TURKÝSH GRAMMER LESSON-7

ZAMÝRLER - PRONUNS

Words used in place of nouns are termed pronouns.

Basic pronouns are divided into two categories:
I - Pronouns in word form
II - Pronouns in suffix form

I - Pronouns in the form of words:

Word Type pronouns are divided into four groups:
(A) Personal pronouns -(Kiþi zamirleri)
(B) Demonstrative pronouns - (Ýþaret zamirleri)
(C) Indefinite pronouns - (Belgisiz zamirler)
(D) Interrogative pronouns - (Soru zamirleri)

(A) Personal pronouns:
These words are used in place of nouns or names.
"ben, sen, o..vs." - I, You, He/She/It.. etc.

Personal Pronoun Particularities

(1) Personal pronouns can be Pluralised and may take suffixes of Condition.

Singular: "Ben sen, o" - I, You, He/She/it..
Plural: "Biz, siz, onlar" - We, You, They..

Personal pronouns with Suffixes of Condition:

(2). "Sen - you (singular)" is used for friends, children and family, whilst "siz - you (plural)" is used for politeness, strangers and to show respect.

EXAMPLES:
A child instead os saying "My teacher, the head is calling you (which uses - sen - friendly, intimate)" would say "My teacher, the head is calling you (using - siz - polite, respectful)"

(3). The conventions of using word form pronouns or suffix form pronouns.

Generally speaking unless the person is heavily stressed in speech, the suffixed form is used.

EXAMPLES:
Benim defterim = defterim (preferred) - my notebook
Senin defterin = defterin (preferred) - your notebook
Onun defteri = defteri (preferred) - his/her/its
Bizim defterimiz = defterimiz (preferred) - our notebook
Sizin defteriniz = defteriniz (preferred) - your notebook
Onlarýn defteri = defterleri (preferred) - their notebook(s)

(4). "Kendi - self" is also a pronoun, it can be pluralized (selves) and have suffixes added.

Ben - Kendim - I - myself
Sen - Kendin - you - yourself
O - Kendi (kendisi) - he/she/it - himself/herself/itself
Biz - Kendimiz - ourself, ourselves
Siz - Kendiniz - yourself, yourselves
Onlar - Kendileri - theirself, theirselves

EXAMPLES:
Kendi kendine konuþuyor. - He is talking to himself
Kendi kalemini kullan. - Use your pen yourself
Kendimize güvenimiz kalmadý. - We are not sure of ouselves
Sorunlarýný, kendileri çözsün. - Let them answer the questions themselves.

(B) Demonstrative Pronouns:

Demonstrative pronouns are use to point out nouns which have already benn stated, as in - "Bu, þu, o- "this, that, that yonder"

Demonstrative Pronoun Particularities

(1). Demonstrative pronouns can be pluralized and have Suffixes of Condition added to them.

Demonstrative Pronouns and their plurals:
Singular: - "Bu, þu, o" - this, that, that yonder
Plural: - "Bunlar, þunlar, onlar" - these, those, those yonder

(2). Demonstrative pronouns with Suffixes of Condition:

(2). Öteki - the other over there, the offside
beriki - the other just here, the nearside
burasý - this place here
þurasý - that place just there
böylesi - this way thus
öylesi, - that way thus. All these are also considered as Demomstrative Pronouns and as such can be pluraliizes and suffixed

EXAMPLES:
Öteki evi aldýk - sýfat - We bought the other house over there. - Dem. Adj. adjective
Ötekini aldýk - iþaret zamiri - We bought the other one over there - Dem. Prn.
Þu bölüme bakla ektik - sýfat - We planted broad beans in that area - Dem Adj.
Þuraya bakla ektik - iþaret zamiri - We planted broad beans just there - Dem. Prn.
O kýsmý çapaladýk - sýfat - We hoed that part - Dem. Adj.
Orasýný çapaladýk - iþaret zamiri - We hoed over there - Dem. Prn.
Böyle insan görmedim - sýfat - I havent seen such a man thus - Dem. adj.
Böylesini görmedim - iþaret zamiri - I havent seen one like that - Dem. Prn.
Öyle adamdan hiçbir þey olmaz - sýfat - Nothing comes from a man like that - Dem. Adj.
Öylesinden hiçbir þey olmaz - iþaret zamiri - Nothing comes from such as that. - Dem. Prn.

(3). Demonsrative pronouns when used with a noun form a Qualifying Noun completion

EXAMPLES:
Bunun evi - This one's house
Þunun kalemi - That one's pen
Onun çantasý - That one's bag
Bunlarýn arabasý - These's car(s) - (The car belonging to these)
Þunlarýn arkadaþlarý - Those's friends - (The friends of those [people])
Onlarýn oyuncaklarý - Those's toys
Ötekinin saçý - The other one's [over there] hair
Berikinin pantolonu - The nearer one's trousers
Burasýnýn yolu - This place's road - (the road just here)
Þurasýnýn havasý - The weather there
Orasýnýn üzümü - That places's grapes -(the grapes from there)
Öylesinin parasý - That type [that such of] of money
Böylesinin malý - This type [this such of] of goods

Differences between Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

The words for Demonstrative Adjectives and pronouns are the same. In order not to mix them we shoul consider the following differences.

(A) Demonsrative Adjectives cannot take a plural, wheras Demonstrative Pronouns can do so. Thus "onlar - these ones, bunlar - these ones, þunlar - those ones "- are always pronouns.
(B). Demonstrative Adjectives describe and qualify the noun and always precede it. The Demonstrative Pronoun is used in place of the noun itself.
(C). Inside sentences a comma is placed after the Demonstrative pronouns "Bu, þu, o "
(D). As a demonstrative pronoun - "o - it" - is used for replacing the noun of things.
(E). Also, as a demonstrative pronoun - "o - it" - is used for replacing the noun of persons.
(F). As a demonsrative adjective - "o, that" - will precede the noun that it qualifies.

Examples of the alternatives in (D), (E), (F) above:
O, sularda yaþar. - iþaret zamiri - That [one - a whale?], lives in water - Dem. Prn.
O, ödevlerini yapamamýþ. - kiþi zamiri - He/she apparently has not done the homework. - Personal Prn.
O plaja biz de gittik. - iþaret sýfatý - We also went to that beach - Dem. Prn

(C) Indefinite Pronouns - (Belgisiz Zamir):

Where noun is indefinite or not apparent it can be replaced with an Indefinite Pronoun

Indefinte Prn.	English
Biri	one
birisi	the one
birileri	some, the ones
birkaçý	a few
kimisi	who
kimse	anybody, nobody
herkes	everybody
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