masculine singular form, adjectives typically end in -u or -i. However, some adjectives have irregular forms. Let's examine some examples:
{| class="wikitable"


{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| bătrân || [bəˈtrɨn] || old
 
| frumos || fruˈmos || beautiful
 
|-
|-
| frumos || [ˈfrumos] || beautiful
 
| urât || uˈrɨt || ugly
 
|-
|-
| bun || [bun] || good
 
| mare || ˈma.re || big
 
|-
|-
| mic || [mik] || small
 
| mic || mik || small
 
|-
|-
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
|}


=== Feminine Singular ===
| bun || bun || good
 
|-


In the feminine singular form, adjectives typically end in -ă, -e, or -i, depending on the noun they modify. Here are some examples:
| rău || rəu || bad


{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| frumoasă || [ˈfrumo̯asə] || beautiful
 
| vesel || ˈve.sel || happy
 
|-
|-
| mică || [ˈmikə] || small
 
| trist || trist || sad
 
|-
|-
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
 
| nou || nou || new
 
|-
|-
| bună || [ˈbunə] || good
 
|-
| vechi || vek || old
| inteligentă || [inteliˈd͡ʒentə] || intelligent
 
|}
|}


=== Neuter Singular ===
As you can see, the endings change according to the gender of the noun.
 
==== Usage of Adjectives ====
 
Adjectives are typically placed '''before''' the noun they modify in Romanian.
 
Examples:
 
* '''frumos copil''' (beautiful child)
 
* '''mare casă''' (big house)
 
* '''trist câine''' (sad dog)
 
=== Basic Adverbs ===
 
Adverbs in Romanian typically do not change form and can be used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
 
==== Formation of Adverbs ====
 
Many adverbs in Romanian are formed by adding the suffix '''-e''' to the feminine form of the adjective.


In the neuter singular form, adjectives typically end in -u or -i. Let's see some examples:
Here are some basic adverbs:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| frumos || [ˈfrumos] || beautiful
 
| frumos || fruˈmos || beautifully
 
|-
|-
| mic || [mik] || small
 
| repede || ˈre.pe.de || quickly
 
|-
|-
| bun || [bun] || good
 
| bine || ˈbi.ne || well
 
|-
|-
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
 
| rău || rəu || badly
 
|-
|-
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
|}


=== Plural Forms ===
| încet || ɨnˈt͡ʃet || slowly


In the plural form, adjectives generally take the same form as the masculine singular. However, some adjectives have irregular plural forms. Here are a few examples:
|-
 
| des || des || often


{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| bătrâni || [bəˈtrɨni] || old
 
| rar || rar || rarely
 
|-
|-
| frumoși || [ˈfrumosʲ] || beautiful
 
| ieri || ˈjjer || yesterday
 
|-
|-
| buni || [ˈbunʲ] || good
 
| astăzi || ˈas.təz || today
 
|-
|-
| mici || [ˈmit͡ʃʲ] || small
 
|-
| mâine || ˈmɨ.i.ne || tomorrow
| mari || [ˈmarʲ] || big
 
|}
|}


=== Cases ===
==== Usage of Adverbs ====
 
Adverbs are usually placed '''after''' the verb they modify.
 
Examples:
 
* '''El aleargă repede''' (He runs quickly).
 
* '''Ea vorbește bine''' (She speaks well).
 
* '''Câinele latră des''' (The dog barks often).
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now that we've covered the basics of adjectives and adverbs, it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises for you to complete.
 
==== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ====
 
Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the adjective in parentheses.
 
1. Maria este o fată __________ (frumos).
 
2. Ionuț are o mașină __________ (nou).
 
3. Câinele meu este __________ (mic).
 
4. Această carte este __________ (interesant).
 
5. Casa lor este __________ (vechi).
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. Maria este o fată '''frumoasă'''.
 
2. Ionuț are o mașină '''nouă'''.
 
3. Câinele meu este '''mic'''.
 
4. Această carte este '''interesantă'''.
 
5. Casa lor este '''veche'''.
 
==== Exercise 2: Match the Adjective to the Noun ====
 
Match the adjectives to the correct nouns.
 
1. mare
 
2. vesel
 
3. urât
 
4. bun
 
5. trist
 
a. copil 
 
b. câine 
 
c. mâncare 
 
d. cer 
 
e. film 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. mare - d. cer (big sky)
 
2. vesel - a. copil (happy child)
 
3. urât - b. câine (ugly dog)
 
4. bun - c. mâncare (good food)
 
5. trist - e. film (sad movie)
 
==== Exercise 3: Create Sentences ====
 
Use the adjectives provided to create sentences.
 
1. (frumos) -
 
2. (mic) -


Adjectives in Romanian also change their form depending on the case of the noun they modify. The most common cases in Romanian are the nominative, accusative, and dative. Let's take a look at how adjectives change in these cases:
3. (bun) -


==== Nominative Case ====
'''Example Solutions:'''


In the nominative case, adjectives typically take the same form as the dictionary form. Here are some examples:
1. Această floare este '''frumoasă'''.


{| class="wikitable"
2. Pisica mea este '''mică'''.
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
3. Mâncarea este '''bună'''.
| frumoasă || [ˈfrumo̯asə] || beautiful
 
|-
==== Exercise 4: Transform the Adjective into an Adverb ====
| mic || [mik] || small
 
|-
Change the following adjectives into adverbs.
| bun || [bun] || good
 
|-
1. frumos - 
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
 
|-
2. rapid -
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
 
|}
3. ușor -
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. frumos - '''frumos''' (beautifully)
 
2. rapid - '''repede''' (quickly)
 
3. ușor - '''ușor''' (easily)
 
==== Exercise 5: Adverb Placement ====
 
Rearrange the following sentences to place the adverb correctly.


==== Accusative Case ====
1. El (repede) aleargă.


In the accusative case, adjectives typically undergo some changes. Let's see some examples:
2. Maria (bine) vorbește.


{| class="wikitable"
3. Câinele (des) latră.
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| frumoasă || [ˈfrumo̯asə] || beautiful
|-
| mică || [ˈmikə] || small
|-
| bun || [bun] || good
|-
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
|-
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
|}


==== Dative Case ====
'''Solutions:'''


In the dative case, adjectives also undergo changes. Here are a few examples:
1. El aleargă '''repede'''.


{| class="wikitable"
2. Maria vorbește '''bine'''.
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| frumoasei || [frumo̯aˈsej] || to the beautiful
|-
| micii || [ˈmit͡ʃʲʲ] || to the small
|-
| bunului || [buˈnulʲ] || to the good
|-
| marii || [ˈmarʲʲ] || to the big
|-
| marii || [ˈmarʲʲ] || to the big
|}


== Forms of Adverbs ==
3. Câinele latră '''des'''.


Adverbs in Romanian, like in many other languages, are used to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They provide information about the manner, time, place, or frequency of an action or event. Let's explore the different forms of adverbs in Romanian.
==== Exercise 6: Identify the Adjective or Adverb ====


=== Regular Adverbs ===
Read the following sentences and identify the adjectives and adverbs.


Regular adverbs in Romanian are formed by adding the suffix -mente to the feminine form of the adjective. Here are some examples:
1. Câinele mare aleargă repede.


{| class="wikitable"
2. Maria este o fată veselă și bună.
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| frumos || [ˈfrumos] || beautiful
|-
| frumosmente || [ˈfrumosmənte] || beautifully
|-
| mic || [mik] || small
|-
| micmente || [ˈmikmente] || smallly
|-
| bun || [bun] || good
|-
| bunmente || [bunˈmənte] || well
|-
| mare || [ˈmare] || big
|-
| maremente || [ˈmaremənte] || largely
|}


=== Irregular Adverbs ===
3. El vorbește rar și trist.


Some adverbs in Romanian have irregular forms and do not follow the regular pattern. Here are a few examples:
'''Solutions:'''


{| class="wikitable"
1. Adjective: mare; Adverb: repede
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| bine || [ˈbine] || well
|-
| rău || [rəw] || bad
|-
| încet || [ˈɨnt͡ʃet] || slowly
|-
| repede || [reˈpede] || quickly
|-
| mult || [məlt] || much, a lot
|}


== Usage of Adjectives and Adverbs ==
2. Adjectives: veselă, bună


Adjectives and adverbs in Romanian are used in various ways to provide additional information about nouns, verbs, or other adjectives and adverbs. Let's explore some common usage patterns.
3. Adjective: trist; Adverb: rar


=== Describing Nouns ===
==== Exercise 7: True or False ====


One of the primary functions of adjectives in Romanian is to describe or provide additional information about nouns. Adjectives agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they modify. Here are some examples:
Determine whether the statements are true or false.


* Un băiat frumos - A handsome boy
1. Adjectives in Romanian do not change form. (False)
* O fată frumoasă - A beautiful girl
* Copiii mici - The small children
* Casele mari - The big houses


=== Comparisons ===
2. Adverbs modify nouns. (False)


Adjectives and adverbs are also used to express comparisons in Romanian. There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. Here are some examples:
3. Romanian adjectives agree in gender and number. (True)


* El este mai bun decât mine. - He is better than me.
==== Exercise 8: Write Your Own Sentences ====
* Acel film este cel mai bun. - That film is the best.
* Ea cântă mai frumos decât tine. - She sings more beautifully than you.


=== Adverbial Phrases ===
Write three sentences using at least one adjective and one adverb in each.


Adverbs in Romanian can also be used in adverbial phrases to provide information about the manner, time, place, or frequency of an action or event. Here are some examples:
'''Example Solutions:'''


* Merge încet. - He walks slowly.
1. Pisica aleargă '''repede''' după '''câinele mic'''.
* Cântă frumos. - She sings beautifully.
* Am venit aici de multe ori. - I have come here many times.
* Întotdeauna te voi iubi. - I will always love you.


== Regional Variations ==
2. Fata '''frumoasă''' cântă '''bine'''.


Romania is a country with diverse regional variations in the usage and understanding of adjectives and adverbs. Some differences can be observed in the pronunciation, vocabulary, and even grammar. For example, in some regions, certain adjectives may have alternative forms or different meanings. Additionally, the use of adverbs may vary slightly from one region to another. These regional variations add richness and complexity to the Romanian language, reflecting the cultural diversity within the country.
3. Băiatul '''trist''' se joacă '''încet'''.


== Cultural Insights ==
==== Exercise 9: Choose the Correct Option ====


Romanian culture is deeply intertwined with the language, and understanding the nuances of adjectives and adverbs can provide valuable insights into the cultural context. For example, Romanian is a Romance language with Latin roots, and many adjectives and adverbs have direct connections to their Latin counterparts. This linguistic heritage reflects Romania's historical ties to the Roman Empire and its lasting influence on the language and culture of the region.
Choose the correct adjective or adverb to complete the sentence.


Furthermore, Romanian is spoken not only in Romania but also in neighboring countries such as Moldova and parts of Ukraine and Serbia. The cultural diversity and historical interactions between these regions have shaped the development of the Romanian language, including the usage and understanding of adjectives and adverbs. Exploring the cultural aspects of adjectives and adverbs can deepen your understanding of Romanian society, traditions, and history.
1. El este un băiat _______ (frumos/frumoasă).


== Exercises ==
2. Maria aleargă _______ (repede/repedea).


Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of adjectives and adverbs in Romanian. For each exercise, choose the correct form of the adjective or adverb to complete the sentence. Solutions and explanations are provided after each exercise.
'''Solutions:'''


=== Exercise 1 ===
1. El este un băiat '''frumos'''.


Choose the correct form of the adjective to complete the sentence:
2. Maria aleargă '''repede'''.


1. Băiatul este foarte (frumos / frumoasă).
==== Exercise 10: Fill in the Gaps ====
2. Casă (mare / mici) are un grădinar.
3. Copiii sunt (buni / bun) și (frumos / frumoase).
4. Ea este (mică / mic) și (frumos / frumoasă).
5. Vă rog să fiți (rău / rea) cu mine.


Solutions:
Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adjectives or adverbs.
1. frumos
2. mare
3. buni, frumoase
4. mică, frumoasă
5. rău


=== Exercise 2 ===
1. Câinele este _______ (băiat, frumos).


Choose the correct form of the adverb to complete the sentence:
2. Maria vorbește _______ (bine, rău).


1. El cântă foarte (frumos / frumoasă).
'''Solutions:'''
2. Ea vorbește (rău / rea) despre tine.
3. Mergi (încet / încete) pentru a evita accidentele.
4. De obicei, îmi place să citesc (mult / multe).
5. Aceasta este (bine / buna) făcută.


Solutions:
1. Câinele este '''frumos'''.
1. frumos
2. rău
3. încet
4. mult
5. bine


== Conclusion ==
2. Maria vorbește '''bine'''.


Congratulations! You have successfully completed the lesson on Romanian adjectives and adverbs. You have learned how to form and use adjectives and adverbs in different contexts, explored regional variations, and gained insights into Romanian culture. As you continue your language learning journey, remember to practice using adjectives and adverbs in your everyday conversations and written exercises. The more you immerse yourself in the language, the more natural and effortless your use of adjectives and adverbs will become. Keep up the great work and continue exploring the rich world of the Romanian language!
Now that you have practiced, remember to incorporate adjectives and adverbs into your daily conversations in Romanian. The more you use them, the more natural they will become!


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|title=Romanian Grammar → Introduction to Romanian Grammar → Adjectives and Adverbs
 
|keywords=Romanian grammar, Romanian course, Romanian adjectives, Romanian adverbs, Romanian language
|title=Romanian Grammar: Understanding Adjectives and Adverbs
|description=In this lesson, you will discover how Romanian adjectives and adverbs are formed and used in sentences. Gain insights into regional variations and cultural aspects of adjectives and adverbs in Romanian.
 
|keywords=Romanian adjectives, Romanian adverbs, learn Romanian, basic Romanian grammar
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use adjectives and adverbs in Romanian, complete with examples and exercises for practice.
 
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==Videos==
==Videos==

Latest revision as of 21:00, 31 July 2024


Romania-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Romanian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Adjectives and Adverbs

Welcome to our lesson on Romanian Adjectives and Adverbs! In this session, we will explore how these essential components of the Romanian language are formed and used in sentences. Understanding adjectives and adverbs will not only enrich your vocabulary but also enhance your ability to describe the world around you in Romanian.

Why Are Adjectives and Adverbs Important?

Adjectives allow you to describe nouns, giving more detail about people, places, and things. For example, instead of just saying "the dog," you can say "the big dog" or "the happy dog." This adds flavor and clarity to your communication.

Adverbs, on the other hand, modify verbs, adjectives, or even other adverbs. They help explain how, when, where, or to what extent something happens. For instance, saying "He runs quickly" tells us not just that he runs, but how he runs.

In this lesson, we will cover:

  • The formation and usage of basic adjectives.
  • The formation and usage of basic adverbs.
  • Examples and practice exercises to reinforce your understanding.

Basic Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Adjectives in Romanian agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe. This means that an adjective may change its form depending on whether it is describing a masculine, feminine, or neuter noun, as well as whether the noun is singular or plural.

Formation of Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Most Romanian adjectives end in -u for masculine singular, -ă for feminine singular, and -i for masculine plural. Feminine plural adjectives typically end in -e.

Here are some basic adjectives:

Romanian Pronunciation English
frumos fruˈmos beautiful
urât uˈrɨt ugly
mare ˈma.re big
mic mik small
bun bun good
rău rəu bad
vesel ˈve.sel happy
trist trist sad
nou nou new
vechi vek old

As you can see, the endings change according to the gender of the noun.

Usage of Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Adjectives are typically placed before the noun they modify in Romanian.

Examples:

  • frumos copil (beautiful child)
  • mare casă (big house)
  • trist câine (sad dog)

Basic Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Adverbs in Romanian typically do not change form and can be used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Formation of Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Many adverbs in Romanian are formed by adding the suffix -e to the feminine form of the adjective.

Here are some basic adverbs:

Romanian Pronunciation English
frumos fruˈmos beautifully
repede ˈre.pe.de quickly
bine ˈbi.ne well
rău rəu badly
încet ɨnˈt͡ʃet slowly
des des often
rar rar rarely
ieri ˈjjer yesterday
astăzi ˈas.təz today
mâine ˈmɨ.i.ne tomorrow

Usage of Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Adverbs are usually placed after the verb they modify.

Examples:

  • El aleargă repede (He runs quickly).
  • Ea vorbește bine (She speaks well).
  • Câinele latră des (The dog barks often).

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we've covered the basics of adjectives and adverbs, it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises for you to complete.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the adjective in parentheses.

1. Maria este o fată __________ (frumos).

2. Ionuț are o mașină __________ (nou).

3. Câinele meu este __________ (mic).

4. Această carte este __________ (interesant).

5. Casa lor este __________ (vechi).

Solutions:

1. Maria este o fată frumoasă.

2. Ionuț are o mașină nouă.

3. Câinele meu este mic.

4. Această carte este interesantă.

5. Casa lor este veche.

Exercise 2: Match the Adjective to the Noun[edit | edit source]

Match the adjectives to the correct nouns.

1. mare

2. vesel

3. urât

4. bun

5. trist

a. copil

b. câine

c. mâncare

d. cer

e. film

Solutions:

1. mare - d. cer (big sky)

2. vesel - a. copil (happy child)

3. urât - b. câine (ugly dog)

4. bun - c. mâncare (good food)

5. trist - e. film (sad movie)

Exercise 3: Create Sentences[edit | edit source]

Use the adjectives provided to create sentences.

1. (frumos) -

2. (mic) -

3. (bun) -

Example Solutions:

1. Această floare este frumoasă.

2. Pisica mea este mică.

3. Mâncarea este bună.

Exercise 4: Transform the Adjective into an Adverb[edit | edit source]

Change the following adjectives into adverbs.

1. frumos -

2. rapid -

3. ușor -

Solutions:

1. frumos - frumos (beautifully)

2. rapid - repede (quickly)

3. ușor - ușor (easily)

Exercise 5: Adverb Placement[edit | edit source]

Rearrange the following sentences to place the adverb correctly.

1. El (repede) aleargă.

2. Maria (bine) vorbește.

3. Câinele (des) latră.

Solutions:

1. El aleargă repede.

2. Maria vorbește bine.

3. Câinele latră des.

Exercise 6: Identify the Adjective or Adverb[edit | edit source]

Read the following sentences and identify the adjectives and adverbs.

1. Câinele mare aleargă repede.

2. Maria este o fată veselă și bună.

3. El vorbește rar și trist.

Solutions:

1. Adjective: mare; Adverb: repede

2. Adjectives: veselă, bună

3. Adjective: trist; Adverb: rar

Exercise 7: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the statements are true or false.

1. Adjectives in Romanian do not change form. (False)

2. Adverbs modify nouns. (False)

3. Romanian adjectives agree in gender and number. (True)

Exercise 8: Write Your Own Sentences[edit | edit source]

Write three sentences using at least one adjective and one adverb in each.

Example Solutions:

1. Pisica aleargă repede după câinele mic.

2. Fata frumoasă cântă bine.

3. Băiatul trist se joacă încet.

Exercise 9: Choose the Correct Option[edit | edit source]

Choose the correct adjective or adverb to complete the sentence.

1. El este un băiat _______ (frumos/frumoasă).

2. Maria aleargă _______ (repede/repedea).

Solutions:

1. El este un băiat frumos.

2. Maria aleargă repede.

Exercise 10: Fill in the Gaps[edit | edit source]

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adjectives or adverbs.

1. Câinele este _______ (băiat, frumos).

2. Maria vorbește _______ (bine, rău).

Solutions:

1. Câinele este frumos.

2. Maria vorbește bine.

Now that you have practiced, remember to incorporate adjectives and adverbs into your daily conversations in Romanian. The more you use them, the more natural they will become!

Table of Contents - Romanian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Pronouns and Verbs


Numbers and Time


Adjectives and Adverbs


Family and Friends


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Food and Drinks


Questions and Negations


Locations and Directions


Plurals and Articles


Hobbies and Activities


Romanian Culture and Traditions


Imperatives and Requests


Travel and Transportation


Romanian Geography and History

Videos[edit | edit source]

The Romanian Adjective (Adjectivul) | Learn Romanian Grammar ...[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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