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In Greek, there are three past tenses. We use each tense for a different reason.
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=='''Παρατατικός (paratatikos)'''== 
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We use this tense to talk about something that happened in the past for a long time of more than once. Unlike English, we use the continuous tense to talk about past habits.


It is a continuous tense and is translated into the Past Continuous tense in English.  
|[[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Present-Tense|◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Future-Tense|Next Lesson — Future Tense ▶️]]
|}
</span>
[[File:Εικόνα2.png|thumb]]
Welcome to our lesson! Today, we will explore the intricacies of the past tense in the Modern Greek. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to use this tense in various contexts.  


To form this tense, you add the letter 'ε' in front of the verb (this comes from the ancient Greek language) and the proper ending.
__TOC__


Note: In modern Greek, the 'ε' in the beginning is eliminated for 1st and 2nd plural and when the verb starts with a vowel you can't add 'ε'.
After mastering the past tense, you can further enhance your Greek grammar skills by exploring other related topics such as [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Comparative-and-Superlative-Adjectives|Comparative and Superlative Adjectives]], [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Homonyms-and-homophones|Homonyms and Homophones]], and [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Participle-spelling|Participle Spelling]]. Enjoy your journey into the fascinating world of Modern-greek-1453 grammar! 📚✏️


Also, the intonation is placed above the vowel of the third syllable counting from the end. 
==Past tenses==
===Examples===
Verbs are words that state something about the subject of the sentence
*(Εγώ) έ-παιζ-α  ( épeza )=  I was playing 
*(Εσύ) έ-παιζ-ες  (épezes ) = You were playing 
*(Αυτός/Αυτή/Αυτό) έ-παιζ-ε ( épeze )= He/She/It was playing 
*(Εμείς) παίζ-αμε  ( pézame )= We were playing | Notice that there is no 'ε' in the beginning of the word. 
*(Εσείς) παίζ-ατε (pézate ) = You were playing |Notice that there is no 'ε' in the beginning of the word. 
*(Αυτοί/Αυτές/Αυτά) έ-παιζ-αν ( épezan )= They were playing  Note: For a few verbs you have to place 'η' instead of 'ε', like the verb ξέρω (ksEro=know) that becomes ήξερα (Iksera=I knew).


=='''Αόριστος (Aôristos )'''==
and may express action, event,or condition. The Greek verb can take many different forms which may indicate properties: person, number, voice, tense and mood.  
We use this tense to talk about something that happened in the past for a short time or just once. It is a non-continuous tense. To form this tense, you add the letter 'ε' in front of the verb (this comes from the ancient Greek language), the proper ending and change the last letter (if the last letter is a consonant, there will be a table of the letter changes, but it's not always accurate, you will mostly learn that from experience) or add the letter 'σ' (if the last letter is a vowel, most times though, native Greek speakers have a different way of doing this, which you will be taught from experience). Note: In modern Greek, the 'ε' in the beginning is eliminated for 1st and 2nd plural and when the verb starts with a vowel you can't add 'ε'.  Also, the intonation is placed above the vowel of the third syllable counting from the end.


===Examples===
Tenses are forms of the verb which show whether the action, the event or condition expressed by the verb is placed in the past, the present or the future. 
*(Εγώ) έ-παι-ξ-α ( épexa ) = I played 
== Past continuous - Παρατατικός ==
*(Εσύ) έ-παι-ξ-ες  ( épexes )= You played 
The verbs in '''“Παρατατικός''' ”  it is used in order to describe an action that was being repeated in the past or that had a duration.  
*(Αυτός/Αυτή/Αυτό) έ-παι-ξ-ε  ( épexe )= He/She/It played 
*(Εμείς) παί-ξ-αμε  ( péxame )= We played | Notice that there is no 'ε' in the beginning of the word. 
*(Εσείς) παί-ξ-ατε (péxate ) = You played | Notice that there is no 'ε' in the beginning of the word.
*(Αυτοί/Αυτές/Αυτά) έ-παι-ξ-αν  (épexan )= They played  Note: For a few verbs you have to place 'η' instead of 'ε', like the verb ξέρω (ksEro=know) that becomes ήξερα (Iksera=I knew).


=='''Υπερσυντέλικος (Hypersyntélikos)'''==
Is the tense of narrations and descriptions.
We use this tense to talk about something that was completed in the past, or that something was completed before something else happened in the past. To for this tense, you use the past form of the verb έχω (Eho=have) and the infinitive form of the verb. 
 
===Examples===
'''Eg''' : Κάθε μέρα '''έπινα''' γάλα. (kathe mera epina gala).Every day i used to drink milk.
*(Εγώ) είχα παίξει ( îcha péxi ) = I had played 
 
*(Εσύ) είχες παίξει (îches péxi ) = You had played 
The Past Continuous of the verbs έχω (eho: to have) and είμαι (imai: to be)
*(Αυτός/Αυτή/Αυτό) είχε παίξει ( îche péxi )= He/She/It had played 
*(Εμείς) είχαμε παίξει ( îchame péxi )= We had played 
*(Εσείς) είχατε παίξει  îchate péxi )= You had playedτ 
*(Αυτοί/Αυτές/Αυτά) είχαν / είχανε παίξει ( îchan /îchane péxi ) = They had played


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
  !Starting Letter
|+ Greek Verbs
  !Changes into  
|-
  |-
! ''was having''
  |κ, γ, χ, ττ
! ''was being''
  |ξ
|-
  |-
| είχα (iha)
  |π, β, φ, πτ
| ήμουν (imoun)
  |ψ
|-
|-
| είχες (ihes)
  |τ, δ, θ, ζ
| ήσουν (issoun)
  |υσ
|-
|}
| είχε (ihe)
| ήταν (itan)
|-
| είχαμε (ihame)
| ήμασταν (imastan)
|-
| είχατε (ihate)
| ήσασταν (issastan)
|-
| είχαν (ihan)
| ήταν (itan)
|}
 
===Notes===
 
# The accent is over the ante-penultimate syllable (the third syllable counting from right to left).
# The prefix '''ε'''– or –η is added to two-syllable verbs in order to form the singular and the third plural person.
 
Κάνω (kano)= to do (present)
 
Past Continuous
 
* '''έ'''κανα (ekana)= I was doing / I used to do
 
Verbs in the indicative of historical tenses (Past continuous, Simple past, and Past perfect) at the beginning and before the subject take an augmentation. This increase can be:
 
* '''A.''' Syllabic: when the verb begins with a consonant, then we put -ε- (ex. λύνω-έλυνα : solve, τρέχω-έτρεχα : run )
 
* '''B'''. Chronicle: when the verb begins with a vowel, then the conversions take place: '''α, ε => η'''
 
== Simple past / Αόριστος ==
The simple past / Αόριστος is used to describe an action, an event or condition that occurred in the past. The action or the event described was completed at some point.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples
|Χθες πήγα στο πάρκο.
|I went to the park yesterday.
|-
|Χθες είδα τη Μαρία.
|I saw Maria yesterday.
|}
 
== Formation of the simple past ==
The personal endings of the “Αόριστος” of the active voice are: '''-α, -ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν.'''
 
The letters '''σ, ξ''' (κ+σ), '''ψ''' (π+σ) before the endings are typical letters of the “Αόριστος”. However, are verbs that form the “Αόριστος” without these letters.
 
In the “Αόριστος” the verbs are in principle stressed on the third-to-last syllable. Two-syllable verbs take in the “Αόριστος” the augment “'''έ'''-” with the stress mark on it.
 
If the preposition ends in a vowel, then this vowel disappears. Notice that the vowel in the preposition “περί” remains and that the preposition “'''εκ'''” changes into “'''εξ'''”, when a vowel is followed.
 
For example:
 
'''εισ'''πράττω (collect) - '''εισ'''έπρα'''ξ'''α
 
'''εν'''δίδω (give way) - '''εν'''έδωσα
 
== Present perfect / Παρακείμενος ==
The present perfect expresses an action completed some time in the past with consequences that reach the present. 
 
It shows something finished in the timewe speak.
 
* The Present perfect  It is formed in the active voice by the auxiliary verb '''έχω''' (have) + '''the infinitive''' of the verb
 
'''Example''':
* '''Εχω''' '''γράψει''' το γράμμα και θα το ταχυδρομήσω. / I have written the letter and I will to post it.
*'''Έχω έρθει''' πολλές φορές στο σπίτι σας, αλλά δεν ήσασταν εκεί./ I have come many times to your house but you were not there.
*Ο Κωνσταντίνος '''έχει σπουδάσει''' Ιατρική. / Konstantinos has studied Medicine.
== Past perfect / Υπερσυντέλικος ==
The past perfect is used to describe an action or event that occurred in the past.
The past perfect shows that the action described by the verb was completed before another past action or a certain point of time.
The past perfect is formed by using the '''Past continuous - Παρατατικός-''' of the auxiliary verb έχω (have) '''(είχα''', είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν) '''+ the infinitive''' of the verb in both voices.  
 
*'''Είχα''' '''ξυπνήσε'''ι πριν χτυπήσει το ρολόι. / I had been up before the clock struck.
*'''Είχα φάει''' πριν βγω έξω. / I had eaten before I went out.
*Η Μαρία '''είχε μαγειρέψει''' πριν τις έξι. Maria had cooked before six o’clock.
 
==Examples==
=== Past continuous / Παρατατικός ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Person
! Verb Form
! English Translation
|-
|εγώ
|έ-παιζ-α ( épeza )
|I was playing
|-
|εσύ
|έ-παιζ-ες (épezes ) 
|You were playing
|-
|αυτός, - ή , -ό
|έ-παι-ζε ( épeze 
|He/She/It was playing
|-
|εμείς
|παί-ζα-με ( pézame 
|We were playing 
|-
|εσείς
|παί-ζα-τε (pézate ) 
|You were playing
|-
|αυτοί,-ές, -ά
|έ-παιζ-αν ( épezan 
|hey were playing
|}
 
=== Simple past / Αόριστος===  
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Person
! Verb Form
! English Translation
|-
|εγώ
|έ-παι-ξα ( épexa )
|I played
|-
|εσύ
|έ-παι-ξες ( épexes )
|You played
|-
|αυτός ,-ή ,-ό
|έ-παι-ξε ( épexe )
|He/She/It played
|-
|εμείς
|παί-ξα-με ( péxame )
|We played
|-
|εσείς
|παί-ξα-τε (péxate ) 
|You played
|-
|αυτοί ,-ές ,-ά
|έ-παι-ξαν (épexan )
|They played
|}
 
=== Present perfect / Παρακείμενος ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Person
! Verb Form
! English Translation
|-
|εγώ
|έχω παίξει ( echo péxi )
|I have played
|-
|εσύ
|έχεις παίξει (echis péxi)
|you have played
|-
|αυτός, -ή, -ό
|έχει παίξει ( echi péxi)
|he /she / it has played
|-
|εμείς
|έχουμε παίξει (échoume péxi)
|we have played
|-
|εσείς
|έχετε παίξει ( échete péxi)
|you have played
|-
|αυτοί, -ές, ά
|έχουν παίξει (échoun péxi )
|they have played
|}
 
===Past perfect / Υπερσυντέλικος===
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Person
! Verb Form
! English Translation
|-
|εγώ
|είχα παίξει ( îcha péxi ) 
|I had played
|-
|εσύ
|είχες παίξει (îches péxi ) 
|You had played
|-
|αυτός ,-ή ,ό
|είχε παίξει ( îche péxi )
|He/She/It had played
|-
|εμείς
|είχαμε παίξει ( îchame péxi )
|We had played
|-
|εσείς
|είχατε παίξει îchate péxi )
|You had played
|-
|αυτοί ,-ές ,-ά
|είχαν / είχανε παίξει 
|They had played
|}
 
{{Marianthi-Signature}}
 
 
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Irregular-adjectives|Irregular adjectives]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/The-combinations-«αυ»-and-«ευ»|The combinations «αυ» and «ευ»]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Methods-of-Argument|Methods of Argument]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Imperative-(Present)|Imperative (Present)]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Word-Accentuation|Word Accentuation]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Writing-and-spelling|Writing and spelling]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Basic-spelling-rules|Basic spelling rules]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Verbes-elliptiques,-impersonnels-et-irréguliers|Verbes elliptiques, impersonnels et irréguliers]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Pronoms-possessifs|Pronoms possessifs]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Syllabification|Syllabification]]
 
{{Modern-greek-1453-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
 
[[Category:Course]]
[[Category:Modern-greek-1453-Course]]
[[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
[[Category:Modern-greek-1453-0-to-A1-Course]]
<span links></span>
<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
 
|[[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Present-Tense|◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Future-Tense|Next Lesson — Future Tense ▶️]]
|}
</span>

Latest revision as of 16:05, 16 June 2023

◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Future Tense ▶️

Εικόνα2.png

Welcome to our lesson! Today, we will explore the intricacies of the past tense in the Modern Greek. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to use this tense in various contexts.

After mastering the past tense, you can further enhance your Greek grammar skills by exploring other related topics such as Comparative and Superlative Adjectives, Homonyms and Homophones, and Participle Spelling. Enjoy your journey into the fascinating world of Modern-greek-1453 grammar! 📚✏️

Past tenses[edit | edit source]

Verbs are words that state something about the subject of the sentence

and may express action, event,or condition. The Greek verb can take many different forms which may indicate properties: person, number, voice, tense and mood.

Tenses are forms of the verb which show whether the action, the event or condition expressed by the verb is placed in the past, the present or the future. 

Past continuous - Παρατατικός[edit | edit source]

The verbs in “Παρατατικός ”  it is used in order to describe an action that was being repeated in the past or that had a duration.

Is the tense of narrations and descriptions.

Eg : Κάθε μέρα έπινα γάλα. (kathe mera epina gala).Every day i used to drink milk.

The Past Continuous of the verbs έχω (eho: to have) and είμαι (imai: to be)

Greek Verbs
was having was being
είχα (iha) ήμουν (imoun)
είχες (ihes) ήσουν (issoun)
είχε (ihe) ήταν (itan)
είχαμε (ihame) ήμασταν (imastan)
είχατε (ihate) ήσασταν (issastan)
είχαν (ihan) ήταν (itan)

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. The accent is over the ante-penultimate syllable (the third syllable counting from right to left).
  2. The prefix ε– or –η is added to two-syllable verbs in order to form the singular and the third plural person.

Κάνω (kano)= to do (present)

Past Continuous

  • έκανα (ekana)= I was doing / I used to do

Verbs in the indicative of historical tenses (Past continuous, Simple past, and Past perfect) at the beginning and before the subject take an augmentation. This increase can be:

  • A. Syllabic: when the verb begins with a consonant, then we put -ε- (ex. λύνω-έλυνα : solve, τρέχω-έτρεχα : run )
  • B. Chronicle: when the verb begins with a vowel, then the conversions take place: α, ε => η

Simple past / Αόριστος[edit | edit source]

The simple past / Αόριστος is used to describe an action, an event or condition that occurred in the past. The action or the event described was completed at some point.

Examples
Χθες πήγα στο πάρκο. I went to the park yesterday.
Χθες είδα τη Μαρία. I saw Maria yesterday.

Formation of the simple past[edit | edit source]

The personal endings of the “Αόριστος” of the active voice are: -α, -ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν.

The letters σ, ξ (κ+σ), ψ (π+σ) before the endings are typical letters of the “Αόριστος”. However, are verbs that form the “Αόριστος” without these letters.

In the “Αόριστος” the verbs are in principle stressed on the third-to-last syllable. Two-syllable verbs take in the “Αόριστος” the augment “έ-” with the stress mark on it.

If the preposition ends in a vowel, then this vowel disappears. Notice that the vowel in the preposition “περί” remains and that the preposition “εκ” changes into “εξ”, when a vowel is followed.

For example:

εισπράττω (collect) - εισέπραξα

ενδίδω (give way) - ενέδωσα

Present perfect / Παρακείμενος[edit | edit source]

The present perfect expresses an action completed some time in the past with consequences that reach the present. 

It shows something finished in the timewe speak.

  • The Present perfect  It is formed in the active voice by the auxiliary verb έχω (have) + the infinitive of the verb

Example:

  • Εχω γράψει το γράμμα και θα το ταχυδρομήσω. / I have written the letter and I will to post it.
  • Έχω έρθει πολλές φορές στο σπίτι σας, αλλά δεν ήσασταν εκεί./ I have come many times to your house but you were not there.
  • Ο Κωνσταντίνος έχει σπουδάσει Ιατρική. / Konstantinos has studied Medicine.

Past perfect / Υπερσυντέλικος[edit | edit source]

The past perfect is used to describe an action or event that occurred in the past. The past perfect shows that the action described by the verb was completed before another past action or a certain point of time. The past perfect is formed by using the Past continuous - Παρατατικός- of the auxiliary verb έχω (have) (είχα, είχες, είχε, είχαμε, είχατε, είχαν) + the infinitive of the verb in both voices.  

  • Είχα ξυπνήσει πριν χτυπήσει το ρολόι. / I had been up before the clock struck.
  • Είχα φάει πριν βγω έξω. / I had eaten before I went out.
  • Η Μαρία είχε μαγειρέψει πριν τις έξι. Maria had cooked before six o’clock.

Examples[edit | edit source]

Past continuous / Παρατατικός[edit | edit source]

Person Verb Form English Translation
εγώ έ-παιζ-α ( épeza ) I was playing
εσύ έ-παιζ-ες (épezes )  You were playing
αυτός, - ή , -ό έ-παι-ζε ( épeze  He/She/It was playing
εμείς παί-ζα-με ( pézame  We were playing
εσείς παί-ζα-τε (pézate )  You were playing
αυτοί,-ές, -ά έ-παιζ-αν ( épezan  hey were playing

Simple past / Αόριστος[edit | edit source]

Person Verb Form English Translation
εγώ έ-παι-ξα ( épexa ) I played
εσύ έ-παι-ξες ( épexes ) You played
αυτός ,-ή ,-ό έ-παι-ξε ( épexe ) He/She/It played
εμείς παί-ξα-με ( péxame ) We played
εσείς παί-ξα-τε (péxate )  You played
αυτοί ,-ές ,-ά έ-παι-ξαν (épexan ) They played

Present perfect / Παρακείμενος[edit | edit source]

Person Verb Form English Translation
εγώ έχω παίξει ( echo péxi ) I have played
εσύ έχεις παίξει (echis péxi) you have played
αυτός, -ή, -ό έχει παίξει ( echi péxi) he /she / it has played
εμείς έχουμε παίξει (échoume péxi) we have played
εσείς έχετε παίξει ( échete péxi) you have played
αυτοί, -ές, ά έχουν παίξει (échoun péxi ) they have played

Past perfect / Υπερσυντέλικος[edit | edit source]

Person Verb Form English Translation
εγώ είχα παίξει ( îcha péxi )  I had played
εσύ είχες παίξει (îches péxi )  You had played
αυτός ,-ή ,ό είχε παίξει ( îche péxi ) He/She/It had played
εμείς είχαμε παίξει ( îchame péxi ) We had played
εσείς είχατε παίξει îchate péxi ) You had played
αυτοί ,-ές ,-ά είχαν / είχανε παίξει  They had played

Author[edit source]

➡ Marianthi

  • Ευγενική χορηγία που στοχεύει να βοηθήσει μαθητές ή μη, απανταχού της Γης, που επιδίδονται στην εκμάθηση της ελληνικής γλώσσας!
  • Contribution bénévole visant à aider les personnes, partout dans le monde, qui sont engagées dans l'apprentissage de la langue grecque !
  • Voluntary contribution aimed at helping people, all over the world, who are committed to learning the Greek language! 


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

Table of Contents - Modern Greek (1453-) Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Greek Alphabet


Basic Greetings and Phrases


Nouns and Articles


Numbers and Time


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Verbs and Tenses


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Family and Relationships


Greek Traditions and Customs


Greek History and Geography

◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Future Tense ▶️

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