Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Negation
Hi Classical Quechua learners! 😊
In this lesson, we will be discussing negation in Classical Quechua. Negation is an important element of grammar in any language because it allows us to express negation of actions or properties. Negation allows us to express "no" or "not" in Classical Quechua.
Consider exploring these related pages after completing this lesson: Gramatical generalities, How to Use Have & Adjectives.
Negation in Classical Quechua[edit | edit source]
In Classical Quechua, negation (denoted by "man") is usually placed before the verb it negates. For example:
| Quechua | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| manam | /ma'nam/ | no, not, nothing |
| chay | /ʧaj/ | this |
| kani | /'kani/ | to buy |
| chay kani | /ʧaj 'kani/ | to buy this (positive) |
| manam kani | /ma'nam 'kani/ | not to buy (negative) |
In the example above, "manam" is used to express negation. The word "kani" means "to buy," and "chay kani" means "to buy this" while "manam kani" means "not to buy."
Some examples to illustrate the point:
- Person 1: Chayqa kani. (I will buy this.)
- Person 2: Manam kani. (I will not buy.)
Here, the negation marker "manam" negates the verb "kani" (to buy). As a result, Person 2 is expressing that they will not buy the item in question.
Placement of "Man"[edit | edit source]
As we have seen, "man" is usually placed before the verb it negates. For example:
- Manam kani (Not to buy)
- Manam llapaqa munasqa (I did not see the beautiful woman)
In the example above, "manam" negates the verb "kani" (to buy) and "llapaqa munasqa" (saw the beautiful woman).
However, in some cases, "man" may also be placed after the verb it negates. For example:
- sayk'uqmanmi (not a drunkard)
- wasimantaqmi (not hot)
In the example above, "man" is placed after the verb "sayk'uq" (drunkard) and "wasimantaq" (hot).
The Negative Particle "Mana"[edit | edit source]
In addition to "man," Classical Quechua also has a negative particle, "mana," which is used to deny the existence of a quality or thing. For example:
| Classical Quechua | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| mana | /'mana/ | no, not |
| ima sumaq p'anqa | /'ima 'sumaq 'paɲqa/ | he is a beautiful bird. |
| mana ima sumaq p'anqa | /'mana 'ima 'sumaq 'paɲqa/ | he is not a beautiful bird. |
In the above example, "mana" denies the existence of the quality "sumaq" (beautiful) and negates the sentence.
Here is an example to illustrate the point:
- Person 1: Kaymi lliwniyki. (I have a green shirt.)
- Person 2: Mana lliwniyki. (I do not have a green shirt.)
In the example above, "mana" is used to deny the existence of the quality "green" in Person 2's shirt, thereby negating the sentence.
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
In conclusion, negation is an important element of Classical Quechua grammar and allows us to express "no" or "not" in various contexts. Remember that "man" is used to negate verbs, while "mana" is used to negate qualities or things. By practicing negation, you can improve your Classical Quechua grammar and communication skills.
To improve your Classical Quechua Grammar, you can also use the Polyglot Club website. Find native speakers and ask them any questions!
Sources[edit | edit source]
Congratulations on finishing this lesson! Explore these related pages to keep learning: Pronouns, How to Use Be & Conditional Mood.
Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
- Pronouns
- Gramatical generalities
- Questions
- Conditional Mood
- How to Use Have
- Give your Opinion
- Adjectives
- How to Use Be
- Plurals