Language/Northern-kurdish/Grammar/Subordinating-Conjunctions
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Introduction[edit | edit source]
Welcome to the lesson on subordinating conjunctions in Northern Kurdish! In this lesson, we will explore the role and usage of subordinating conjunctions in forming complex sentences. Subordinating conjunctions are essential in connecting dependent clauses to main clauses and indicating the relationship between the two. By understanding how to use subordinating conjunctions, you will be able to express more complex ideas and thoughts in Northern Kurdish.
Throughout this lesson, we will provide comprehensive explanations, numerous examples, and engaging exercises to help you grasp the concept of subordinating conjunctions. So, let's dive in and explore the fascinating world of subordinating conjunctions in Northern Kurdish!
Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Subordinating conjunctions are words or phrases that connect a dependent clause to a main clause, creating a complex sentence. They establish a relationship between the dependent clause and the main clause, indicating the time, cause, condition, purpose, or concession. In Northern Kurdish, subordinating conjunctions play a crucial role in constructing sentences that express a wide range of ideas and concepts.
Time Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Time subordinating conjunctions are used to indicate when an action or event in the dependent clause takes place in relation to the main clause. Let's take a look at some common time subordinating conjunctions in Northern Kurdish:
| Northern Kurdish | Pronunciation | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| di nav de | dee nav deh | while |
| piştî ku | peeshtee koo | after |
| pêşî | peshi | before |
| heta ku | hateh koo | until |
| roja ku | rohjah koo | when |
| dema ku | demah koo | when |
| her ku | her koo | whenever |
| ji bo ku | jee boh koo | for |
Examples[edit | edit source]
- Ez dixwazim biaxivim, di nav de tu bixwazî were. (I want to eat while you want to come.)
- Ez çûme serê xwe, piştî ku tu hatî serê xwe. (I went home after you came home.)
- Pêşî ez serê xwe bişînim, piştî ku tu serê xwe bişînî. (First, I'll wash my hair before you wash your hair.)
- Heta ku em li wir in, em naxwazin bimirin. (Until we are here, we don't want to die.)
- Roja ku tu hatî, min bû xemgîn. (When you came, I was happy.)
- Dema ku tu diçî, ez dixwazim biaxivim. (When you leave, I want to eat.)
- Her ku tu dixwazî, ezê têbikoşim. (Whenever you want, I will come.)
- Ji bo ku tu xweşikî bike, ez hewl didim. (I am trying for you to be happy.)
Cause Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Cause subordinating conjunctions are used to indicate the reason or cause behind an action or event in the dependent clause. They explain why something happens. Let's take a look at some common cause subordinating conjunctions in Northern Kurdish:
| Northern Kurdish | Pronunciation | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| ji ber ku | jee ber koo | because |
| da ku | dah koo | so that |
| pêşîn ku | peshin koo | since |
| ji bo ku | jee boh koo | in order to |
| bi minasebeta ku | bee meenahsehbatah koo | due to |
Examples[edit | edit source]
- Ez diçim xwendin, ji ber ku ez dixwazim zanîn. (I go to school because I want to learn.)
- Ez li ber çavên xwe xuya dikim, da ku tu bibînî min. (I stand in front of your eyes so that you can see me.)
- Pêşîn ku ez hatim, tu tuhatî. (Since I came first, you came later.)
- Ji bo ku tu xweşikî bike, ez dest bi karê xwe kir. (In order for you to be happy, I started my work.)
- Bi minasebeta ku wîran bû, em ji gunde derketin. (Due to the war, we left the village.)
Condition Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Condition subordinating conjunctions are used to express a condition or circumstance that must be met for the action or event in the main clause to occur. Let's take a look at some common condition subordinating conjunctions in Northern Kurdish:
| Northern Kurdish | Pronunciation | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| heke | hehke | if |
| eger | egair | if |
| şert e ku | sherteh koo | provided that |
| bi şert e ku | bee sherteh koo | as long as |
| bi rastî | bee raste | truly |
| bi şik | bee sheek | in case |
| ev nayê ku | ev nahye koo | unless |
Examples[edit | edit source]
- Heke tu ji min re biaxivî, ezê ji te re bixwazim. (If you write to me, I will want something from you.)
- Eger tu bêhna xwe bide min, ezê ji te re kar bikim. (If you trust me, I will work for you.)
- Şert e ku tu biaxivî, ezê ji te re bixwazim. (Provided that you write, I will want something from you.)
- Bi şert e ku tu bêhna xwe bide min, ezê ji te re kar bikim. (As long as you trust me, I will work for you.)
- Bi rastî ez ji te re dizanim, tu nekarî bixwazî. (Truly, I know you, you can't want it.)
- Bi şik ezê ji te re bixwazim, tu ji min re biaxivî. (In case you write to me, I will want something from you.)
- Ev nayê ku tu biaxivî, ezê ji te re bixwazim. (Unless you write, I will want something from you.)
Purpose Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Purpose subordinating conjunctions are used to indicate the purpose or intention behind an action or event in the dependent clause. They explain why something is done. Let's take a look at some common purpose subordinating conjunctions in Northern Kurdish:
| Northern Kurdish | Pronunciation | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| da ku | dah koo | so that |
| bi minasebeta ku | bee meenahsehbatah koo | in order to |
| ji ber ku | jee ber koo | because |
| bi şert e ku | bee sherteh koo | as long as |
Examples[edit | edit source]
- Ez li ber çavên xwe xuya dikim, da ku tu bibînî min. (I stand in front of your eyes so that you can see me.)
- Bi minasebeta ku tu xweşikî bike, ez dest bi karê xwe kir. (In order for you to be happy, I started my work.)
- Ji ber ku tu xweşikî bikî, ez te bixwazim. (Because you are happy, I want you.)
- Bi şert e ku tu bêhna xwe bide min, ezê ji te re kar bikim. (As long as you trust me, I will work for you.)
Concession Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Concession subordinating conjunctions are used to express a concession or contrast to the main clause. They indicate something unexpected or contrary to what is stated in the main clause. Let's take a look at some common concession subordinating conjunctions in Northern Kurdish:
| Northern Kurdish | Pronunciation | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| her çend | her jend | although |
| her çiqas | her jeeqahs | however |
| ji ber ku | jee ber koo | despite |
| ji bo ku | jee boh koo | in spite of |
Examples[edit | edit source]
- Her çend tu derbasî min bûyî, ez te nezanî. (Although you came to me, I didn't know you.)
- Her çiqas hûn hêvîdar bin, hûn neçar in. (However hopeful you are, you are helpless.)
- Ji ber ku tu nezanî, ezê te vekim. (Despite you not knowing, I will wake you up.)
- Ji bo ku tu nekarî bibînî, ezê te ronî bikim. (In spite of you not being able to see, I will describe it to you.)
Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]
In the Northern Kurdish-speaking regions, the usage and understanding of subordinating conjunctions may vary slightly. Regional dialects and cultural influences can shape the preferences for certain subordinating conjunctions. For example, in some regions, the subordinating conjunction "ji ber ku" is commonly used to indicate both cause and concession, while in other regions, different subordinating conjunctions are preferred for these purposes.
Furthermore, historical factors, such as interactions with neighboring languages and cultures, can also influence the usage of subordinating conjunctions. For instance, due to historical contact with Arabic and Persian, some Northern Kurdish speakers may incorporate loanwords or loan translations of subordinating conjunctions from these languages into their speech.
Interesting Fact: Northern Kurdish, also known as Kurmanji, is the most widely spoken dialect of the Kurdish language. It is primarily spoken in the northern regions of Kurdistan, including parts of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Northern Kurdish has a rich linguistic history and has been influenced by various languages throughout its development.
Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]
Now, let's put your knowledge of subordinating conjunctions into practice! Complete the following exercises by selecting the correct subordinating conjunction in each sentence. The solutions are provided at the end of the exercise.
1. Ez dixwazim biaxivim, [da ku / heke / ji ber ku] tu bixwazî were. 2. [Her çiqas / Ji bo ku / Bi minasebeta ku] tu bêhna xwe bide min, ezê ji te re kar bikim. 3. Heke tu ji min re biaxivî, [ji bo ku / her çiqas / pêşî] ezê ji te re bixwazim. 4. [Ji ber ku / Pêşî / Da ku] tu hatî, ez hatim piştî te. 5. [Eger / Bi rastî / Her çend] tu bêhna xwe bide min, ezê ji te re kar bikim. 6. [Ji ber ku / Pêşî / Her çend] tu hatî, ez serê xwe bişînim.
Solutions[edit | edit source]
1. Ez dixwazim biaxivim, da ku tu bixwazî were. 2. Bi minasebeta ku tu bêhna xwe bide min, ezê ji te re kar bikim. 3. Heke tu ji min re biaxivî, ezê ji te re bixwazim. 4. Ji ber ku tu hatî, ez hatim piştî te. 5. Bi rastî tu bêhna xwe bide min, ezê ji te re kar bikim. 6. Her çend tu hatî, ez serê xwe bişînim.
Congratulations on completing the exercises! You are now well on your way to mastering the usage of subordinating conjunctions in Northern Kurdish.
Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
- Time Adverbs
- Conditional Mood
- 0 to A1 Course
- Dative Case
- Basic Word Order
- Pronouns
- Gender
- Present Tense
- Negation
- Nominative Case
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