Difference between revisions of "Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Verbs-Conjugation-Groups"

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== The Greek tenses at the table below ==
<div class="pg_page_title">The Greek tenses at the table below</div>
[[File:Greek_top_verbs (2).jpg|thumb]]
 
__TOC__
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Greek Tense'''
!'''Greek Tense'''
|'''Corresponding English Tense'''
!'''Corresponding English Tense'''
|'''Usage'''
!'''Usage'''
|-
|-
|Ενεστώτας
|Ενεστώτας
|Simple Present and  
|Simple Present and Present Continuous
 
|For an action that is happening in the present, either continuously or repeatedly, or just once.
Present Continuous
|For an action that is happening in the present, either continuously or repeatedly, or just once.
|-
|-
|Παρατατικός
|Παρατατικός
|Past Continuous
|Past Continuous
|For an action that was happening continuously or repeatedly in the past.
|For an action that was happening continuously or repeatedly in the past.
|-
|-
|Αόριστος
|Αόριστος
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|Στιγμιαίος Μέλλοντας
|Στιγμιαίος Μέλλοντας
|Simple Future
|Simple Future
|For an action that will happen in the future just once or momentarily.
|For an action that will happen in the future just once or momentarily.
|-
|-
|Εξακολουθητικός Μέλλοντας
|Εξακολουθητικός Μέλλοντας
|Future Continuous
|Future Continuous
|For an action that will be happening in the future continuously or repeatedly.
|For an action that will be happening in the future continuously or repeatedly.
|-
|-
|Παρακείμενος
|Παρακείμενος
|Present Perfect
|Present Perfect
|For an action that began in the past and has been completed by the present time.
|For an action that began in the past and has been completed by the present time.
|-
|-
|Υπερσυντέλικος
|Υπερσυντέλικος
|Past Perfect
|Past Perfect
|For an action that began in the past and was completed before a specific moment (or other action) in the past.
|For an action that began in the past and was completed before a specific moment (or other action) in the past.
|-
|-
|Συντελεσμένος Μέλλοντας
|Συντελεσμένος Μέλλοντας
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|For an action that will have been completed by  a specific time in the future.
|For an action that will have been completed by  a specific time in the future.
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>All future tenses make use of the particle "θα" (tha), meaning “will“ moreover make use of the auxiliary verb "έχω" (ého), meaning “have,“ whereas Υπερσυντέλικος makes use of "είχα" (íha), meaning “had.“
 
* All future tenses make use of the particle "θα" (tha), meaning “will“ moreover make use of the auxiliary verb "έχω" (ého), meaning “have,“ whereas Υπερσυντέλικος makes use of "είχα" (íha), meaning “had.“


== '''The Moods''' ==
== '''The Moods''' ==
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Greek Moods'''
!'''Greek Moods'''
|'''Modes'''
!'''Modes'''
|'''Usage'''
!'''Usage'''
|-
|-
|'''Οριστική (indicative)'''
|'''Οριστική (indicative)'''
Line 81: Line 83:


α) e.g. “By playing, the time passed quickly.”(active  voice)
α) e.g. “By playing, the time passed quickly.”(active  voice)


β) e.g. “The dishes are washed.”
β) e.g. “The dishes are washed.”
Line 87: Line 88:
(passive voice)
(passive voice)
|'''A''') An uninflected verb form commonly used as  an adverb to indicate time, manner, cause, condition, etc.
|'''A''') An uninflected verb form commonly used as  an adverb to indicate time, manner, cause, condition, etc.


'''B)''' An inflected verb form commonly used as an adjective, giving a noun,  pronoun, or name a certain attribute.
'''B)''' An inflected verb form commonly used as an adjective, giving a noun,  pronoun, or name a certain attribute.
Line 103: Line 103:
For conjugation in Greek, there are two major conjugation groups: Conjugation '''α’''' and Conjugation '''β’'''.
For conjugation in Greek, there are two major conjugation groups: Conjugation '''α’''' and Conjugation '''β’'''.


'''Conjugation α’ includes verbs ending in:'''
===Conjugation α’ includes verbs ending in:===


* '''-ω''' |    Active Voice
* '''-ω''' |    Active Voice
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* For    example: λύν'''-ω''' / λύν'''-ομαι''' (''líno / línome'') — “to    solve” / “to be solved”
* For    example: λύν'''-ω''' / λύν'''-ομαι''' (''líno / línome'') — “to    solve” / “to be solved”


'''Conjugation β’ includes verbs ending in:'''
===Conjugation β’ includes verbs ending in:===


* '''-ώ''' |    Active Voice
* '''-ώ''' |    Active Voice
Line 119: Line 119:
* '''Conjugation β’''' (first class): αγαπ'''-ώ''' / αγαπ'''-ιέμαι''' (''agapó'' / ''agapiéme'') — “to love” / “to be loved”
* '''Conjugation β’''' (first class): αγαπ'''-ώ''' / αγαπ'''-ιέμαι''' (''agapó'' / ''agapiéme'') — “to love” / “to be loved”
* '''Conjugation β’''' (second class): θεωρ'''-ώ''' / θεωρ'''-ούμαι''' (''theoró'' / ''theorúme'') — “to think” / “to be thought” κοιμ'''-άμαι''' (''kimáme'') — “to sleep” (in the passive voice only) διερωτ'''-ώμαι''' (''dierotóme'') — “to ask myself” (in the passive voice only)
* '''Conjugation β’''' (second class): θεωρ'''-ώ''' / θεωρ'''-ούμαι''' (''theoró'' / ''theorúme'') — “to think” / “to be thought” κοιμ'''-άμαι''' (''kimáme'') — “to sleep” (in the passive voice only) διερωτ'''-ώμαι''' (''dierotóme'') — “to ask myself” (in the passive voice only)


As you saw above, Conjugation '''β’''' verbs are divided into two classes: those conjugating like αγαπώ (first class) and those like θεωρώ (second class).Indeed, these two major conjugation groups act as a rule for the majority of regular verbs. When it comes to determining to which category each verb belongs, a rule of thumb is to notice whether the -ω at the end of the verb in the active voice is accentuated. If there’s no accent mark, then the verb follows the Conjugation '''α’''' model. Otherwise, if the -ώ is accentuated, it follows the Conjugation '''β’''' model. Greek verb conjugation is not that easy. There are many irregular verbs and many verb forms, some of which were integrated into modern Greek from ancient Greek. Therefore, in practice, learning how to conjugate verbs according to the two conjugation groups only won’t cover all cases. It’s really necessary to study Greek verb conjugation rules for irregular verbs as well.  
As you saw above, Conjugation '''β’''' verbs are divided into two classes: those conjugating like αγαπώ (first class) and those like θεωρώ (second class).Indeed, these two major conjugation groups act as a rule for the majority of regular verbs. When it comes to determining to which category each verb belongs, a rule of thumb is to notice whether the -ω at the end of the verb in the active voice is accentuated. If there’s no accent mark, then the verb follows the Conjugation '''α’''' model. Otherwise, if the -ώ is accentuated, it follows the Conjugation '''β’''' model. Greek verb conjugation is not that easy. There are many irregular verbs and many verb forms, some of which were integrated into modern Greek from ancient Greek. Therefore, in practice, learning how to conjugate verbs according to the two conjugation groups only won’t cover all cases. It’s really necessary to study Greek verb conjugation rules for irregular verbs as well.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Conjugation  α''''
!'''Conjugation  α''''
|'''Conjugation β''''
!'''Conjugation β''''
|-
|
|
|-
|-
|λ'''ύ'''νω, γρ'''ά'''φω, ντ'''ύ'''νω, ξ'''έ'''ρω, αφ'''ή'''νω
|λ'''ύ'''νω, γρ'''ά'''φω, ντ'''ύ'''νω, ξ'''έ'''ρω, αφ'''ή'''νω
Line 133: Line 129:
solve, write,  dress, know, leave
solve, write,  dress, know, leave
|
|
==== '''μιλάω-μιλώ, γελάω-γελώ, αδικώ (Contracted  Verbs)''' ====
'''μιλάω-μιλώ, γελάω-γελώ, αδικώ (Contracted  Verbs)'''
speak, laugh, wrong
speak, laugh, wrong
|-
|-
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be spoken, fool  yourself, wrongdoing, be afraid   
be spoken, fool  yourself, wrongdoing, be afraid   
|-
|}
| colspan="2" |     


  
=== '''Οι φωνές (The voices)''' ===
 
'''Pivot table'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''Οι φωνές ( The voices)'''
|-
|-
|'''ενεργητική φωνή (active voice)'''
!'''ενεργητική φωνή (active voice)'''
|'''παθητική φωνή (passive voice)'''
!'''παθητική φωνή (passive voice)'''
|-
|-
|'''γράφω,    γελώ, θεωρώ'''
|'''γράφω,    γελώ, θεωρώ'''
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|all verbs ending in  '''-μαι''' belong to the first singular of the present tense
|all verbs ending in  '''-μαι''' belong to the first singular of the present tense
|}
|}
=== '''Οι συζυγίες ('''Conjugations) ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |'''Οι συζυγίες –    The''' Conjugations
|-
|-
|'''α' συζυγία –'''    Conjugation '''α''''
|'''α' συζυγία –'''    Conjugation '''α''''
| colspan="4" |'''β' συζυγία –'''    Conjugation β’
| colspan="4" |'''β' συζυγία –'''    Conjugation β’
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''γράφω''' – '''γράφομαι'''
| rowspan="3" |'''γράφω''' – '''γράφομαι'''<br />in the active    voice it is stressed in the ending
 
 
in the active    voice it is stressed in the ending
 
in the    passive it is stressed in the antepenultimate
in the    passive it is stressed in the antepenultimate
| colspan="4" |'''γελώ - γελιέμαι, θεωρώ - θεωρούμαι, θυμάμαι'''
| colspan="4" |'''γελώ - γελιέμαι, θεωρώ - θεωρούμαι, θυμάμαι'''


in the active    voice it is stressed in the ending
in the active    voice it is stressed in the ending
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'''-είται or -άται'''
'''-είται or -άται'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
|}
----
{{Marianthi-Signature}}
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Syllabification|Syllabification]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Alphabet|Alphabet]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Participle-spelling|Participle spelling]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Pronouns-(Summary)|Pronouns (Summary)]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Punctuation|Punctuation]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Verbes-elliptiques,-impersonnels-et-irréguliers|Verbes elliptiques, impersonnels et irréguliers]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Greek-Deponent-Verbs|Greek Deponent Verbs]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Interjections|Interjections]]
* [[Language/Modern-greek-1453/Grammar/Augment-in-modern-Greek|Augment in modern Greek]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 20:01, 27 March 2023

The Greek tenses at the table below
Greek top verbs (2).jpg
Greek Tense Corresponding English Tense Usage
Ενεστώτας Simple Present and Present Continuous For an action that is happening in the present, either continuously or repeatedly, or just once.
Παρατατικός Past Continuous For an action that was happening continuously or repeatedly in the past.
Αόριστος Simple Past For an action that happened in the past once or momentarily.
Στιγμιαίος Μέλλοντας Simple Future For an action that will happen in the future just once or momentarily.
Εξακολουθητικός Μέλλοντας Future Continuous For an action that will be happening in the future continuously or repeatedly.
Παρακείμενος Present Perfect For an action that began in the past and has been completed by the present time.
Υπερσυντέλικος Past Perfect For an action that began in the past and was completed before a specific moment (or other action) in the past.
Συντελεσμένος Μέλλοντας Future Perfect For an action that will have been completed by a specific time in the future.
  • All future tenses make use of the particle "θα" (tha), meaning “will“ moreover make use of the auxiliary verb "έχω" (ého), meaning “have,“ whereas Υπερσυντέλικος makes use of "είχα" (íha), meaning “had.“

The Moods[edit | edit source]

In Greek, there are five distinct verb moods, in order to show the intention of the speaker. The Greek moods and their usage are demonstrated in the table below.

Greek Moods Modes Usage
Οριστική (indicative)

e.g. Εγώ παίζω.

Indicative

e.g. “I play.”

Indicates that the action is something certain, real, a fact.
Υποτακτική (subjunctive)

e.g. Εσύ πρέπει να κοιμηθείς.

Subjunctive

e.g. “You must sleep.”

Indicates that the action is something wanted or expected, such as a wish, a desire, or an intention.
Προστακτική (imperative)

e.g. Πήγαινε τώρα!

Imperative

E.g. “Go now!”

Indicates a command, an order, or a request.
Μετοχή (participate)

α) e.g. Παίζοντας πέρασε γρήγορα η ώρα.

β) e.g. Τα πιάτα είναι πλυμένα.

Participle

α) e.g. “By playing, the time passed quickly.”(active voice)

β) e.g. “The dishes are washed.”

(passive voice)

A) An uninflected verb form commonly used as an adverb to indicate time, manner, cause, condition, etc.

B) An inflected verb form commonly used as an adjective, giving a noun, pronoun, or name a certain attribute.

Απαρέμφατο

e.g. Έχω διαβάσει αυτό το βιβλίο.

Infinitive

e.g. “I have read this book.”

An uninflected verb form used as a verb formation element in the present perfect, past perfect, and the future perfect tense.

Verb Conjugation Groups[edit | edit source]

For conjugation in Greek, there are two major conjugation groups: Conjugation α’ and Conjugation β’.

Conjugation α’ includes verbs ending in:[edit | edit source]

  • | Active Voice
  • -ομαι | Passive Voice
  • For example: λύν / λύν-ομαι (líno / línome) — “to solve” / “to be solved”

Conjugation β’ includes verbs ending in:[edit | edit source]

  • | Active Voice
  • -ιέμαι [first class] / -ούμαι, -άμαι, or -ώμαι [second class] | Passive Voice

For example:

  • Conjugation β’ (first class): αγαπ / αγαπ-ιέμαι (agapó / agapiéme) — “to love” / “to be loved”
  • Conjugation β’ (second class): θεωρ / θεωρ-ούμαι (theoró / theorúme) — “to think” / “to be thought” κοιμ-άμαι (kimáme) — “to sleep” (in the passive voice only) διερωτ-ώμαι (dierotóme) — “to ask myself” (in the passive voice only)

As you saw above, Conjugation β’ verbs are divided into two classes: those conjugating like αγαπώ (first class) and those like θεωρώ (second class).Indeed, these two major conjugation groups act as a rule for the majority of regular verbs. When it comes to determining to which category each verb belongs, a rule of thumb is to notice whether the -ω at the end of the verb in the active voice is accentuated. If there’s no accent mark, then the verb follows the Conjugation α’ model. Otherwise, if the -ώ is accentuated, it follows the Conjugation β’ model. Greek verb conjugation is not that easy. There are many irregular verbs and many verb forms, some of which were integrated into modern Greek from ancient Greek. Therefore, in practice, learning how to conjugate verbs according to the two conjugation groups only won’t cover all cases. It’s really necessary to study Greek verb conjugation rules for irregular verbs as well.

Conjugation  α' Conjugation β'
λύνω, γράφω, ντύνω, ξέρω, αφήνω

solve, write, dress, know, leave

μιλάω-μιλώ, γελάω-γελώ, αδικώ (Contracted Verbs) speak, laugh, wrong

λύνομαι, γράφομαι, ντύνομαι

loosen-solve, register, get dressed

μιλιέμαι, γελιέμαι, αδικιέμαι-αδικούμαι, φοβάμαι

be spoken, fool yourself, wrongdoing, be afraid 

Οι φωνές (The voices)[edit | edit source]

ενεργητική φωνή (active voice) παθητική φωνή (passive voice)
γράφω, γελώ, θεωρώ

write, laugh, consider,

γράφομαι, γελιέμαι, θεωρούμαι

register , fool yourself, I am considered

those that end in  belong to the first person of the present tense all verbs ending in  -μαι belong to the first singular of the present tense

Οι συζυγίες (Conjugations)[edit | edit source]

α' συζυγία – Conjugation α' β' συζυγία – Conjugation β’
γράφωγράφομαι
in the active voice it is stressed in the ending

in the passive it is stressed in the antepenultimate

γελώ - γελιέμαι, θεωρώ - θεωρούμαι, θυμάμαι

in the active voice it is stressed in the ending

in the passive it is stressed in the penultimate

α' τάξη – α’classe β' τάξη – β’ classe
ώ or άω

άς

ά or άει

-ιέμαι

-ιέσαι

-ιέται

-είς

-εί

-ούμαι or -άμαι

-είσαι or -άσαι

-είται or -άται


Author[edit source]

Marianthi

  • Ευγενική χορηγία που στοχεύει να βοηθήσει μαθητές ή μη, απανταχού της Γης, που επιδίδονται στην εκμάθηση της ελληνικής γλώσσας!
  • Contribution bénévole visant à aider les personnes, partout dans le monde, qui sont engagées dans l'apprentissage de la langue grecque !
  • Voluntary contribution aimed at helping people, all over the world, who are committed to learning the Greek language! 

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]