turkish gramer

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About the Turkish Language

The Origins of Turkish

The Turkish Language originated in The Altay Mountain Range in Northern Siberia centuries ago. For this reason it is called an Altaic Language. As the nomads expanded further into Asia Minor, they brought their language with them to Turkmenistan, Khazakstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and other countries.

Many of these languages are multi-intelligible although local usage and vocabulary, spelling and alphabet may differ - however they all exhibit the same grammatical structure of agglutination and vowel harmony.

Turkish being a language emanating from Central Asia, is spoken from the borders of Greece to the hinterland of Western China, there may also be some affinity with the Hungarian, Finnish, Korean and some of the indigenous American Indian languages.

The Ottoman Empire brought the language to the gates of Vienna and to Arabia, Egypt and Northern Africa as their empire flourished. It is because of this expansion that the language and vocabulary is peppered with words from Arabic, Persian and European languages. These imported words mostly (but not always) follow the basic grammar and vowel harmony of native Turkish.

The Structure of Turkish

A Mini Nushell Overview of the Turkish Language
Turkish is characterized by vowel harmony, consonant mutation and agglutination. Postpositions are used instead of prepositions.
Thus suffixes added to the stem of the verb may indicate positive or negative forms of the passive, reflexive, causative, potential, subjunctive moods plus further additions for tense and person.
Nouns are also suffixed with possessor and case (declension). Both the subject definite article and grammatical gender are lacking. Adjectives precede their noun and do not have to agree in number or case. The sentence form is SOV - Subject, Object Verb.

The fundamental features of the Turkish Language are:

1. The Consonants - Twenty-one letters represent the consonants.

2. The Adjectives - Adjectives and adjectival phrases predece their noun and do not agree in number.

3. Vowel Harmony - Turkish has eight vowels, four pairs (A-E, I-Ý, O-Ö, U-Ü) with corresponding front/back, and rounded/unrounded sounds, which form the basis for vowel harmony. According to vowel harmony rules, vowels of suffixes must have the same properties as the vowel in the last syllable: either front/back or rounded/unrounded.

4. Agglutination - Agglutination in Turkish takes the form of suffixes attached to the end of a word, whether noun or verb. Suffixes add to the word's meaning and/or mark its grammatical function.
(Affixed suffixes or suffix groups - words are composed of a sequence of word elements, each of representing only one grammatical category.)

5. The Absence of Gender - Turkish does not have a definite article, nor does it have gender pronouns (one word signifies he, she, or it).

6. Verbs always come at the end of the sentence - Sentence construction follows the subject-object-verb pattern.

A general description of Turkish Grammar

The Author outside The Manisa Spor Kebab House - Manisa

The language differs from the Indo European Group - English, Spanish, etc. in both grammatical structure and vocabulary. It is also a phonetic language - each letter always retains it own sound -

not as in English where the sound of the letters can change, as the letter a does in fat, fate, fare etc.

Also, changes are made to consonants in spelling - Consonant Mutation - in certain circumstances as discussed below.

Another all pervading facet of Turkish is the Rule of Vowel Harmony where subsequent vowels in a word or suffix will follow the vowel grouping of the previous vowel.

Turkish has six cases

A nominative case which carries no ending and five cases each with a typical ending. According to Vowel Harmony the vowels of the ending match the base word.

The endings of the cases are:

Genitive: -in/-ýn/-un/-ün

The Genitive is the Case of Ownership

Accusative: -i/-ý/-u/-ü

The Accusative is the Direct Object of a Verb - it equates to - the.. - in English

Dative: -a/-e

The Dative is the Case of Movement Towards - it equates to - to., towards.. - in English.

Locative: -da/-de or -ta/-te - according to Consonant Mutation rules.

The Locative is the Case of Place - it equates to - in.. on.. at.. - in English.

Ablative: -dan/-den or -tan/-ten - according to Consonant Mutation rules.

The Ablative is the Case of Movement Away - it equates to - from.. by.. via.. - in English.

Agglutination

Agglutination - "a sticking on to.."

In English we have many words which agglutinate (extend) to form other words. If we take the simple word - argue - then we can agglutinate it to - argument - by sticking on a -ment suffix.
We can further agglutinate this word with other suffixes viz.: -ative giving argumentative - and even further to - argumentatively by adding a further -ly suffix.

This then is the way of Turkish but even the little words like - in.. from.. at.. - are suffixed to their noun - thus producing an extended word.

Then adding suffix -de - in.. on.. at.. and suffix -dan - from..

1. ev - house

2. evde - ev-de - in the house

3. evden - ev-den - from the house

Most suffixes follow the - Rule of Vowel Harmony - so there can be both an A-UnDotted Vowel Form - A I O U - and an E-Dotted Vowel Form - E Ý Ö Ü - for the same suffix.

Similarly adding suffix -da - in.. on.. at..

1. oda - room

2. odada - oda-da - in the room

3. odadan - oda-dan - from the room

All these suffixes and the rules of use are explained in the pages on this web site.

Consonant Mutation

Consonant Mutation
Changes in pronunciation and spelling of consonants to preserve phonetics and euphony.

About Voicing of Consonants

A Voiced Consonant is one where the voice box is used to produce the sound - d, b - are in this category - and an Unvoiced Consonant is where the voice is silent and only air is expelled to produce the sound such as t, p.

The Main Consonants with Two Forms in Turkish

We do have a little consonant mutation in English, the terminal -y of lady changes to an -ie- in the plural - ladies, and the terminal -f of knife changes to a -v- in the plural - knives. This is similar to what happens in Turkish, but it is on a larger scale.

The main changes that occur in turkish words is that a terminal -k may change to a -ð - (soft g) - when a suffix with a vowel is added.

Also the first letter -d of a suffix may change to a -t when the suffix is added to a word ending in a Voiced Consonant.

There are some changes to some other consonants which are minor - these Rules of Consonant Mutation are all discussed in detail in the web pages.

Vowel Harmony

The Eight Vowels of Turkish

One very interesting feature of Turkish is that the eight vowels can be divided into two groups, the UnDotted and the Dotted vowels. Dotted vowels are pronounced at the front of the mouth (as the French Language) while their UnDotted counterparts are pronounced at the back of the mouth (more like English).

Vowel Harmony Basics

1. The E-Dotted Group of four vowels are e, i, ö, ü

2. The A-UnDotted Group of four vowels are a, ý, o, u.

The harmony lies in the fact that all Turkish words of Altaic Turkic Origin are pronounced either entirely containing A-UnDotted Vowels, like kapýlar - doors or bulmacalarý - their crosswords, or entirely containing E-Dotted Vowels, like evlerinden - from their house - or köylüler - the villagers.

Grammatical and verb suffixes also follow vowel harmony, being divided into two groups for front-vowel words and back-vowel words.

For example, the Undotted - back-vowel - plural suffix -lar would be added to kapý to form the word for - doors - ie. kapýlar whereas the Dotted - front-vowel - plural suffix -ler would be added to köylü to produce - villagers - ie köylüler.

In short, UnDotted Vowels follow UnDotted Vowels and Dotted Vowels follow Dotted Vowels.

Turkish has many imported foreign words from French, such as televizyon - télévision and müzisyen - musician, kuaför - coiffure that have been modified phonetically to the Turkish Alphabet and incorporated into the language. These are spelled according to Turkish phonetics and often have both front and back vowels within one word.

Such is true for the numerous Turkish words of Arabic origin, such as mektup - letter and merhaba - hello, and of Persian origin as hane - office - where vowel harmony does not occur in the word itself. In these cases, consistent with the general rule for vowel harmony in Turkish, the final vowel of the word determines the vowel harmony for suffixation.

Turkish Verbs

There are no irregular verbs, and one single conjugation is used for all verbs. Turkish Verbs are also vowel harmonised.

All verbs belong to one of two groups determined by their infinitive forms, those ending in -mak - (The A-UnDotted Vowel Group), and those ending in -mek - (The E-Dotted Vowel Group.)

The suffixes for all -mak verbs have only A-UnDotted Back Vowels - bakmak - to look - becomes - bakacak - he will look.

However only E-Dotted Front Vowels will be found in the suffixes of -mek verbs - gelmek - to come - becomes - gelecek - He will come.

This means there is more than one form for the tense sign suffix and in this case the future suffix may be -acak or -ecek to follow Vowel Harmony Rules.

Translation of the speech..

People of Turkey.. To this development which keeps flowing on by every ten years, I sincerley wish greater honour, happiness, pride and prosperity in this important celebration.. Happy is the man that can call himself a Turk!
- Mustapha Kemal Ataturk
- From his 10th year Celebration Speech to the Turkish Language Association (TDK).

Turkish Gender and Articles

There is no subject definite article such as - the - and there is no gender distinction, so no le and la problems like French, Italian etc. This borne out by the fact that Turkish only has one word for he, she and it, namely - o.

There are ways to make a word definitive but it is in the form of a suffix and is used for objects - so there is an objective - the - in Turkish - this is one of the difficulties for those learning Turkish as we do not distinguish between subject and object in English as we use the definite article for both.

An Illustration of the Objective Definite Article

In grammar this is called the Accusative Case.

Fincan masada - The cup is on the table - (subject "the")
**Masadaki fincaný bana verin - Give me the cup - (object "the") - which is on the table

Here we see that the object - the cup - fincan - has been made definitive by the addition of the objective suffix -ý to produce - fincaný - the way of saying - the cup - (as an object).

Turkish Adjectives and Adjectival Phrases

Turkish is a Descriptive Language - Adjectives abound..

Adjectives
If Turkish can make something into an adjective - then it will do so...

Turkish is a very adjectival language. At a low level the adjective always preceded its noun, kara kedi - a black cat - as in English. However Turkish makes great use of Adjectival Phrases and Clauses - if it can make something into an adjective, then it will. If we extend this in English we may say -

The black cat with the long tail which is sitting on the mat looks hungry.

However the Turkish way will describe the cat not only as black but also where and upon what it is sitting together with any other attributes, such as its long tail - viz:

On the mat which is sitting long tailed black cat hungry looks.

It pays to remember when learning Turkish that you describe adjectivally the subject and object with regards to place and disposition etc., make the sentence and then - BINGO! - once all the describing is done, then put the verb last in the sentence.

About Vowels and Consonants

The structure of Turkish words is vowel followed by a consonant by a vowel or vice versa. Let us say a vowel will always follow a consonant and a consonant will always follow a vowel. There are no diphthongs (two vowels occurring together) in Turkish words.(There are some imported foreign exceptions).

In order to preserve this rule certain consonants are inserted as "buffers" between vowels. These buffers are always Y, N or S.. Note that Y is considered as a consonant in Turkish.

The majority of Turkish Vowels are always pronounced quite short, there is no lengthening of vowels - this makes understanding sometimes difficult as perforce there is little and light stress in Turkish pronunciation.

Turkish Word Order

Word order is regular, but differs from English.

1. (1) Adjectival Descriptions of Subject.

2. (2) The Subject.

3. (3) Time Clauses.

4. (4) Adjectival Descriptions of Object.

5. (5) The Object

6. - and finally -

7. (6) The Verb.

The verb is always last in a sentence. Turkish punctuation, normally puts a comma after the Subject as with this sentence. It is good practice to do this especially if the subject is extended by a long Adjectival Description.

The man with the fishing rods in his hands, - a long described subject - will be at - the verb - your friend's 50th birthday party - a long described object - tomorrow night - time phrase

Lets put that into Turkish Structure

Hands-his-in-which-are fishing-rods-the-with man, - a described and suffixed subject - tomorrow night - time phrase- friend-your-of 50th birthday party-his-at - a described and suffixed object - will be... - BINGO!** - at last - the verb...........

ý am expert teacher:) contact for:lazteacher ýt'll be

lazteacherJuly 2007
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lazteacherAugust 2007

LESSON-3

About the Articles and Gender

The Definite Article

There is no Turkish word for the Subject Definite Article - only the context tells us when to insert THE in English.

1. çay pahalý - Tea is expensive

2. çay soðuk - The tea is cold

3. araba caddede - The car is in the road

However when the noun is an object of a verb as in - Mehmet mended THE radio - then Turkish uses an Objective Suffix - the.. - called the Accusative Case in grammar - so let us content ourselves to say that the Subject Definite Article - the.. - does exist in Turkish, but it does exist as an Objective Suffix.
This Objective - THE - is disussed below..

Question

Translate into Turkish

1. That animal is a cat.

2. It is a cat.

3. Cats are animals.

4. Some cats are large.

5. A few cats are small.

6. The girls are in the dining room.

7. One girl is married.

8. There are a lot of cars in the street.

9. The car is in the garage.

10. There is a car on the lawn.

Translate into English

1. Su þiþede(dir). - (thanks for correction J. R. - Oct 2005)

2. Tarlada bir aðaç var.

3. Sokakta bazý kiþiler var mi? - Evet var. Birkaç kiþi koþuyor(lar).

4. Þu odada bazý yataklar var mý?- Evet, o odada birkaç yatak var.

5. Masa nerede(dir)? - Masa bahçede(dir).

6. Hayvanlar tarlada(dýr). - O tarlada bazý havanlar var.

Answer

English to Turkish Exercise

1. That animal is a cat.
O hayvan bir kedi(dir). - (thanks for correction J. R. - Oct 2005)
-dir - is - not required in this sentence, being a Desription of the Noun - hayvan

2. It is a cat.
O bir kedi.

3. Cats are animals.
Kediler hayvandýr.
-dir - is - is part of this sentence as it is an Assertation of Fact

4. Some cats are large.
Bazý kediler büyük(tür).

5. A few cats are small.
Birkaç kedi küçük(tür).

6. The girls are in the dining room.
Kýzlar yemek odasýnda(dýr).

7. One girl is married.
Bir kýz evli(dir)

8. There are a lot of cars in the street.
Sokakta çok araba var.

9. The car is in the garage.
Araba garajda(dýr).

10. There is a car on the lawn.
Çimende bir araba var.

Turkish to English Exercise

1. Su þiþede(dir). - (thanks for correction J. R. - Oct 2005)
The water is in the bottle.

2. Tarlada bir aðaç var.
There is a tree in the field.

3. Sokakta bazý kiþiler var mi? - Evet, var. Birkaç kiþi koþuyor(lar).
Are there any people in the street? - Yes, there are. Some people are running.

4. Þu odada bazý yataklar var mý? - Evet,var. O odada birkaç yatak var.
Are there any beds in that room? - Yes, there are. There are a few beds in that room.

5. Masa nerede(dir)? - Masa bahçede(dir).
Where is the table? - The table is in the garden.

6. Hayvanlar tarlada(dýr). - O tarlada bazý havanlar var.
The animals are in the field. - There are some animals in that field.

Some notes on the answers above.

Note 1:
You will see that the compliment - "to be" -dir is in parenthesis in the answers above. This is because the that it is often omitted in Turkish unless you are making a "Statement of Fact" ie. Iron is heavy - Demir aðýrdýr.

Note 2:
You will also see that one of Turkish words for - some - bazý always takes its noun in the plural. For instance above we can see - bazý yataklar - some beds - and - bazý kiþiler - some people.. But you will see that the other word in Turkish for - some - always takes a singular noun. From the answers above we can see - Birkaç kiþi - Some people - and - birkaç yatak - some beds.

Note 3: We should also note that if the question contains - Var mý? - Is/Are there? or Yok mu? - Isn't/Aren't there? - the answer must contain - var or yok in Turkish. Whereas we in English may answer these questions with yes.. or no..
As an example:
If we ask in English: Is there a car in the garage? - We can answer - Yes.. or we can answer No.. - with the - there is.. or there is not.. being understood and omitted.
This is not possible in Turkish - The only answer to - Garajda bir araba var mi? - must be - Var... or Yok... - you cannot answer this type of question with - evet - yes or hayýr - no - as we can in English.

About the Direct object Suffix - THE..

This has the form of a suffix as below:

1. -i/-ý/-u/-ü - used with bare nouns which end in a consonant.

2. -yi/-yý/-yu/-yü - used with bare nouns which end in a vowel.

3. -ni/-ný/-nu/-nü - used with extended [already suffixed] nouns ending in a vowel.

We have to realise that in English we make both the Subject and Object of a sentence substantive by the use of the same Definite Article - THE - as an example:

Adam kapýyý (kapý-yý) kapattý - THE man closed THE door

We have learnt elsewhere that the Subject is already understood as substantive in Turkish - so it does not need a Definite Article.

In fact the Subject Definite Article - THE - does not exist in Turkish - there is no "THE man.." as the Subject Definite Article - "THE" - is already understood in context.

However there is an Object Definite Article - THE in Turkish which appears as the suffix:
-i - is used when added to a bare noun stem or used with extended [already suffixed] nouns which in a in a consonant -
or
-(y)i - (buffer letter -y is used when added to a bare noun stem ending in a vowel) -
or
-(n)i - (buffer letter -n is used when added to an already extended [suffixed] noun)
- according to Vowel harmony Rules.

Some Examples

Nouns both bare and extended ending in a consonant

Adam kilidi (kilid-i) kapattý - THE man locked THE lock
(The -i suffix makes the bare noun - THE LOCK - substantive as a Direct Object

Adam kilidimi (kilid-im-i) kapattý - THE man locked MY lock
(The -i suffix makes the extended noun - MY LOCK - substantive as a Direct Object

Nouns both bare and extended ending in a vowel

Adam kapýyý (kapý-yý) kapattý - THE man closed THE door
(The -yý suffix makes the bare noun - THE DOOR - substantive as a Direct Object

Adam kapýsýný (kapý-sý-ný) kapattý - THE man closed HIS door
(The -ný suffix makes the extended [already suffixed] noun- HIS DOOR - substantive as a Direct Object

This Direct Object Suffix which makes the Object substantive is one of the most difficult hurdles for English Speakers to surmount when speaking, reading and understanding the Turkish Language.

The Indefinite Article

The Singular Indefinite Article is: bir - a.. an.. one..

1. bir kapý - a gate

2. bir elma - an apple

3. bir bardak - one glass

4. caddede bir araba var - there is a car in the road

The Positive Plural Indefinite Article is: birkaç - some..

Note that in English that the Article - some.. - is only used in Positive Statements wheras - any.. - is used in Negative Statements and also both in Positive and Negative Questions. All these are translated as - bazý - (with the plural) - in Turkish.

1. Positive Statements use - some.. - in English

2. Bahçede birkaç kapý var. - There are some gates in the garden.

3. Bahçede birkaç kedi var. - There are some cats inthe garden.

4. Caddede birkaç araba var - There are some cars in the road.

The Negative Singular Indefinite Article is: hiçbir - not one..

1. Negative Statements use - any.. - in English

2. Bahçede hiçbir kapý yok. - There is not a gate in the garden at all.

3. Bahçede hiçbir kedi yok. - There is not a (single) cat in the garden.

4. Caddede hiçbir araba yok. - There is not a car in the road (at all).

1. Both Positive and Negative Questions use - a (single)... at all...? - in English

2. Bahçede hiçbir kapý yok mu?. - Isn't there a (single) gate in the garden?

3. Bahçede bir kedi var mý?. - Is there there a cat in the garden?

4. Caddede hiçbir araba yok mu?. - Isn't there a car in the road at all?

5. Caddede bir araba var mý?. - Is there a car in the road?

The Negative Plural Indefinite Article is: hiç - any.., none at all..

1. Negative Statements use - any.. - in English

2. Bahçede hiç kapý yok. - There are not any gates in the garden.

3. Bahçede hiç kedi yok. - There are not any cats in the garden.

4. Caddede hiç araba yok. - There are not any cars in the road.

1. Both Positive and Negative Questions use - any.. - in English

2. Bahçede hiç kapý yok mu?. - Aren't there any gates in the garden?

3. Bahçede birkaç kedi var mý?. - Are there any cats in the garden?

4. Caddede hiç araba yok mu?. - Aren't there any cars in the road?

5. Caddede birkaç araba var mý?. - Are there any cars in the road?

NOTE: birkaÇ - SOME and hiÇ - not any - ALWAYS TAKES THE SINGULAR
birkaÇ KADIN - SOME LADIES
hiÇ EV - not any HOUSES

Hiç - meaning ever.. or

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lazteacherAugust 2007

ATTANTÝON:IF DO YOU LEARNÝNG TURKÝSH THAT YOU MUST ÝNTEREST TURKÝSH-ENGLÝHS DÝCTÝONARY

ONLÝNE
http://www.dunyaedu.com/ing/dictionary.php

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DOWNLOAD
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http://www.download.com/BDicty-Turkish-English-Turkish-Dictionary/3000-2355_4-10450264.html

http://www.sharetool.com/

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lazteacherJuly 2007

LESSON-2

The Turkish Alphabet

The Turkish Alphabet consists of twenty-one consonants and eight vowels.

A B C Ç D E F G Ð H I Ý J K L M N O Ö P R S Þ T U Ü V Y Z

The alphabet is phonetic as each letter retains its individual pronunciation at all times.

There are no dipthongs - except in a few foreign loan words.

Main Differences from English Pronunciation

The Eight Vowels are divided into two groups for Vowel Harmony purposes

The Undotted-A Vowel Group

1. A - is as u in English lucky or mutter.

2. I - Undotted I - is the er sound in porter or water - without any r sound.

3. O - is as the o sound in lottery or bottom.

4. U - is as th oo sound in loot or boot

The Dotted-E Vowel Group

1. E - is as e in letter or set or met

2. Ý - Dotted Ý - is as ee in meet or ea in seat.

3. Ö - is as ir in bird or shirt - without any r sound.

4. Ü - is as ew sound few or stew

Some Consonants

The Pronunciation of these Consonants differs from English Pronunciation.

1. C - is always a j sound as in jam jar.

2. Ç - is the ch sound as in church

3. G - is always hard as in gate. - It is never soft as in general.

4. Ð - lengthens the preceding vowel. It has no sound and never begins a word.

The Turkish soft - ð - can be likened to the silent gh sound in the English words such as - weight, light, fought - etc

1. H - is always aspirated as in Henry. It is never silent as in Heir.

2. R - is always strongly rolled even on the end of words.

3. S - is always hissed as in safe. - It is never a z sound as in these or those.

4. Þ - is the sh sound as in sharp or bash.

The Turkish Alphabet Identification

The Turkish Alphabet Sound Names
A - Adana	G - Giresun	L - Lüleburgas	S - Sinop
B - Bolu	Ð - Yumuþak ge	M - Muþ	Þ - Þýrnak
C - Ceyhan	H - Hatay	N - Niðde	T - Tokat
Ç - Çanakkale	Ý - Ýzmir	O - Ordu	U - Uþak
D - Denizli	I - Isparta	Ö - Ödemiþ	Ü - Ünye
E - Edirne	J - Jandarma	P - Polatlý	V - Van
F - Fatsa	K - Kars	R - Rize	Y- Yozgat
			Z - Zonguldak

Turkish Characters - Computers, Keyboards aand the Internet

Turkish Q-Keyboard Layout

Installation

To install multilanguage support for Windows
Open the Add/Remove Programs dialog box.
At the Windows Setup tab, Click Multilanguage Support, and then click Details.
Make sure a check mark appears beside the language or languages you want to use.
Click OK, and then click OK again.
The changes take effect after your computer restarts.

Note: You can use Windows to create documents in many different languages. However, to create documents in a Central European, Cyrillic, Baltic, Greek, or Turkish-based language, your must install multilanguage support.

Keyboard

To change the keyboard layout for an installed keyboard language
Go to control panel and open the Keyboard Properties dialog box.
Click the Language tab.
Click the Add button to select the keyboard layout you want to use, and then click OK.
YOU MUST SELECT TURKISH-Q LAYOUT

There is also a selection box on the language keyboard dialog box that lets you choose to switch between keyboard language settings. This is very handy!!

Q-Type Turkish Keyboard Layout Map

Once you have done this, when you switch to your Turkish keyboard layout the keys are set up basically the same but now......

[ = ð	{ = Ð	] = ü	[ = Ü	= þ	: = Þ
' = i	' = Ý	, = ö	> = Ö	. = ç	< = Ç
Turkish Un-dotted ý is on the normal 'i-key'

Here is the resuting Q-Turkish Keyboard layout, you can stick small labels on these keys if you wish, to remind yourself of the positions of the Turkish letters.

Note:
The Turkish Un-dotted letter I is to be found at the normal letter I position on the English QWERTY keyboard layout.

Turkish Language Encoding

The Languge encodings used for the Turkish Character set on computers, E-Mail programmes and web browsers are usually as follows:

Turkish encodings are:
Windows-1254
ISO-9959-9
Latin-9

Here are the entity codes for Turkish alphabetical letters used in E-mail and HTML Pages.

â = & acirc	Â = & Acirc	ç = & ccedil	Ç =& Ccedil
ð = & #287	Ð = & #286	ý = & #305	Ý = & #304
ö = & ouml	Ö = & Ouml	þ = & #351	Þ = & #350
ü = & uuml	Ü =& Uuml

Manisa Turkish web page have been written using the entity codes as shown above.

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vincentJuly 2007

great material : thanks a million

i have been learning turkish basics so it helps ...

v

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