TURKÝSH GRAMMER LESSON-9

THE SUFFIXES AND THEIR STUCTURE

Suffixes are those little word which are attached to the end of words to either change thir meaning or modify the meaning in a sentence

Ekler: -Suffixes:
(A). Suffixes which obey Vowel Harmony Rules
(B). Suffixes which change according to Consonant Harmony Rules

Generally there are two main divisions of suffixes:
(1). Çekim ekleri -Inflexional Suffixes
(2). Yapým ekleri -Constructional Suffixes

(1) Inflexional Suffixes and Simple Structured words

Inflexional Suffixes change the meaning of aword in its sentence.
Words which have takin an Inflectional Suffix are called Simple Structured words.

Some examples of Inflexional Suffixes and Simple Structured words:

(a). Çoðul Ekleri: -ler, -lar
Examples: evler, arabalar
(A). Plural Suffixes: -ler, -lar

1.                                                          evler = houses

2.                                                          arabalar = cars

(b.) Ýsmin Hal Ekleri: -i, -e, -de, -den
Examples: evi, eve, evde, evden
(B). Condition of Noun suffixes: -i, -e, -de, -den

1.                                                          evi = the house [obj.]

2.                                                          eve = to/toward the house

3.                                                          evde = in/on/at the house

4.                                                          evden = from/by the house

(c). Ýyelik Ekleri : -im, in, -i, -imiz, -iniz, -leri
Examples: evim, evin, evi, evimiz, eviniz, evleri
(C).Personal Suffixes: -im, in, -i, -imiz, -iniz, -leri

1.                                                          evim = my house

2.                                                          evin = your house

3.                                                          evi = his/her/its house

4.                                                          evimiz = our house, eviniz = your house

5.                                                          evleri = their house(s)

(d). Tamlama Ekleri: -(n)ýn, -ý
Examples: Arabanýn kapýsý, Evin bacasý, Sokaðýn tozu
(D). Noun Completion Suffixes: -(n)ýn, -ý

1.                                                          arabanýn kapýsý - the door of the car

2.                                                          evin bacasý - the house's chimmney

3.                                                          sokaðýn tozu - the dust of the street

e). Kip Ekleri: -di, -miþ, -ecek, -ar, -ýyor
Examples: yazdý, yazmýþ, yazacak, yazar, yazýyor
(E). Tense Suffixes: -di, -miþ, -ecek, -ar, -ýyor

1.                                                          yazdý - he/she/it wrote

2.                                                          yazmýþ - apparantly he/she/it wrote

3.                                                          yazacak - he will write

4.                                                          yazar - he writes (habitually)

5.                                                          yazýyor - he is writing (now)

(2). STRUCTURAL SUFFIXES and DERIVED NOUNS

STRUCTURAL SUFFIXES are those which change the meaning of a noun within a sentence.
Such nouns suffixed with a structural suffix are called DERIVED WORDS

NOTE:
An unsffixed noun is called a ROOT.
A ROOT which has taken an INFLEXIONAL suffix is called a Simple Word.
Sometimes ROOTS are call Simple Sructured Words.

Suffixes of Structure and their Derived Nouns:

(a). -ci = çilekçi, madenci, halýcý, iþçi, bulaþýkçý, yolcu, gözcü...
(A). -ci -çi, -cý -çý, -cu -çu , -cü -çü
This suffix signifies Profession, Occupation, like "-er" in English - "worker.."

1.                                                          çilekçi = strawberry grower/seller

2.                                                          madenci = miner/mineral worker

3.                                                          halýcý = carpet maker/seller

4.                                                          iþçi = worker

5.                                                          bulaþýkçý = dish-washer

6.                                                          yolcu = traveller

7.                                                          gözcü = watchman

(b). -li = Þekerli, tuzlu, yollu, selli, sözlü, gözlü...
(B). -li, -lý, - lu, -lü
This suffix signifies - "containing.. furnished with.."

1.                                                          þekerli = sugared, sugary, sweetened

2.                                                          tuzlu = salty, salted

3.                                                          bahçeli = containg a garden (bahçeli ev = a house with a garden)

4.                                                          selli = flooded

5.                                                          sütlü = milky, containing milk

6.                                                          gamlý = sad, worried

(c). -siz = Þekersiz, tuzsuz, arabasýz, sütsüz...
(C). -siz, -sýz, - suz, -süz
This suffix has the opposite meaning to the -li sufix above, thus producing - un- (unsugared), -less (sugarless), without [not containing] (without sugar)

1.                                                          þekersiz = unsugared, sugarless, without sugar, unsweetened

2.                                                          tuzsuz = without salt, unsalted, not salty

3.                                                          arabasýz = without a car, carless

4.                                                          sütsüz = without milk

5.                                                          diþsiz = toothless

(d). -lik = Þekerlik, tuzluk, gözlük, sözlük, yolluk, sazlýk...
(D). -lik, -lýk, - luk, -lük
This suffix produces nouns and derivations from other nouns and adjectives. It stands for "-ness" as in "goodness". It also forms nouns of place - çimen (grass) produces çimenlik (meadow, grassy placce)

1.                                                          þekerlik = sugar-shaker, sugar producing place

2.                                                          tuzluk = salt-cellar, salt bed, salt producing place

3.                                                          gözlük = spectacles

4.                                                          sözlük = dictionary

5.                                                          yolluk = travvel

6.                                                          sazlýk = reed bed, place of reeds

7.                                                          bozukluk = spoiles, rottenness

(e). -gi = sevgi, saygý, içki, bilgi, sergi, sorgu, sürgü...
(E). -gi -ki, -gý -ký, -gu -ku, -gü -kü
This suffix forms nouns of action or result of action (mainly from verbs)

1.                                                          sevgi (sevmek) = affection

2.                                                          saygý (saymak) = esteem

3.                                                          içki (içmek)= (a) drink

4.                                                          bilgi (bilmak) = knowledge, data

5.                                                          sergi (sermek)= exhibition, show

6.                                                          sorgu (sormak) = interrogation

7.                                                          etki (etmak) = effect, influence

(f). -gin = bilgin, saygýn, üzgün, vurgun...
(F). -gin -kin, -gýn -kýn, -gun -kun, -gün -kün
This suffix forms nouns and adjectives of resulted action.

1.                                                          bilgin = scholar, learned

2.                                                          saygýn = respected, esteemed

3.                                                          üzgün = sad, anxious

4.                                                          vurgun = stricken, smitten

(g.) -daþ = yurttaþ, meslektaþ, sýrdaþ, vatandaþ...
-daþ -taþ (sometimes has abraded to -deþ)
This suffix signifies a "fellow realationship" - a relationship of co-operation.

1.                                                          yurttaþ = citize, fellow-countryman

2.                                                          meslektaþ = colleague

3.                                                          sýrdaþ = confidant

4.                                                          vatandaþ = patriot, compadre

5.                                                          kardeþ = sibling, brother, sister

(h). -sal = kumsal, kýrsal, belgesel, bilimsel, sanatsal...
-sal, -sel
This suffix makes adjectives of association often end on -ic in English (history - historic, historical).

1.                                                          kumsal = strand (of sand)

2.                                                          kýrsal = rural - (kir = countryside)

3.                                                          belgesel = documentary

4.                                                          bilimsel = scientific

5.                                                          sanatsal = artistic

6.                                                          kimyasal = chemical

NOTE:
In order to establish if a word is a Derived word or a Root, we must inspect as follows:

If we remove any syllables that may be considered as suffixes from a word, and a meaning remains, then it is Derived Word, always providing that there is a modified meaning on re-application of the removed suffixes.

Let us consider the word "perde (curtain)". Now let us remove the syllable "-de". The word "per" remains, but there is no such word in Turkish. So in this case "-de" is not a Structural Suffix, therfoe perde is a ROOT. The answer is a Simple Stucture Word.

Now let us examine the word "perdelik (curtaining)". Let us remove the syllable "-lik". The remaining word "perde" has a meaning in Turkish therefore it must be a ROOT. Moreovere when replacing the suffix there is still a connection in meaning between "perde" and "perdelik".

Perde (curtain): Cloth that is hung to cover a window.
Perdelik (curtaining): The materials from which curtains are produced.
Here we can see that there is a connection in the meaning between both words. From this we can deduce that "perdelik" is a Derived Word ant that the syllable "-lik" is Structural Suffix..

Now let us consider the word "balta (axe)" Let us remove the syllable -ta. The wor remaing is bal (honey). If we now relace the syllable -ta (axe) we find the is no connection between the two meanings, there fore in this case "-ta" is not a suffix and so the ROOT is "balta (axe)" itself.

Balta (axe): a tool for chopping.
Bal: honey.
From this we can see "balta" is not suffixed it is a ROOT word. The syllable "-ta" is not a Strucural Suffix, it ia a syllable that is part of the ROOT word.

(3). COMPOUND STRUCTURAL WORDS

Two or more word without taking suffixes or bufferlatters can produce a new meaning. Thes are called Compound Nouns.

ÖRNEK:
Güzel + yurt= Güzelyurt -a town in Anatolia
Afyon + kara + hisar = Afyonkarahisar -a town in Anatolia
Yeþil + ýrmak = Yeþilýrmak -a town in Anatolia
Sivri + sinek= Sivrisinek -mosquito (sharp + fly)
Kara + sinek= Karasinek -nousefly (black + fly)