Difference between revisions of "Language/Wolof/Grammar/Noun-Classes"

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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Wolof|Wolof]]  → [[Language/Wolof/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Wolof/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Nouns and Pronouns → Noun Classes</div>
__TOC__
== Introduction ==
Welcome to the lesson on noun classes in the Wolof language! In this lesson, we will explore the different noun classes in Wolof and how they affect the grammar of a sentence. Understanding noun classes is essential for building correct sentences and communicating effectively in Wolof.
We will begin by providing an overview of noun classes and their importance in the context of the Wolof language. Then, we will delve into the details of each noun class, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. Finally, we will conclude with a series of exercises and practice scenarios for you to apply what you have learned. Let's get started!
== Overview of Noun Classes in Wolof ==
Noun classes are an important aspect of the Wolof language. They categorize nouns into different classes based on their prefixes. Each noun class has a unique prefix that is added to the noun to indicate its class. These noun classes play a crucial role in determining the agreement between nouns, pronouns, and other elements in a sentence.
In Wolof, there are a total of nine noun classes, each denoted by a specific prefix. These noun classes are labeled from 1 to 9 and are used to classify various entities, including humans, animals, objects, and abstract concepts. Understanding the noun class system is essential for proper noun agreement and sentence construction in Wolof.
Let's now explore each noun class in detail, along with their respective prefixes and usage.
=== Noun Class 1 ===
Noun Class 1 is used for singular human beings, both male and female. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "bu-". Here are some examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| bu-goor  || boo-gor || person
|-
| bu-jëf  || boo-jef || man
|-
| bu-jëg  || boo-jeg || woman
|-
| bu-fal  || boo-fal || child
|}
As you can see, the prefix "bu-" is added to the noun to indicate that it belongs to Noun Class 1. It is important to note that the prefix may change depending on the specific noun, but the general rule remains the same.
=== Noun Class 2 ===
Noun Class 2 is used for plural human beings, both male and female. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñi-". Here are some examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ñi-goor  || nyi-gor || people
|-
| ñi-jëf  || nyi-jef || men
|-
| ñi-jëg  || nyi-jeg || women
|-
| ñi-fal  || nyi-fal || children
|}
Similarly to Noun Class 1, the prefix "ñi-" is added to the noun to indicate that it belongs to Noun Class 2. Again, the prefix may vary depending on the specific noun.
=== Noun Class 3 ===
Noun Class 3 is used for animals and other non-human entities. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñë-". Here are some examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ñë-sët  || nyeh-set || dog
|-
| ñë-ginaar  || nyeh-ginar || cow
|-
| ñë-kok  || nyeh-kok || chicken
|-
| ñë-ligey  || nyeh-ligey || bird
|}
The prefix "ñë-" distinguishes nouns in Noun Class 3. It is important to note that the prefix may change depending on the specific noun.
=== Noun Class 4 ===


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Wolof|Wolof]] → [[Language/Wolof/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Wolof/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Nouns and Pronouns → Noun Classes</div>
Noun Class 4 is used for inanimate objects. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ci-". Here are some examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ci-kanam  || chee-kanam || table
|-
| ci-yoon  || chee-yon || chair
|-
| ci-mbooloo || chee-mboolo || book
|-
| ci-telebi  || chee-telebi || television
|}
 
The prefix "ci-" indicates that the noun belongs to Noun Class 4. As with the previous noun classes, the prefix may vary depending on the specific noun.


__TOC__
=== Noun Class 5 ===


Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania. It is known for its complex noun system, which divides items into different categories depending on their characteristics. In this lesson, you will learn about the noun classes in Wolof and how they affect the grammar of a sentence.  
Noun Class 5 is used for abstract concepts and non-specific entities. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "na-". Here are some examples:


== Introduction ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| na-xarit  || nah-karit || friendship
|-
| na-ndaw  || nah-ndaw || love
|-
| na-ñuul  || nah-nyool || knowledge
|-
| na-xam-xam  || nah-xam-xam || wisdom
|}


Every noun in Wolof belongs to one of ten different noun classes (also known as genders or noun categories). These classes are not based on biological gender (i.e., male or female) but instead on factors such as shape, size, and animacy. Understanding these classes is essential for speaking and writing in Wolof correctly.  
The prefix "na-" is added to indicate that the noun belongs to Noun Class 5. Again, the specific prefix may vary depending on the noun.


For example, instead of simply saying "the cat," you would need to know the noun class of the word for "cat" and use the appropriate article and agreement markers to complete the sentence. Similarly, you would use a different article and agreement markers when talking about "the book" versus "the chair" because they belong to different noun classes.
=== Noun Class 6 ===


Noun Class 6 is used for fruits, vegetables, and food-related nouns. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñu-". Here are some examples:


<span link>After mastering this lesson, these related pages might interest you: [[Language/Wolof/Grammar/Plural-Nouns-—-Definite-articles|Plural Nouns — Definite articles]] & [[Language/Wolof/Grammar/Basic-Sentence-Structure|Basic Sentence Structure]].</span>
{| class="wikitable"
== Noun Classes ==
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ñu-fenku  || nyoo-fen-koo || mango
|-
| ñu-loos  || nyoo-loos || banana
|-
| ñu-sos  || nyoo-sos || orange
|-
| ñu-nyambu  || nyoo-nyam-boo || tomato
|}


In Wolof, each noun belongs to one of the following ten noun classes:
The prefix "ñu-" indicates that the noun belongs to Noun Class 6. As with previous noun classes, the prefix may vary depending on the specific noun.


* Class 1: Singular mass nouns (e.g., "salt" or "water")
=== Noun Class 7 ===
* Class 2: Paired body parts (e.g., "eyes" or "ears")
* Class 3: Singular animates (e.g., "person" or "animal")
* Class 4: Groups of people (e.g., "team" or "family")
* Class 5: Singular inanimates with a flat surface (e.g., "table" or "piece of paper")
* Class 6: Singular inanimates with a curved surface (e.g., "bowl" or "ball")
* Class 7: Abstract concepts (e.g., "love" or "peace")
* Class 8: Liquids (e.g., "milk" or "juice")
* Class 9: Long, thin objects (e.g., "rope" or "stick")
* Class 10: Plural nouns (e.g., "books" or "chairs")


While some of the classes are straightforward, others are more complex and require memorization. It is crucial to recognize the noun class of a given word in order to use the correct article and agreement markers in sentences.  
Noun Class 7 is used for body parts and body-related nouns. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ba-". Here are some examples:


=== Article and Agreement Markers ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ba-xol  || bah-kol || head
|-
| ba-jëm  || bah-jem || hand
|-
| ba-kës  || bah-kes || leg
|-
| ba-kër  || bah-ker || heart
|}


In Wolof, the article and agreement markers are important components of a sentence. These markers are used to indicate the noun class of a word and to show the relationship between the various components of a sentence.  
The prefix "ba-" indicates that the noun belongs to Noun Class 7. Again, the specific prefix may vary depending on the noun.


The article markers are different depending on the noun class the word belongs to. Here are the article markers for each noun class:
=== Noun Class 8 ===


* Class 1: bu / du
Noun Class 8 is used for natural elements and phenomena. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñi-". Here are some examples:
* Class 2: yi
* Class 3: bu / b
* Class 4: jinéen
* Class 5: ci
* Class 6: ak
* Class 7: yépp
* Class 8: leen
* Class 9: wu
* Class 10: ji


The agreement markers are used to show the relationship between a subject noun and the verb in a sentence. These markers also depend on the noun class. Here are the agreement markers for each noun class:
{| class="wikitable"
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ñi-faaru  || nyi-fa-roo || sun
|-
| ñi-lamb  || nyi-lamb || rain
|-
| ñi-nxar  || nyi-nhar || wind
|-
| ñi-jëru  || nyi-jer-oo || fire
|}


* Class 1: -u
The prefix "ñi-" is added to indicate that the noun belongs to Noun Class 8. As with previous noun classes, the prefix may vary depending on the specific noun.
* Class 2: -i
* Class 3: -e
* Class 4: -ali
* Class 5: -bi
* Class 6: -ak
* Class 7: -e
* Class 8: -te
* Class 9: -i
* Class 10: -fi


When using an article or agreement marker, they must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case. Agreement markers are added to the verb stem, while article markers are placed before the noun in the sentence.
=== Noun Class 9 ===


Here is an example of how the article and agreement markers work in sentences:
Noun Class 9 is used for abstract concepts and non-specific entities. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñi-". Here are some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Wolof !! Translation
! Wolof !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| bu ñuul || the salt
| ñi-xaliss  || nyi-kha-lees || truth
|-
|-
| ñuul-u am || the salt is
| ñi-fukki  || nyi-foo-kee || lie
|-
|-
| yi njëww || the eyes
| ñi-jëm  || nyi-jem || hope
|-
|-
| njëww-i jaam || the eyes see
| ñi-kër  || nyi-ker || belief
|}
|}


In the first sentence, the noun class is Class 1 (singular mass noun), so the article marker is "bu." In the second sentence, the agreement marker (-u) agrees with the noun "salt" in gender, number, and case. In the third sentence, the noun class is Class 2 (paired body parts), so the article marker is "yi." In the fourth sentence, the agreement marker (-i) agrees with the noun "eyes" in gender, number, and case.
The prefix "ñi-" indicates that the noun belongs to Noun Class 9. As with previous noun classes, the specific prefix may vary depending on the noun.
 
== Cultural Insights ==
 
Understanding the noun classes in Wolof not only helps with grammar and sentence construction but also provides insights into the culture and worldview of the Wolof-speaking people. The classification of nouns into different classes reflects the Wolof society's categorization and organization of the world around them.
 
For example, the distinction between Noun Class 1 (singular human beings) and Noun Class 2 (plural human beings) highlights the importance of community and social relationships in Wolof culture. The use of different noun classes for men and women (bu-jëf for men and bu-jëg for women) also reflects the gender roles and dynamics within the society.
 
Similarly, the classification of animals and inanimate objects into separate noun classes (Noun Class 3 and Noun Class 4) reveals the Wolof people's recognition of the distinct characteristics and attributes of living beings and non-living things. This distinction reflects their deep connection and respect for the natural world.


=== Special Noun Class Cases ===
By exploring the noun classes in Wolof, we gain not only a deeper understanding of the language but also a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage and worldview of the Wolof-speaking people.


While most nouns in Wolof belong to one of the ten noun classes listed above, there are some exceptions, as expected in any language. Some nouns can belong to more than one noun class depending on their meaning, and some may even switch noun classes depending on the context.
== Practice Exercises ==


Additionally, some loanwords from other languages (such as French or Arabic) do not follow the Wolof noun class system, and instead take their own article and agreement markers. These cases require special attention and may take time to master.  
Now that we have covered the different noun classes in Wolof, let's test your understanding with some practice exercises. Translate the following English sentences into Wolof, paying attention to the noun classes and noun agreement.
 
1. The woman is cooking.
2. The dogs are barking.
3. The book is on the table.
4. The sun is shining.
5. The child is playing.
 
Solution:
 
1. Bu-jëg ñu-mbëkk
2. Ñë-sët ñi-mbu-mbëkk
3. Ci-mbooloo ñu-wëñ ci-kanam
4. Ñi-faaru ñi-jëkk
5. Bu-fal ñu-tëj
 
Explanation:
 
1. In sentence 1, the noun "woman" belongs to Noun Class 1 (bu-jëg) and the verb "is cooking" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The woman is cooking."
 
2. In sentence 2, the noun "dogs" belongs to Noun Class 3 (ñë-sët) and the verb "are barking" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The dogs are barking."
 
3. In sentence 3, the noun "book" belongs to Noun Class 4 (ci-mbooloo) and the preposition "on" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The book is on the table."
 
4. In sentence 4, the noun "sun" belongs to Noun Class 8 (ñi-faaru) and the verb "is shining" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The sun is shining."
 
5. In sentence 5, the noun "child" belongs to Noun Class 1 (bu-fal) and the verb "is playing" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The child is playing."


== Conclusion ==
== Conclusion ==


Learning the noun classes in Wolof is an essential step toward speaking and writing accurately in the language. The nouns' classification is based on the words' characteristics, and each noun class comes with its own set of article and agreement markers. It is crucial to memorize these markers for each noun class to make sure that you are using the correct agreement markers and article markers in your sentences.  
Congratulations on completing the lesson on noun classes in Wolof! You have learned about the different noun classes in Wolof and how they affect the grammar of a sentence. You have also gained insights into the cultural significance of noun classes in Wolof-speaking societies.
 
In the next lesson, we will delve into the different types of pronouns in Wolof, including personal, possessive, and demonstrative pronouns.  


Continue practicing and applying what you have learned to improve your understanding of noun classes and sentence construction in Wolof. In the next lesson, we will explore the different types of pronouns in Wolof. Keep up the great work!


<span link>Well done on mastering this lesson! Don't miss these related pages to expand your knowledge: [[Language/Wolof/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]] & [[Language/Wolof/Grammar/Enonciative-pronouns|Enonciative pronouns]].</span>
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|title=Wolof Grammar → Nouns and Pronouns → Noun Classes
|keywords=Wolof grammar, Wolof noun classes, Wolof language
|keywords=Wolof grammar, noun classes, Wolof language, noun agreement, Wolof culture, Wolof worldview
|description=Learn about the different noun classes in Wolof and how they affect the grammar of a sentence in this lesson of the Complete 0 to A1 Wolof Course.
|description=Learn about the different noun classes in Wolof and how they affect the grammar of a sentence. Gain insights into the cultural significance of noun classes in Wolof-speaking societies.
}}
}}


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==Sources==
* [https://ijllnet.com/journals/Vol_7_No_2_June_2020/13.pdf A Contrastive Analysis of English and Wolof Noun Phrases]
* [https://jangawolof.org/grammar/ Grammar – Janga Wolof]
 
 


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Wolof/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]]
* [[Language/Wolof/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]]


<span class='maj'></span>
 
==Sources==
* [https://ijllnet.com/journals/Vol_7_No_2_June_2020/13.pdf A Contrastive Analysis of English and Wolof Noun Phrases]
* [https://jangawolof.org/grammar/ Grammar – Janga Wolof]


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Latest revision as of 12:30, 21 June 2023

◀️ Greetings and Social Etiquette — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Pronouns ▶️

Wolof-Language-PolyglotClub.jpg
Wolof → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Nouns and Pronouns → Noun Classes

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Welcome to the lesson on noun classes in the Wolof language! In this lesson, we will explore the different noun classes in Wolof and how they affect the grammar of a sentence. Understanding noun classes is essential for building correct sentences and communicating effectively in Wolof.

We will begin by providing an overview of noun classes and their importance in the context of the Wolof language. Then, we will delve into the details of each noun class, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. Finally, we will conclude with a series of exercises and practice scenarios for you to apply what you have learned. Let's get started!

Overview of Noun Classes in Wolof[edit | edit source]

Noun classes are an important aspect of the Wolof language. They categorize nouns into different classes based on their prefixes. Each noun class has a unique prefix that is added to the noun to indicate its class. These noun classes play a crucial role in determining the agreement between nouns, pronouns, and other elements in a sentence.

In Wolof, there are a total of nine noun classes, each denoted by a specific prefix. These noun classes are labeled from 1 to 9 and are used to classify various entities, including humans, animals, objects, and abstract concepts. Understanding the noun class system is essential for proper noun agreement and sentence construction in Wolof.

Let's now explore each noun class in detail, along with their respective prefixes and usage.

Noun Class 1[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 1 is used for singular human beings, both male and female. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "bu-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
bu-goor boo-gor person
bu-jëf boo-jef man
bu-jëg boo-jeg woman
bu-fal boo-fal child

As you can see, the prefix "bu-" is added to the noun to indicate that it belongs to Noun Class 1. It is important to note that the prefix may change depending on the specific noun, but the general rule remains the same.

Noun Class 2[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 2 is used for plural human beings, both male and female. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñi-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
ñi-goor nyi-gor people
ñi-jëf nyi-jef men
ñi-jëg nyi-jeg women
ñi-fal nyi-fal children

Similarly to Noun Class 1, the prefix "ñi-" is added to the noun to indicate that it belongs to Noun Class 2. Again, the prefix may vary depending on the specific noun.

Noun Class 3[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 3 is used for animals and other non-human entities. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñë-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
ñë-sët nyeh-set dog
ñë-ginaar nyeh-ginar cow
ñë-kok nyeh-kok chicken
ñë-ligey nyeh-ligey bird

The prefix "ñë-" distinguishes nouns in Noun Class 3. It is important to note that the prefix may change depending on the specific noun.

Noun Class 4[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 4 is used for inanimate objects. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ci-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
ci-kanam chee-kanam table
ci-yoon chee-yon chair
ci-mbooloo chee-mboolo book
ci-telebi chee-telebi television

The prefix "ci-" indicates that the noun belongs to Noun Class 4. As with the previous noun classes, the prefix may vary depending on the specific noun.

Noun Class 5[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 5 is used for abstract concepts and non-specific entities. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "na-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
na-xarit nah-karit friendship
na-ndaw nah-ndaw love
na-ñuul nah-nyool knowledge
na-xam-xam nah-xam-xam wisdom

The prefix "na-" is added to indicate that the noun belongs to Noun Class 5. Again, the specific prefix may vary depending on the noun.

Noun Class 6[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 6 is used for fruits, vegetables, and food-related nouns. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñu-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
ñu-fenku nyoo-fen-koo mango
ñu-loos nyoo-loos banana
ñu-sos nyoo-sos orange
ñu-nyambu nyoo-nyam-boo tomato

The prefix "ñu-" indicates that the noun belongs to Noun Class 6. As with previous noun classes, the prefix may vary depending on the specific noun.

Noun Class 7[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 7 is used for body parts and body-related nouns. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ba-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
ba-xol bah-kol head
ba-jëm bah-jem hand
ba-kës bah-kes leg
ba-kër bah-ker heart

The prefix "ba-" indicates that the noun belongs to Noun Class 7. Again, the specific prefix may vary depending on the noun.

Noun Class 8[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 8 is used for natural elements and phenomena. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñi-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
ñi-faaru nyi-fa-roo sun
ñi-lamb nyi-lamb rain
ñi-nxar nyi-nhar wind
ñi-jëru nyi-jer-oo fire

The prefix "ñi-" is added to indicate that the noun belongs to Noun Class 8. As with previous noun classes, the prefix may vary depending on the specific noun.

Noun Class 9[edit | edit source]

Noun Class 9 is used for abstract concepts and non-specific entities. Nouns in this class are typically preceded by the prefix "ñi-". Here are some examples:

Wolof Pronunciation English
ñi-xaliss nyi-kha-lees truth
ñi-fukki nyi-foo-kee lie
ñi-jëm nyi-jem hope
ñi-kër nyi-ker belief

The prefix "ñi-" indicates that the noun belongs to Noun Class 9. As with previous noun classes, the specific prefix may vary depending on the noun.

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

Understanding the noun classes in Wolof not only helps with grammar and sentence construction but also provides insights into the culture and worldview of the Wolof-speaking people. The classification of nouns into different classes reflects the Wolof society's categorization and organization of the world around them.

For example, the distinction between Noun Class 1 (singular human beings) and Noun Class 2 (plural human beings) highlights the importance of community and social relationships in Wolof culture. The use of different noun classes for men and women (bu-jëf for men and bu-jëg for women) also reflects the gender roles and dynamics within the society.

Similarly, the classification of animals and inanimate objects into separate noun classes (Noun Class 3 and Noun Class 4) reveals the Wolof people's recognition of the distinct characteristics and attributes of living beings and non-living things. This distinction reflects their deep connection and respect for the natural world.

By exploring the noun classes in Wolof, we gain not only a deeper understanding of the language but also a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage and worldview of the Wolof-speaking people.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we have covered the different noun classes in Wolof, let's test your understanding with some practice exercises. Translate the following English sentences into Wolof, paying attention to the noun classes and noun agreement.

1. The woman is cooking. 2. The dogs are barking. 3. The book is on the table. 4. The sun is shining. 5. The child is playing.

Solution:

1. Bu-jëg ñu-mbëkk 2. Ñë-sët ñi-mbu-mbëkk 3. Ci-mbooloo ñu-wëñ ci-kanam 4. Ñi-faaru ñi-jëkk 5. Bu-fal ñu-tëj

Explanation:

1. In sentence 1, the noun "woman" belongs to Noun Class 1 (bu-jëg) and the verb "is cooking" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The woman is cooking."

2. In sentence 2, the noun "dogs" belongs to Noun Class 3 (ñë-sët) and the verb "are barking" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The dogs are barking."

3. In sentence 3, the noun "book" belongs to Noun Class 4 (ci-mbooloo) and the preposition "on" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The book is on the table."

4. In sentence 4, the noun "sun" belongs to Noun Class 8 (ñi-faaru) and the verb "is shining" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The sun is shining."

5. In sentence 5, the noun "child" belongs to Noun Class 1 (bu-fal) and the verb "is playing" agrees with the noun class. The sentence translates to "The child is playing."

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing the lesson on noun classes in Wolof! You have learned about the different noun classes in Wolof and how they affect the grammar of a sentence. You have also gained insights into the cultural significance of noun classes in Wolof-speaking societies.

Continue practicing and applying what you have learned to improve your understanding of noun classes and sentence construction in Wolof. In the next lesson, we will explore the different types of pronouns in Wolof. Keep up the great work!

Table of Contents - Wolof Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Wolof


Greetings and Introductions


Wolof Cultural Norms


Nouns and Pronouns


Family and Relationships


Family and Social Structure


Verbs and Tenses


Food and Dining


Wolof Cuisine and Dining Etiquette


Adjectives and Adverbs


Travel and Transportation


Travel and Tourism in Wolof-Speaking Countries


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Greetings and Social Etiquette — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Pronouns ▶️

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