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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Welsh|Welsh]]  → [[Language/Welsh/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Welsh|Welsh]]  → [[Language/Welsh/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions</div>


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Welsh conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases and sentences. They play a crucial role in creating coherent sentences and making connections between ideas. In this lesson, we will explore the different types of Welsh conjunctions and how to use them properly.
== Introduction ==
 
In this lesson, we will explore the usage of conjunctions in the Welsh language. Conjunctions are an essential part of any language as they allow us to connect words, phrases, and sentences, giving them structure and coherence. By understanding and mastering conjunctions, you will be able to express your thoughts more effectively and create more complex sentences in Welsh.  
 
Throughout this lesson, we will learn about the different types of conjunctions used in Welsh, including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. We will examine their functions and usage, providing plenty of examples to help you grasp the concepts. Additionally, we will explore any regional variations in the usage of conjunctions and delve into the historical reasons behind these differences. Lastly, we will engage in various exercises and practice scenarios to reinforce your understanding of conjunctions in Welsh.
 
Let's dive into the fascinating world of Welsh conjunctions and discover how they can enhance your language skills!


== Coordinating Conjunctions ==
== Coordinating Conjunctions ==


Coordinating conjunctions connect two or more elements (words, phrases or clauses) that are of equal value in a sentence. In Welsh, the most common coordinating conjunctions are 'ac', 'a', 'ond', and 'neu'.
Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance. In Welsh, there are several coordinating conjunctions, including "ac" (and), "ond" (but), "neu" (or), and "felly" (so). Let's explore each of them in detail:
 
=== "Ac" (And) ===
 
The conjunction "ac" is used to connect two or more words, phrases, or clauses that share equal importance and contribute to the same idea. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "and."


=== 'Ac' ===
Here are a few examples:


The Welsh word 'ac' means 'and' and is used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal value.
* Welsh: "Cath ac ci" (Cat and dog)
* Pronunciation: [kaθ ak ki]
* English: Cat and dog


For example:
* Welsh: "Dwi'n darllen ac ysgrifennu" (I am reading and writing)
* Pronunciation: [dwiːn ˈdarlɛn ak əsˈɡrɪfɛnɪ]
* English: I am reading and writing


{| class="wikitable"
* Welsh: "Mae'r haul yn disgleirio ac mae'r awyr yn las" (The sun is shining and the sky is blue)
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
* Pronunciation: [maɪr haɪl ən ˈdɪsɡlɛriɔ ak maɪr ˈaʊɨr ən las]
|-
* English: The sun is shining and the sky is blue
| Dai ac Alwena || /daɪ ak əluːɛna/ || Dai and Alwena
 
|}
=== "Ond" (But) ===
 
The conjunction "ond" is used to join two contrasting ideas or clauses. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "but."
 
Here are a few examples:
 
* Welsh: "Mae'r byd yn hardd, ond mae hi'n oer" (The world is beautiful, but it's cold)
* Pronunciation: [maɪr bɪd ən ˈharð ɔnd maɪ hiːn ɔɛr]
* English: The world is beautiful, but it's cold
 
* Welsh: "Dw i eisiau mynd i'r parti, ond dw i'n gorfod gweithio" (I want to go to the party, but I have to work)
* Pronunciation: [dui ɛˈiːsaɪ mɪnd ɪr ˈparti ɔnd duɪn ˈɡɔrvɔd ɡwɛɪθɪɔ]
* English: I want to go to the party, but I have to work
 
* Welsh: "Mae hi'n ddrwg, ond dw i'n cyfarfod â hi" (She's sorry, but I'm meeting her)
* Pronunciation: [maɪ hiːn ðruːɡ ɔnd duɪn kəˈvarvɔd aː hi]
* English: She's sorry, but I'm meeting her


=== 'A' ===
=== "Neu" (Or) ===


The Welsh word 'a' also means 'and' and is used in the same way as 'ac'. 'A' is used more frequently than 'ac'.
The conjunction "neu" is used to present alternative options or choices. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "or."


For example:
Here are a few examples:


{| class="wikitable"
* Welsh: "Dw i'n hoffi te neu goffi" (I like tea or coffee)
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ˈhɔfɪ tɛ ər ˈɡɔfɪ]
|-
* English: I like tea or coffee
| Mae hi'n siarad Cymraeg a Sbaeneg || /maɪ hiːn ʃiːarad kʌmraɪɡ a sbai.nɛɡ/ || She speaks Welsh and Spanish.
|}


=== 'Ond' ===
* Welsh: "Prynwch bara neu sglodion" (Buy bread or chips)
* Pronunciation: [ˈprɪnʊχ bara ər ˈsklɔdɪɔn]
* English: Buy bread or chips


The Welsh word 'ond' means 'but' and is used to connect elements that express a contrast.
* Welsh: "A ydych chi'n hoffi gwneud ffilmiau neu ddarllen llyfrau?" (Do you like making films or reading books?)
* Pronunciation: [aː ˈədɪχ xiːn ˈhɔfɪ ɡwnəd ˈfɪlmjaɨ ər ˈðarɬɛn ˈɬəvrai]
* English: Do you like making films or reading books?


For example:
=== "Felly" (So) ===


{| class="wikitable"
The conjunction "felly" is used to indicate a consequence or result. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "so."
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Dw i'n hoffi coffi ond does dim amser || /dʊ ɪn hɔfɪ kɔfɪ ɔnd dɔɛs dɪm am.sɛr/ || I like coffee, but don't have time.
|}


=== 'Neu' ===
Here are a few examples:


The Welsh word 'neu' means 'or' and is used to express a choice between two or more options.
* Welsh: "Roedd hi'n bwrw glaw, felly es i adref" (It was raining, so I went home)
* Pronunciation: [rɔɛð hiːn bʊru ɡlaʊ ˈvɛɬɪ ɛs iː ˈadrɛv]
* English: It was raining, so I went home


For example:
* Welsh: "Mae'r siop ar gau, felly byddwn ni'n mynd i'r archfarchnad" (The shop is closed, so we'll go to the supermarket)
* Pronunciation: [maɪr ʃɔp ar ɡaɨ ˈvɛɬɪ bəðʊn niːn mɪnd ɪr arχˈvarχnad]
* English: The shop is closed, so we'll go to the supermarket


{| class="wikitable"
* Welsh: "Dw i'n hoffi coffi, felly dw i'n mynd i'r caffi bob dydd" (I like coffee, so I go to the café every day)
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɔfɪ ˈvɛɬɪ duɪn mɪnd ɪr ˈkaːvi bɔb dɪð]
|-
* English: I like coffee, so I go to the café every day
| Beth wyt ti'n moyn, te neu goffi? || /bɛθ wɪt tiːn mɔɪn, tɛ ɨ kɔ.fɪ/ || What do you want, tea or coffee?
|}


== Subordinating Conjunctions ==
== Subordinating Conjunctions ==


Subordinating conjunctions connect an independent clause (a complete sentence) with a dependent clause (a sentence fragment that cannot stand alone). Subordinating conjunctions are used to explain the relationship between the two clauses and show how they are connected.
Subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce dependent clauses, which cannot stand alone as complete sentences. In Welsh, there are several subordinating conjunctions, including "pan" (when), "os" (if), "er bod" (although), and "oherwydd" (because). Let's explore each of them in detail:
 
=== "Pan" (When) ===
 
The conjunction "pan" is used to introduce a dependent clause that expresses a specific time or condition. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "when."
 
Here are a few examples:
 
* Welsh: "Dw i'n mynd i'r sinema pan fydd y ffilm newydd yn dod allan" (I'm going to the cinema when the new film comes out)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma pan fɪð ə ˈfɪlm ˈnɛwɪð ən ˈdɔd ˈaɬan]
* English: I'm going to the cinema when the new film comes out
 
* Welsh: "Byddaf yn hapus pan fydd y gwaith wedi'i gorffen" (I will be happy when the work is finished)
* Pronunciation: [ˈbɪðaf ən ˈhapɪs pan fɪð ə ɡwaɪθ ˈwɛdiː ɡɔrˈfɛn]
* English: I will be happy when the work is finished


=== 'Am' ===
* Welsh: "Dw i'n mynd i'r parc pan fydd y tywydd yn dda" (I'm going to the park when the weather is good)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn mɪnd ɪr park pan fɪð ə ˈtəwɛð ən ða]
* English: I'm going to the park when the weather is good


The Welsh word 'am' means 'about' or 'because' and is used to introduce a cause or reason.
=== "Os" (If) ===


For example:
The conjunction "os" is used to introduce a dependent clause that expresses a condition or possibility. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "if."


{| class="wikitable"
Here are a few examples:
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
* Welsh: "Os bydd hi'n bwrw glaw, bydda i'n aros adref" (If it rains, I will stay at home)
| Mynd i Gymru am eu hiaith || /mɪnd ɪ kʌmri: əm ɛɪ hjaɪθ/ || Go to Wales because of their language.
* Pronunciation: [ɔs bɪð hiːn ˈbʊru ɡlaʊ ˈbəða iːn ˈarɔs ˈadrɛv]
|}
* English: If it rains, I will stay at home
 
* Welsh: "Os byddi di'n hwyr, bydda i'n mynd ymlaen heb chdi" (If you're late, I will go ahead without you)
* Pronunciation: [ɔs ˈbəðiː diːn hʊir ˈbəða iːn mɪnd əmˈlaɪn hɛb χdiː]
* English: If you're late, I will go ahead without you
 
* Welsh: "Os bydd pawb yn dod, bydd y parti'n llwyddiant" (If everyone comes, the party will be a success)
* Pronunciation: [ɔs bɪð ˈpau̯b ən ˈdɔd ˈbəða ə ˈpartiːn ɬʊɪˈðjant]
* English: If everyone comes, the party will be a success


=== 'Pan' ===
=== "Er Bod" (Although) ===


The Welsh word 'pan' means 'when' and is used to introduce a dependent clause that describes an event happening at the same time as another.
The conjunction "er bod" is used to introduce a dependent clause that expresses a contrast or contradiction. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "although."


For example:
Here are a few examples:


{| class="wikitable"
* Welsh: "Er bod hi'n oer, mae hi'n mynd am dro" (Although it's cold, she's going for a walk)
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
* Pronunciation: [ɛr bɔd hiːn ɔɛr maɪ hiːn mɪnd am ˈdro]
|-
* English: Although it's cold, she's going for a walk
| Pan mae hi'n bwrw glaw, dw i'n aros adref || /pan maɪ hiːn bʊru ɡlaʊ, du ɪn arɔs adrɛv/ || When it's raining, I stay at home.
|}


=== 'Yn Nhys' ===
* Welsh: "Er bod hi'n hwyr, dw i'n dal i aros" (Although it's late, I'm still waiting)
* Pronunciation: [ɛr bɔd hiːn hʊir duɪn tal iː ˈarɔs]
* English: Although it's late, I'm still waiting


The Welsh phrase 'yn Nhys' means 'in order to' or 'so that' and is used to introduce a dependent clause that explains the reason for an action.
* Welsh: "Er bod y bwyd yn anghyfforddus, dw i'n ei fwyta" (Although the food is uncomfortable, I'm eating it)
* Pronunciation: [ɛr bɔd ə ˈbʊɨd ən anˈɡəvɔrðɪs duɪn ɪn ˈeɪ ˈvʊɨta]
* English: Although the food is uncomfortable, I'm eating it


For example:
=== "Oherwydd" (Because) ===


{| class="wikitable"
The conjunction "oherwydd" is used to introduce a dependent clause that gives a reason or explanation. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "because."
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Dw i'n astudio Cymraeg yn Nhys cymryd rhan yn yr Eisteddfod || /du ɪn astdɪo kʌmraɪɡ ɨn thɪs kəmrɨd r̥a:n ɪn ər aɪ.stɛð.vɔd/ || I study Welsh in order to take part in the Eisteddfod.
|}


=== 'Os' ===
Here are a few examples:


The Welsh word 'os' means 'if' and is used to introduce a dependent clause that describes a condition.
* Welsh: "Dw i'n hwyr oherwydd bod traffig yn wael" (I'm late because the traffic is bad)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn hʊir ˈɔhɛrʊð bɔd ˈtrafɪɡ ən ˈwai̯l]
* English: I'm late because the traffic is bad


For example:
* Welsh: "Dw i'n brysur oherwydd bod gwaith 'da fi" (I'm busy because I have work)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ˈbrɨsɪr ˈɔhɛrʊð bɔd ɡwaɪθ daː viː]
* English: I'm busy because I have work


{| class="wikitable"
* Welsh: "Dw i'n licio ef oherwydd ei ddawn" (I like him because of his talent)
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ˈlɪsjo ɛv ˈɔhɛrʊð əi ˈðaʊn]
|-
* English: I like him because of his talent
| Os oes angen help, gadewch i mi wybod || /ɔs oɛs ˈaŋ.ɡɛn hɛlp ɡaˈdɛwχ i mɪ ˈwɪbɔd/ || If you need help, let me know.
|}


== Correlative Conjunctions ==
== Correlative Conjunctions ==


Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. In Welsh, the most common correlative conjunctions are 'na... na', 'naill ai... naill ai', and 'neither...nor'.
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses. In Welsh, there are several correlative conjunctions, including "na...na" (neither...nor), "na...neu" (neither...nor), "na...ond" (neither...but), and "na...felly" (neither...so). Let's explore each of them in detail:
 
=== "Na...na" (Neither...nor) ===
 
The correlative conjunction "na...na" is used to join two negative ideas or options. It is the equivalent of the English correlative conjunction "neither...nor."
 
Here are a few examples:
 
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig na physgod" (I don't like meat or fish)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɪɡ na ˈpɪsɡɔd]
* English: I don't like meat or fish
 
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn mynd i'r sinema na'r theatr" (I don't go to the cinema or the theater)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma naːr ˈθɛːtr]
* English: I don't go to the cinema or the theater
 
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim wedi gweld hi na siarad â hi" (I haven't seen her nor talked to her)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ˈwɛdi ɡwɛld hiː na ˈʃarad aː χiː]
* English: I haven't seen her nor talked to her
 
=== "Na...neu" (Neither...nor) ===
 
The correlative conjunction "na...neu" is used to join a negative idea or option with an alternative. It is the equivalent of the English correlative conjunction "neither...nor."
 
Here are a few examples:
 
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig na phwdin" (I don't like meat or pudding)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɪɡ na ˈpʊdɪn]
* English: I don't like meat or pudding
 
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn mynd i'r sinema na'r parc" (I don't go to the cinema or the park)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma naːr park]
* English: I don't go to the cinema or the park
 
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim wedi gweld hi na chlywed hi" (I haven't seen her nor heard her)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ˈwɛdi ɡwɛld hiː na ˈχləwɛd hiː]
* English: I haven't seen her nor heard her
 
=== "Na...ond" (Neither...but) ===
 
The correlative conjunction "na...ond" is used to join a negative idea or option with a contrasting one. It is the equivalent of the English correlative conjunction "neither...but."
 
Here are a few examples:
 
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig na physgod, ond dw i'n hoffi llysiau" (I don't like meat nor fish, but I like vegetables)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɪɡ na ˈpɪsɡɔd ɔnd duɪn ˈhɔfɪ ˈɬəsjaɨ]
* English: I don't like meat nor fish, but I like vegetables
 
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn mynd i'r sinema na'r theatr, ond dw i'n mynd i'r cyfleusterau hamdden" (I don't go to the cinema nor the theater, but I go to recreational facilities)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma naːr ˈθɛːtr ɔnd duɪn mɪnd ɪr kəˈvlɛɨstɛrai ˈhamðɛn]
* English: I don't go to the cinema nor the theater, but I go to recreational facilities


=== 'Na...Na' ===
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim wedi gweld hi na siarad â hi, ond dw i'n gobeithio ei gweld hi yn fuan" (I haven't seen her nor talked to her, but I hope to see her soon)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ˈwɛdi ɡwɛld hiː na ˈʃarad aː χiː ɔnd duɪn ˈɡɔbɛɪθjɔ əɪ ɡwɛld hiː ən ˈvai̯an]
* English: I haven't seen her nor talked to her, but I hope to see her soon


The correlative conjunction 'na...na' means 'neither...nor' and is used to express negation.
=== "Na...felly" (Neither...so) ===


For example:
The correlative conjunction "na...felly" is used to join a negative idea or option with a consequence or result. It is the equivalent of the English correlative conjunction "neither...so."


{| class="wikitable"
Here are a few examples:
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Nid wyf na'n darllen na'n ysgrifennu Cymraeg yn dda || /nɪd wɪv na: n̥an ˈdarlɛn na nɑ:n əs'ɡrɪfɛnu ˈkʌmraɪɡ ən ða/ || I am neither good at reading nor writing Welsh.
|}


=== 'Naill ai...Naill ai' ===
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig na chaws, felly dw i'n bwyta salad" (I don't like meat nor cheese, so I eat salad)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɪɡ na ˈχaʊs ˈvɛɬɪ duɪn ˈbʊɨta ˈsaːlad]
* English: I don't like meat nor cheese, so I eat salad


The correlative conjunction 'naill ai...naill ai' means 'either...or' and is used to express a choice or an alternative.
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn mynd i'r sinema na'r parc, felly dw i'n mynd i'r mwmbwy" (I don't go to the cinema nor the park, so I go to the museum)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma naːr park ˈvɛɬɪ duɪn mɪnd ɪr ˈmʊmbʊi]
* English: I don't go to the cinema nor the park, so I go to the museum


For example:
* Welsh: "Dw i ddim wedi gweld hi na chlywed hi, felly dw i'n anghofio am hi" (I haven't seen her nor heard her, so I forget about her)
* Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ˈwɛdi ɡwɛld hiː na ˈχləwɛd hiː ˈvɛɬɪ duɪn anˈɡɔvjo am hiː]
* English: I haven't seen her nor heard her, so I forget about her


{| class="wikitable"
== Exercises ==
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Mae'n rhaid i mi brynu naill ai'r asyn naill ai'r ceffyl || /maɪn rhajd i mɪ ˈbru.nɪ nəjl ai ri asɨn nəjl ai ri kɛvɪl/ || I must buy either the donkey or the horse.
|}


=== 'Neither...Nor' ===
Now that we've explored the usage of conjunctions in Welsh, it's time to put your knowledge into practice. Complete the following exercises by using the appropriate conjunctions in the given sentences. The solutions will be provided below.


'Neither...nor' is a correlative conjunction used to express negation.
1. Dw i'n hoffi te ___ goffi. (I like tea ___ coffee.)
2. Os __ byddi di'n hwyr, bydda i'n mynd ymlaen heb chdi. (If __ you're late, I will go ahead without you.)
3. Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig ___ physgod, ___ dw i'n hoffi llysiau. (I don't like meat ___ fish, ___ I like vegetables.)


For example:
== Solutions ==


{| class="wikitable"
1. Dw i'n hoffi te __neu__ goffi. (I like tea __or__ coffee.)
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
2. Os __na__ byddi di'n hwyr, bydda i'n mynd ymlaen heb chdi. (If __neither__ you're late, I will go ahead without you.)
|-
3. Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig __na__ physgod, __ond__ dw i'n hoffi llysiau. (I don't like meat __nor__ fish, __but__ I like vegetables.)
| Nid yw'r amser ar eich ochr, na'r arian || /nɪd ɪu.ɾ ˈamsɛr ar ɛɪç ˈɔχr, na'r ˈaː.ɾi.an/ || Neither is the time on your side, nor the money.
|}


== Conclusion ==
== Conclusion ==


In this lesson, we have explored the different types of Welsh conjunctions and how to use them properly. Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect two elements that are of equal value, while subordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions show the relationship between an independent and a dependent clause. Understanding conjunctions is essential to create fluent and coherent Welsh sentences.
Congratulations on completing this lesson on using conjunctions in Welsh! You have learned about coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions and how they can be used to connect words, phrases, and sentences. Remember to practice using conjunctions in your everyday conversations and writing to strengthen your language skills. Keep up the great work, and soon you'll be speaking Welsh with fluency and confidence!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Welsh Grammar – Prepositions and Conjunctions – Using Conjunctions
|title=Welsh Grammar → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions
|keywords=Welsh conjunctions, connecting words, using Welsh conjunctions
|keywords=Welsh grammar, Welsh conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, Welsh language
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use Welsh conjunctions, such as and, but, or, and so, to connect words, phrases, and sentences.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use Welsh conjunctions, such as and, but, or, and so, to connect words, phrases, and sentences. Explore the different types of conjunctions and their usage, and practice with exercises to enhance your language skills.
}}


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==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_syntax Welsh syntax - Wikipedia]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/learnwelsh/pdf/welshgrammar_allrules.pdf SOME BASIC RULES OF WELSH GRAMMAR Cynnwys - Contents ...]




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==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_syntax Welsh syntax - Wikipedia]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/learnwelsh/pdf/welshgrammar_allrules.pdf SOME BASIC RULES OF WELSH GRAMMAR Cynnwys - Contents ...]


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Revision as of 04:18, 23 June 2023

◀️ Using Prepositions — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Holidays and Festivals ▶️

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Welsh → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions

Introduction

In this lesson, we will explore the usage of conjunctions in the Welsh language. Conjunctions are an essential part of any language as they allow us to connect words, phrases, and sentences, giving them structure and coherence. By understanding and mastering conjunctions, you will be able to express your thoughts more effectively and create more complex sentences in Welsh.

Throughout this lesson, we will learn about the different types of conjunctions used in Welsh, including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions. We will examine their functions and usage, providing plenty of examples to help you grasp the concepts. Additionally, we will explore any regional variations in the usage of conjunctions and delve into the historical reasons behind these differences. Lastly, we will engage in various exercises and practice scenarios to reinforce your understanding of conjunctions in Welsh.

Let's dive into the fascinating world of Welsh conjunctions and discover how they can enhance your language skills!

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance. In Welsh, there are several coordinating conjunctions, including "ac" (and), "ond" (but), "neu" (or), and "felly" (so). Let's explore each of them in detail:

"Ac" (And)

The conjunction "ac" is used to connect two or more words, phrases, or clauses that share equal importance and contribute to the same idea. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "and."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Cath ac ci" (Cat and dog)
  • Pronunciation: [kaθ ak ki]
  • English: Cat and dog
  • Welsh: "Dwi'n darllen ac ysgrifennu" (I am reading and writing)
  • Pronunciation: [dwiːn ˈdarlɛn ak əsˈɡrɪfɛnɪ]
  • English: I am reading and writing
  • Welsh: "Mae'r haul yn disgleirio ac mae'r awyr yn las" (The sun is shining and the sky is blue)
  • Pronunciation: [maɪr haɪl ən ˈdɪsɡlɛriɔ ak maɪr ˈaʊɨr ən las]
  • English: The sun is shining and the sky is blue

"Ond" (But)

The conjunction "ond" is used to join two contrasting ideas or clauses. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "but."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Mae'r byd yn hardd, ond mae hi'n oer" (The world is beautiful, but it's cold)
  • Pronunciation: [maɪr bɪd ən ˈharð ɔnd maɪ hiːn ɔɛr]
  • English: The world is beautiful, but it's cold
  • Welsh: "Dw i eisiau mynd i'r parti, ond dw i'n gorfod gweithio" (I want to go to the party, but I have to work)
  • Pronunciation: [dui ɛˈiːsaɪ mɪnd ɪr ˈparti ɔnd duɪn ˈɡɔrvɔd ɡwɛɪθɪɔ]
  • English: I want to go to the party, but I have to work
  • Welsh: "Mae hi'n ddrwg, ond dw i'n cyfarfod â hi" (She's sorry, but I'm meeting her)
  • Pronunciation: [maɪ hiːn ðruːɡ ɔnd duɪn kəˈvarvɔd aː hi]
  • English: She's sorry, but I'm meeting her

"Neu" (Or)

The conjunction "neu" is used to present alternative options or choices. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "or."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Dw i'n hoffi te neu goffi" (I like tea or coffee)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ˈhɔfɪ tɛ ər ˈɡɔfɪ]
  • English: I like tea or coffee
  • Welsh: "Prynwch bara neu sglodion" (Buy bread or chips)
  • Pronunciation: [ˈprɪnʊχ bara ər ˈsklɔdɪɔn]
  • English: Buy bread or chips
  • Welsh: "A ydych chi'n hoffi gwneud ffilmiau neu ddarllen llyfrau?" (Do you like making films or reading books?)
  • Pronunciation: [aː ˈədɪχ xiːn ˈhɔfɪ ɡwnəd ˈfɪlmjaɨ ər ˈðarɬɛn ˈɬəvrai]
  • English: Do you like making films or reading books?

"Felly" (So)

The conjunction "felly" is used to indicate a consequence or result. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "so."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Roedd hi'n bwrw glaw, felly es i adref" (It was raining, so I went home)
  • Pronunciation: [rɔɛð hiːn bʊru ɡlaʊ ˈvɛɬɪ ɛs iː ˈadrɛv]
  • English: It was raining, so I went home
  • Welsh: "Mae'r siop ar gau, felly byddwn ni'n mynd i'r archfarchnad" (The shop is closed, so we'll go to the supermarket)
  • Pronunciation: [maɪr ʃɔp ar ɡaɨ ˈvɛɬɪ bəðʊn niːn mɪnd ɪr arχˈvarχnad]
  • English: The shop is closed, so we'll go to the supermarket
  • Welsh: "Dw i'n hoffi coffi, felly dw i'n mynd i'r caffi bob dydd" (I like coffee, so I go to the café every day)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɔfɪ ˈvɛɬɪ duɪn mɪnd ɪr ˈkaːvi bɔb dɪð]
  • English: I like coffee, so I go to the café every day

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce dependent clauses, which cannot stand alone as complete sentences. In Welsh, there are several subordinating conjunctions, including "pan" (when), "os" (if), "er bod" (although), and "oherwydd" (because). Let's explore each of them in detail:

"Pan" (When)

The conjunction "pan" is used to introduce a dependent clause that expresses a specific time or condition. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "when."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Dw i'n mynd i'r sinema pan fydd y ffilm newydd yn dod allan" (I'm going to the cinema when the new film comes out)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma pan fɪð ə ˈfɪlm ˈnɛwɪð ən ˈdɔd ˈaɬan]
  • English: I'm going to the cinema when the new film comes out
  • Welsh: "Byddaf yn hapus pan fydd y gwaith wedi'i gorffen" (I will be happy when the work is finished)
  • Pronunciation: [ˈbɪðaf ən ˈhapɪs pan fɪð ə ɡwaɪθ ˈwɛdiː ɡɔrˈfɛn]
  • English: I will be happy when the work is finished
  • Welsh: "Dw i'n mynd i'r parc pan fydd y tywydd yn dda" (I'm going to the park when the weather is good)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn mɪnd ɪr park pan fɪð ə ˈtəwɛð ən ða]
  • English: I'm going to the park when the weather is good

"Os" (If)

The conjunction "os" is used to introduce a dependent clause that expresses a condition or possibility. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "if."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Os bydd hi'n bwrw glaw, bydda i'n aros adref" (If it rains, I will stay at home)
  • Pronunciation: [ɔs bɪð hiːn ˈbʊru ɡlaʊ ˈbəða iːn ˈarɔs ˈadrɛv]
  • English: If it rains, I will stay at home
  • Welsh: "Os byddi di'n hwyr, bydda i'n mynd ymlaen heb chdi" (If you're late, I will go ahead without you)
  • Pronunciation: [ɔs ˈbəðiː diːn hʊir ˈbəða iːn mɪnd əmˈlaɪn hɛb χdiː]
  • English: If you're late, I will go ahead without you
  • Welsh: "Os bydd pawb yn dod, bydd y parti'n llwyddiant" (If everyone comes, the party will be a success)
  • Pronunciation: [ɔs bɪð ˈpau̯b ən ˈdɔd ˈbəða ə ˈpartiːn ɬʊɪˈðjant]
  • English: If everyone comes, the party will be a success

"Er Bod" (Although)

The conjunction "er bod" is used to introduce a dependent clause that expresses a contrast or contradiction. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "although."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Er bod hi'n oer, mae hi'n mynd am dro" (Although it's cold, she's going for a walk)
  • Pronunciation: [ɛr bɔd hiːn ɔɛr maɪ hiːn mɪnd am ˈdro]
  • English: Although it's cold, she's going for a walk
  • Welsh: "Er bod hi'n hwyr, dw i'n dal i aros" (Although it's late, I'm still waiting)
  • Pronunciation: [ɛr bɔd hiːn hʊir duɪn tal iː ˈarɔs]
  • English: Although it's late, I'm still waiting
  • Welsh: "Er bod y bwyd yn anghyfforddus, dw i'n ei fwyta" (Although the food is uncomfortable, I'm eating it)
  • Pronunciation: [ɛr bɔd ə ˈbʊɨd ən anˈɡəvɔrðɪs duɪn ɪn ˈeɪ ˈvʊɨta]
  • English: Although the food is uncomfortable, I'm eating it

"Oherwydd" (Because)

The conjunction "oherwydd" is used to introduce a dependent clause that gives a reason or explanation. It is the equivalent of the English conjunction "because."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Dw i'n hwyr oherwydd bod traffig yn wael" (I'm late because the traffic is bad)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn hʊir ˈɔhɛrʊð bɔd ˈtrafɪɡ ən ˈwai̯l]
  • English: I'm late because the traffic is bad
  • Welsh: "Dw i'n brysur oherwydd bod gwaith 'da fi" (I'm busy because I have work)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ˈbrɨsɪr ˈɔhɛrʊð bɔd ɡwaɪθ daː viː]
  • English: I'm busy because I have work
  • Welsh: "Dw i'n licio ef oherwydd ei ddawn" (I like him because of his talent)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ˈlɪsjo ɛv ˈɔhɛrʊð əi ˈðaʊn]
  • English: I like him because of his talent

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses. In Welsh, there are several correlative conjunctions, including "na...na" (neither...nor), "na...neu" (neither...nor), "na...ond" (neither...but), and "na...felly" (neither...so). Let's explore each of them in detail:

"Na...na" (Neither...nor)

The correlative conjunction "na...na" is used to join two negative ideas or options. It is the equivalent of the English correlative conjunction "neither...nor."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig na physgod" (I don't like meat or fish)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɪɡ na ˈpɪsɡɔd]
  • English: I don't like meat or fish
  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn mynd i'r sinema na'r theatr" (I don't go to the cinema or the theater)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma naːr ˈθɛːtr]
  • English: I don't go to the cinema or the theater
  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim wedi gweld hi na siarad â hi" (I haven't seen her nor talked to her)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ˈwɛdi ɡwɛld hiː na ˈʃarad aː χiː]
  • English: I haven't seen her nor talked to her

"Na...neu" (Neither...nor)

The correlative conjunction "na...neu" is used to join a negative idea or option with an alternative. It is the equivalent of the English correlative conjunction "neither...nor."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig na phwdin" (I don't like meat or pudding)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɪɡ na ˈpʊdɪn]
  • English: I don't like meat or pudding
  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn mynd i'r sinema na'r parc" (I don't go to the cinema or the park)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma naːr park]
  • English: I don't go to the cinema or the park
  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim wedi gweld hi na chlywed hi" (I haven't seen her nor heard her)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ˈwɛdi ɡwɛld hiː na ˈχləwɛd hiː]
  • English: I haven't seen her nor heard her

"Na...ond" (Neither...but)

The correlative conjunction "na...ond" is used to join a negative idea or option with a contrasting one. It is the equivalent of the English correlative conjunction "neither...but."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig na physgod, ond dw i'n hoffi llysiau" (I don't like meat nor fish, but I like vegetables)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɪɡ na ˈpɪsɡɔd ɔnd duɪn ˈhɔfɪ ˈɬəsjaɨ]
  • English: I don't like meat nor fish, but I like vegetables
  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn mynd i'r sinema na'r theatr, ond dw i'n mynd i'r cyfleusterau hamdden" (I don't go to the cinema nor the theater, but I go to recreational facilities)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma naːr ˈθɛːtr ɔnd duɪn mɪnd ɪr kəˈvlɛɨstɛrai ˈhamðɛn]
  • English: I don't go to the cinema nor the theater, but I go to recreational facilities
  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim wedi gweld hi na siarad â hi, ond dw i'n gobeithio ei gweld hi yn fuan" (I haven't seen her nor talked to her, but I hope to see her soon)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ˈwɛdi ɡwɛld hiː na ˈʃarad aː χiː ɔnd duɪn ˈɡɔbɛɪθjɔ əɪ ɡwɛld hiː ən ˈvai̯an]
  • English: I haven't seen her nor talked to her, but I hope to see her soon

"Na...felly" (Neither...so)

The correlative conjunction "na...felly" is used to join a negative idea or option with a consequence or result. It is the equivalent of the English correlative conjunction "neither...so."

Here are a few examples:

  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig na chaws, felly dw i'n bwyta salad" (I don't like meat nor cheese, so I eat salad)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən ˈhɔfɪ ˈkɪɡ na ˈχaʊs ˈvɛɬɪ duɪn ˈbʊɨta ˈsaːlad]
  • English: I don't like meat nor cheese, so I eat salad
  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim yn mynd i'r sinema na'r parc, felly dw i'n mynd i'r mwmbwy" (I don't go to the cinema nor the park, so I go to the museum)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ən mɪnd ɪr ˈsɪnɛma naːr park ˈvɛɬɪ duɪn mɪnd ɪr ˈmʊmbʊi]
  • English: I don't go to the cinema nor the park, so I go to the museum
  • Welsh: "Dw i ddim wedi gweld hi na chlywed hi, felly dw i'n anghofio am hi" (I haven't seen her nor heard her, so I forget about her)
  • Pronunciation: [duiːn ðɪm ˈwɛdi ɡwɛld hiː na ˈχləwɛd hiː ˈvɛɬɪ duɪn anˈɡɔvjo am hiː]
  • English: I haven't seen her nor heard her, so I forget about her

Exercises

Now that we've explored the usage of conjunctions in Welsh, it's time to put your knowledge into practice. Complete the following exercises by using the appropriate conjunctions in the given sentences. The solutions will be provided below.

1. Dw i'n hoffi te ___ goffi. (I like tea ___ coffee.) 2. Os __ byddi di'n hwyr, bydda i'n mynd ymlaen heb chdi. (If __ you're late, I will go ahead without you.) 3. Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig ___ physgod, ___ dw i'n hoffi llysiau. (I don't like meat ___ fish, ___ I like vegetables.)

Solutions

1. Dw i'n hoffi te __neu__ goffi. (I like tea __or__ coffee.) 2. Os __na__ byddi di'n hwyr, bydda i'n mynd ymlaen heb chdi. (If __neither__ you're late, I will go ahead without you.) 3. Dw i ddim yn hoffi cig __na__ physgod, __ond__ dw i'n hoffi llysiau. (I don't like meat __nor__ fish, __but__ I like vegetables.)

Conclusion

Congratulations on completing this lesson on using conjunctions in Welsh! You have learned about coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions and how they can be used to connect words, phrases, and sentences. Remember to practice using conjunctions in your everyday conversations and writing to strengthen your language skills. Keep up the great work, and soon you'll be speaking Welsh with fluency and confidence!

{{#seo: |title=Welsh Grammar → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions |keywords=Welsh grammar, Welsh conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, Welsh language |description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use Welsh conjunctions, such as and, but, or, and so, to connect words, phrases, and sentences. Explore the different types of conjunctions and their usage, and practice with exercises to enhance your language skills.

Table of Contents - Welsh Course - 0 to A1


Greetings and Introductions


Pronouns and Verbs


Numbers and Time


Questions and Negation


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Drink


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Welsh Traditions and Celebrations


Hobbies and Leisure


Present Continuous and Future


Travel and Transportation


Welsh Literature and History


Sources


Other Lessons




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