Language/Carolinian

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Welcome to the Carolinian learning page!

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Facts about Carolinian[edit | edit source]

  • Language code (ISO 639-3): cal
  • Autonyms (how to write "Carolinian" in Carolinian): Refaluwasch
  • Other names for "Carolinian": Refalúwasch, Saipan Carolinian, Southern Carolinian ("Gupallao")
  • The Carolinian language is spoken in: Northern Mariana Islands
  • Spoken by: 3,041 people



Carolinian is an Oceanic language of the Micronesian subgroup, belonging to the great Austronesian language family, and spoken in the Mariana Islands (in Saipan, Anatahan and Agrigan). It is a different language from Chamorro. It is an official language of the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.


It takes its name from the neighboring Carolinian Islands from which its speakers are in all likelihood, which left after a typhoon or an earthquake. Sometimes called South Carolinian to distinguish it from North Carolinian, it shares 95% of its lexicon with Satawal and 88% with Woleai and Puluwat. The vernacular name of the speakers is Refalawasch.


A Carolinian-English dictionary was published in 1991 by Frederick H. Jackson and Jeffrey C. Marck in Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press.


It seems to be spoken (in 1995) by 3,041 people in the Northern Marianas, or 5.2% of the population (Chamorro speakers represent 29.1% of the population there).

Sources[edit | edit source]

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolinien

Free Carolinian Lessons[edit | edit source]

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Forum[edit | edit source]

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Northern Mariana Islands TimelineHow to Say Hello and Greetings

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