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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Xhosa|Xhosa]]  → [[Language/Xhosa/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Xhosa/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Xhosa Music and Literature → Traditional Music and Instruments</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Xhosa|Xhosa]]  → [[Language/Xhosa/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Xhosa/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Xhosa Music and Literature → Traditional Music and Instruments</div>


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<h1>Traditional Music and Instruments in Xhosa Culture</h1>
== Introduction ==
 
In this lesson, we will explore the rich and vibrant world of traditional Xhosa music and instruments. Music plays a vital role in Xhosa culture, not only as a form of entertainment but also as a means of storytelling and preserving their history. We will delve into the different types of traditional music, the instruments used, and their significance in cultural celebrations. By the end of this lesson, you will have a deeper understanding of the importance of music in Xhosa culture and be able to appreciate its unique qualities.
 
== Traditional Xhosa Music ==
 
=== Mbube ===
 
One of the most well-known genres of traditional Xhosa music is Mbube. Mbube, meaning "lion" in Xhosa, is a style of a cappella singing characterized by rich harmonies and rhythmic vocal patterns. This genre gained widespread popularity through the iconic South African group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, who introduced it to the world in the 1980s. Mbube music often tells stories of love, community, and the struggles faced by the Xhosa people.


<p>Xhosa culture is a rich and diverse one. Music and dance are an integral part of Xhosa life and play an important role in traditional ceremonies and rituals. Xhosa music is characterised by a variety of instruments, many of which are unique to the Xhosa people.</p>
Here is an example of a Mbube song:


<h2>Background</h2>
{| class="wikitable"
! Xhosa !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| U mnqophiso || oo mn-koh-pee-soh || The promise
|-
| U mthombo wokuphila || oo mm-thom-boh woh-koo-pee-lah || The source of life
|-
| U wam uyaphila || oo wam oo-yah-pee-lah || My love, you are alive
|-
| U wam uyathandwa || oo wam oo-yah-than-dwah || My love, you are loved
|}


<p>The Xhosa people are a Bantu ethnic group native to South Africa, spread over two provinces, Eastern Cape and Western Cape. For centuries, music has played an important role in Xhosa culture, and the music played at ceremonies and rituals serve to express the thoughts, feelings, and customs of the people. Xhosa music was traditionally used for celebration, socialising, and religious ceremonies. </p>
=== Isicathamiya ===


<h2>Types of songs in Xhosa Music</h2>
Isicathamiya is another popular genre of traditional Xhosa music. Originating in the mining communities of South Africa, this style of music emerged as a form of entertainment and competition among the workers. Isicathamiya is characterized by intricate vocal harmonies and syncopated rhythms. It often features call-and-response patterns and showcases the skill and creativity of the singers.
 
Here is an example of an Isicathamiya song:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Xhosa !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Uzube Nini || oo-zoo-bee nee-nee || How long will it be?
|-
| Masibuyelane || mah-see-boo-yeh-lah-neh || Let's come back together
|-
| Suka Emabhozeni || soo-kah eh-mah-bho-zeh-nee || Rise from the ashes
|-
| Uzube Nini (Reprise) || oo-zoo-bee nee-nee (Reprise) || How long will it be? (Reprise)
|}


<p>In Xhosa culture, there are different types of songs, and each type of song has its own purpose. Below, some of the main types of songs are mentioned:</p>
=== Umngqokolo ===


<h3>Isicathamiya</h3>
Umngqokolo, also known as overtone singing, is a unique vocal technique found in Xhosa music. This technique involves producing two distinct pitches simultaneously, creating a mesmerizing and otherworldly sound. Umngqokolo is often used in spiritual ceremonies and rituals, as it is believed to connect the living with the ancestors. The ability to perform Umngqokolo is highly regarded and requires years of training and practice.


<p>Isicathamiya in Xhosa means "to walk on tiptoes". This type of song is slow and harmonious but typically sung without musical instruments. The harmony in Isicathamiya is achieved through the use of vocal or physical percussion techniques, where performers, using their voices or hands, create a beat for the music.</p>
Here is an example of Umngqokolo:


<h3>Umrhubhe</h3>
{| class="wikitable"
! Xhosa !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Inyanga || ee-nyah-ngah || Healer
|-
| Izwi Lami || eez-wee lah-mee || My voice
|-
| Uthando Lwam || oo-than-doh loo-wahm || My love
|-
| Uhadi || oo-hah-dee || Traditional musical bow
|}


<p>Umrhubhe is a type of traditional Xhosa music that is played on a reed flute, which is also known as umrhubhe. The reed is hollowed out and makes a distinctive, high-pitched sound.</p>
== Traditional Xhosa Instruments ==


<h3>Isovolo</h3>
=== Umakhweyana ===


<p>Isovolo songs are usually sung by women and are associated with ululating or trilling sounds. These songs are typically sung during ceremonies and are used to celebrate the dignity and independence of Xhosa women.</p>
The umakhweyana is a traditional Xhosa musical instrument that belongs to the bow family. It consists of a resonator made from a calabash gourd and a string, traditionally made from animal sinew. The umakhweyana is played by plucking the string and using the mouth as a resonator, creating a unique and distinct sound. It is often used to accompany storytelling and praise songs, and its melodies can evoke a wide range of emotions.


<h3>Ingoma</h3>
=== Isitolotolo ===


<p>Ingoma in Xhosa means "drum". This type of Xhosa music is performed with traditional instruments such as drums, rattles, and horns. These songs are typically performed at festivals, events, and cultural shows.</p>
The isitolotolo is a percussion instrument that is commonly used in Xhosa music. It consists of a hollow tube with beads or seeds attached to a string inside. When shaken, the beads or seeds create a rhythmic and melodic sound. The isitolotolo is often played in ensembles, providing a steady beat and adding depth to the music. It is commonly used in traditional ceremonies and celebrations.


<h2>Xhosa Instruments</h2>
=== Uhadi ===


<p>Traditional Xhosa music is played on a variety of instruments, many of which are unique to the Xhosa people. These instruments serve to provide rhythm, melody, and harmony in Xhosa music. Below are some of the traditional Xhosa instruments:</p>
The uhadi is another traditional Xhosa musical instrument, similar to a musical bow. It consists of a wooden bow with a resonator made from animal hide. The uhadi is played by plucking the string with one hand while the other hand adjusts the tension, creating different pitches. The uhadi is often used to accompany poetic recitations and storytelling, and its haunting melodies can transport listeners to a different world.


<h3>Uhadi</h3>
== Cultural Significance ==


<p>The uhadi is a traditional bow instrument made from the stem of a pumpkin or a gourd. It has one string and is played with a bow made from horsehair. The uhadi is an essential instrument in Xhosa music and is used to provide a melodic accompaniment to songs.</p>
Traditional Xhosa music and instruments play a vital role in cultural celebrations and storytelling. They are used to pass down oral history, preserve cultural traditions, and connect with the ancestors. Music is often performed during important events such as weddings, funerals, and initiation ceremonies, creating a sense of unity and belonging among the community. The rhythms, melodies, and harmonies of Xhosa music evoke a deep emotional response and are an integral part of the Xhosa cultural identity.


<h3>Umrhubhe</h3>
== Exercises ==


<p>As mentioned earlier, umrhubhe is a reed flute that is unique to Xhosa music. It is typically made from a reed called 'umhube', with the mouthpiece being carved out of the harder 'umhlahlane' reed. Due to the reed's unique shape, the umrhubhe can produce a sound that is distinct from other flutes. </p>
1. Listen to a Mbube song and try to identify the harmonies and rhythmic patterns. How does the music make you feel?


<h3>Indlamu drums</h3>
2. Practice pronouncing the Xhosa words for the different traditional instruments. Use the table provided as a reference.


<p>Indlamu drums are used in traditional Xhosa dance and music. The drums are typically large and made from animal skins, which are stretched over a wooden frame. They are played using sticks, and the musician can produce a variety of sounds by hitting different parts of the drum.</p>
3. Research and listen to different examples of Umngqokolo. Try to imitate the overtone singing technique.


<h3>Isitolotolo</h3>
4. Create a short piece of music using traditional Xhosa instruments or vocal techniques. Experiment with different rhythms and melodies to convey a specific emotion or story.


<p>The isitolotolo is a traditional mouthpiece instrument, primarily played by Xhosa women. It is made using a makhweyana tree branch that is excavated and then joined to a horn made from a cow or an ox. The isitolotolo is used to create a high-pitched, piercing sound that is characteristic of Xhosa music.</p>
== Solutions ==


<h3>Imbomu</h3>
1. The harmonies in Mbube music are rich and layered, creating a sense of depth and complexity. The rhythmic patterns often have a driving and energetic quality, which can evoke feelings of joy or excitement. However, the lyrics and themes of the songs can vary, so the emotional response may differ depending on the specific song.


<p>The imbomu is a traditional rattle that is used in Xhosa music. It is made by filling a hollowed-out gourd with beads or seeds, and then sealing the hole with a piece of leather or animal skin. The rattle is shaken in time with the music, to provide rhythm to the song.</p>
2. Refer to the table provided in the lesson for the Xhosa words, pronunciations, and English translations of the traditional instruments.


<h2>Conclusion</h2>
3. Mastering the Umngqokolo technique requires years of training and practice. Start by listening to recordings of Umngqokolo and imitating the sounds you hear. Experiment with different vocal techniques and gradually try to produce two distinct pitches simultaneously. It may be helpful to seek guidance from a trained performer or vocal coach.


<p>Xhosa music is an important part of Xhosa culture and plays an integral role in traditional ceremonies and rituals. The use of melodic and percussion instruments in Xhosa music helps to create an atmosphere of celebration, socialising, and expression of customs and traditions. The unique Xhosa instruments used in traditional Xhosa music are crucial in creating the distinct sounds of Xhosa music, and it is the use of these instruments that set Xhosa music apart from other forms of African music.</p>
4. The creation of music is a deeply personal and creative process. Use the knowledge and understanding you have gained about Xhosa music and instruments to compose a piece that reflects your own unique style and expression. Consider the emotions or story you want to convey and experiment with different musical elements to bring your vision to life.


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|title=Xhosa Culture → Xhosa Music and Literature → Traditional Music and Instruments
|keywords=Xhosa culture, traditional Xhosa music, Xhosa instruments, uhadi, umrhubhe, indlamu drums, isitolotolo, imbomu
|keywords=Xhosa culture, Xhosa music, Xhosa instruments, traditional Xhosa music, Mbube, Isicathamiya, Umngqokolo, umakhweyana, isitolotolo, uhadi, cultural significance
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==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_music Xhosa music - Wikipedia]




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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_music Xhosa music - Wikipedia]


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Latest revision as of 20:03, 22 June 2023

◀️ Arts and Entertainment — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Xhosa Literature and Poetry ▶️

8C1C59A0-8C11-4BA7-98F3-BD0DE1BFD502.png
Xhosa → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Xhosa Music and Literature → Traditional Music and Instruments

Introduction[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we will explore the rich and vibrant world of traditional Xhosa music and instruments. Music plays a vital role in Xhosa culture, not only as a form of entertainment but also as a means of storytelling and preserving their history. We will delve into the different types of traditional music, the instruments used, and their significance in cultural celebrations. By the end of this lesson, you will have a deeper understanding of the importance of music in Xhosa culture and be able to appreciate its unique qualities.

Traditional Xhosa Music[edit | edit source]

Mbube[edit | edit source]

One of the most well-known genres of traditional Xhosa music is Mbube. Mbube, meaning "lion" in Xhosa, is a style of a cappella singing characterized by rich harmonies and rhythmic vocal patterns. This genre gained widespread popularity through the iconic South African group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, who introduced it to the world in the 1980s. Mbube music often tells stories of love, community, and the struggles faced by the Xhosa people.

Here is an example of a Mbube song:

Xhosa Pronunciation English
U mnqophiso oo mn-koh-pee-soh The promise
U mthombo wokuphila oo mm-thom-boh woh-koo-pee-lah The source of life
U wam uyaphila oo wam oo-yah-pee-lah My love, you are alive
U wam uyathandwa oo wam oo-yah-than-dwah My love, you are loved

Isicathamiya[edit | edit source]

Isicathamiya is another popular genre of traditional Xhosa music. Originating in the mining communities of South Africa, this style of music emerged as a form of entertainment and competition among the workers. Isicathamiya is characterized by intricate vocal harmonies and syncopated rhythms. It often features call-and-response patterns and showcases the skill and creativity of the singers.

Here is an example of an Isicathamiya song:

Xhosa Pronunciation English
Uzube Nini oo-zoo-bee nee-nee How long will it be?
Masibuyelane mah-see-boo-yeh-lah-neh Let's come back together
Suka Emabhozeni soo-kah eh-mah-bho-zeh-nee Rise from the ashes
Uzube Nini (Reprise) oo-zoo-bee nee-nee (Reprise) How long will it be? (Reprise)

Umngqokolo[edit | edit source]

Umngqokolo, also known as overtone singing, is a unique vocal technique found in Xhosa music. This technique involves producing two distinct pitches simultaneously, creating a mesmerizing and otherworldly sound. Umngqokolo is often used in spiritual ceremonies and rituals, as it is believed to connect the living with the ancestors. The ability to perform Umngqokolo is highly regarded and requires years of training and practice.

Here is an example of Umngqokolo:

Xhosa Pronunciation English
Inyanga ee-nyah-ngah Healer
Izwi Lami eez-wee lah-mee My voice
Uthando Lwam oo-than-doh loo-wahm My love
Uhadi oo-hah-dee Traditional musical bow

Traditional Xhosa Instruments[edit | edit source]

Umakhweyana[edit | edit source]

The umakhweyana is a traditional Xhosa musical instrument that belongs to the bow family. It consists of a resonator made from a calabash gourd and a string, traditionally made from animal sinew. The umakhweyana is played by plucking the string and using the mouth as a resonator, creating a unique and distinct sound. It is often used to accompany storytelling and praise songs, and its melodies can evoke a wide range of emotions.

Isitolotolo[edit | edit source]

The isitolotolo is a percussion instrument that is commonly used in Xhosa music. It consists of a hollow tube with beads or seeds attached to a string inside. When shaken, the beads or seeds create a rhythmic and melodic sound. The isitolotolo is often played in ensembles, providing a steady beat and adding depth to the music. It is commonly used in traditional ceremonies and celebrations.

Uhadi[edit | edit source]

The uhadi is another traditional Xhosa musical instrument, similar to a musical bow. It consists of a wooden bow with a resonator made from animal hide. The uhadi is played by plucking the string with one hand while the other hand adjusts the tension, creating different pitches. The uhadi is often used to accompany poetic recitations and storytelling, and its haunting melodies can transport listeners to a different world.

Cultural Significance[edit | edit source]

Traditional Xhosa music and instruments play a vital role in cultural celebrations and storytelling. They are used to pass down oral history, preserve cultural traditions, and connect with the ancestors. Music is often performed during important events such as weddings, funerals, and initiation ceremonies, creating a sense of unity and belonging among the community. The rhythms, melodies, and harmonies of Xhosa music evoke a deep emotional response and are an integral part of the Xhosa cultural identity.

Exercises[edit | edit source]

1. Listen to a Mbube song and try to identify the harmonies and rhythmic patterns. How does the music make you feel?

2. Practice pronouncing the Xhosa words for the different traditional instruments. Use the table provided as a reference.

3. Research and listen to different examples of Umngqokolo. Try to imitate the overtone singing technique.

4. Create a short piece of music using traditional Xhosa instruments or vocal techniques. Experiment with different rhythms and melodies to convey a specific emotion or story.

Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. The harmonies in Mbube music are rich and layered, creating a sense of depth and complexity. The rhythmic patterns often have a driving and energetic quality, which can evoke feelings of joy or excitement. However, the lyrics and themes of the songs can vary, so the emotional response may differ depending on the specific song.

2. Refer to the table provided in the lesson for the Xhosa words, pronunciations, and English translations of the traditional instruments.

3. Mastering the Umngqokolo technique requires years of training and practice. Start by listening to recordings of Umngqokolo and imitating the sounds you hear. Experiment with different vocal techniques and gradually try to produce two distinct pitches simultaneously. It may be helpful to seek guidance from a trained performer or vocal coach.

4. The creation of music is a deeply personal and creative process. Use the knowledge and understanding you have gained about Xhosa music and instruments to compose a piece that reflects your own unique style and expression. Consider the emotions or story you want to convey and experiment with different musical elements to bring your vision to life.

Table of Contents - Xhosa Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Xhosa


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Tenses


Family and Relationships


Questions and Negation


Food and Dining


Xhosa Culture and Traditions


Travel and Transportation


Adjectives and Adverbs


Weather and Seasons


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Hobbies and Interests


Xhosa Music and Literature


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]




◀️ Arts and Entertainment — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Xhosa Literature and Poetry ▶️

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