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<div class="pg_page_title">Past Tense in Polish</div>
[[File:Poland-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
Cześć, Polish Learners! 😃


{{Polish-Page-Top}}
Welcome to another exciting lesson in your journey to mastering the beautiful Polish language. In today's session, we will focus on understanding and constructing the [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Past-Tense|PAST TENSE]] in Polish. This essential grammar concept will enable you to talk about events and experiences that have already occurred. So, buckle up and get ready to expand your linguistic skills as we dive into the world of Polish past tense. After mastering this lesson, you can also explore other related topics such as [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Cases|Polish Grammar - Cases]], [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Subject-Verb-Object|Subject Verb Object]], and [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Basic-Sentence-Structure|Introduction to Polish Grammar: Basic Sentence Structure]]. Powodzenia i miłego nauki! (Good luck and happy learning!) 😊
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Polish|Polish]] → [[Language/Polish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Polish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Verbs and Tenses → Past Tense</div>
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__TOC__
==Introduction==
Like the [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Future-Tense|Polish Future Tense]], the Polish Past Tense has two aspects, perfective and imperfective, and is shown with the same pairs.
 
Polish past tense will tell you person, number, gender, and aspect.
 
===Basic rules===
Basic rules are as follows:
Directly after the verb stem, you can have e (or nothing) which indicate the person or object is masculine, a, which indicates feminine.


== Introduction ==
There's also i which indicates at least one or more Animate/living male persons, or y which indicates no animate/living male persons. Directly after these you may have m, which indicates first person, ś which indicates second, nothing, which indicates third singular or third plural, śmy which indicates first plural, or ście, which is second plural.


In this lesson, we will explore the past tense in Polish. The past tense is used to talk about actions or events that have already happened. By learning how to form and use the past tense, you will be able to express yourself more accurately in Polish and engage in conversations about past experiences, stories, or historical events. We will cover regular and irregular verbs, as well as the distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects. Let's dive into the fascinating world of the Polish past tense!
===Polish language-past tense - perfective and imperfective===
====Singular Number====
* '''1st person''': masculine, feminine
* '''2nd person''': masculine, feminine
* '''3rd person''': masculine, feminine, neuter


== Regular Verbs in the Past Tense ==
====Plural Number====
* '''1st person''': masculine , not masculine
* '''2nd person''': masculine, not masculine
* '''3rd person''': masculine, not masculine


In Polish, regular verbs in the past tense are formed by adding specific endings to the verb stem. The endings depend on the gender, number, and person of the subject. Let's take a look at the different endings for each gender and number:


=== Masculine Verbs ===
For clarity, examples will be given below.


==Perfective: Zrobić==
To conjugate a verb in the past tense, remove the -ć from the infinitive verb and add the ending:
===Singular===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
!'''Singular'''
!'''Male'''
!'''Female'''
!'''Neuter'''
|-
|-
| uczyłem || ooch-eh-wem || I taught
|1st (ja)
|Zrobiłem
|Zrobiłam
|
|-
|-
| uczyłeś || ooch-eh-wesh || you (singular) taught
|2nd (ty)
|Zrobiłeś
|Zrobiłaś
|
|-
|-
| uczył || ooch-eh-wew || he taught
|3rd (on, ona, ono)
|Zrobił
|Zrobiła
|Zrobiło
|}
===Plural===
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Plural'''
!'''masculine (męskoosobowy)'''
!'''not masculine (niemęskoosobowy)'''
|-
|-
| uczyliśmy || ooch-eh-weesh-m || we taught
|1st (my)
|Zrobiliśmy
|Zrobiłyście
|-
|-
| uczyliście || ooch-eh-weesh-tyeh || you (plural) taught
|2nd (wy)
|Zrobiliście
|Zrobiłyście
|-
|-
| uczyli || ooch-eh-wee || they taught
|3rd (oni/one)
|Zrobili
|Zrobiły
|}
|}


=== Feminine Verbs ===
==Imperfective: Próbować==
 
===Singular===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
!'''Singular'''
!'''Male'''
!'''Female'''
!'''Neuter'''
|-
|-
| uczyłam || ooch-eh-wam || I taught
|1st (ja)
|Próbowałem
|Próbowałam
|
|-
|-
| uczyłaś || ooch-eh-wash || you (singular) taught
|2nd (ty)
|Próbowałeś
|Próbowałaś
|
|-
|-
| uczyła || ooch-eh-vah || she taught
|3rd (on, ona, ono)
|Próbował
|Próbowała
|Próbowało
|}
===Plural===
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Plural'''
!'''masculine (męskoosobowy)'''
!'''not masculine (niemęskoosobowy)'''
|-
|-
| uczyłyśmy || ooch-eh-wish-m || we taught
|1st (my)
|Próbowaliśmy
|Próbowałyście
|-
|-
| uczyłyście || ooch-eh-wish-tyeh || you (plural) taught
|2nd (wy)
|Próbowaliście
|Próbowałyście
|-
|-
| uczyły || ooch-eh-wee || they taught
|3rd (oni/one)
|Próbowali
|Próbowały
|}
|}


=== Neuter Verbs ===
== Irregularities ==
 
Verbs in ''-eć'' change the -e- to -a-:


=== Mieć (to have) ===
==== Singular ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
!
!Masculin
!Féminin
!Neutre
|-
|-
| uczyło || ooch-eh-wo || it taught
|'''Ja'''
|miałem
|miałam
|
|-
|'''Ty'''
|miałeś
|miałaś
|
|-
|'''On/ona/ono'''
|miał
|miała
|miało
|}
 
==== Plural ====
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Viriles
!Non-viriles
|-
|-
| uczyłyśmy || ooch-eh-wish-m || we taught
|'''My'''
|mialiśmy
|miałyśmy
|-
|-
| uczyłyście || ooch-eh-wish-tyeh || you (plural) taught
|'''Wy'''
|mialiście
|miałyście
|-
|-
| uczyły || ooch-eh-wee || they taught
|'''Oni/one'''
|miali
|miały
|}
|}


=== Examples ===
Verbs in ''-ąć'' change the -ą- to -ę- (except for masculine singulars).


Now let's see these verb forms in action with some examples:
Some verbs in ''nąć'' drop the -ną-.


* Ja uczyłem polskiego. (I taught Polish.)
=== Iść - to go ===
* Ty uczyłeś matematyki. (You taught math.)
* On uczył historii. (He taught history.)
* My uczyliśmy angielskiego. (We taught English.)
* Wy uczyliście francuskiego. (You taught French.)
* Oni uczyli niemieckiego. (They taught German.)
 
== Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense ==
 
While regular verbs follow a predictable pattern in the past tense, there are also many irregular verbs in Polish. These verbs have unique conjugations and do not follow the standard rules. It's important to memorize the conjugation of irregular verbs to use them correctly in sentences. Let's explore some common irregular verbs in the past tense:
 
=== Być (to be) ===
 
The verb "być" (to be) is highly irregular in Polish and has its own unique conjugation in the past tense. Here are the forms for each gender and number:


==== Singular ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
!''' '''
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
|-
|-
| byłem || bih-wem || I was
|'''Ja'''
|szedłem
|szłam
|
|-
|-
| byłeś || bih-wesh || you (singular) were
|'''Ty'''
|szedłeś
|szłaś
|
|-
|-
| był || bihw || he was
|'''On/ona/ono'''
|szedł
|szła
|szło
|}
 
==== Plural ====
{| class="wikitable"
!''' '''
!'''Viriles'''
!'''Non-viriles'''
|-
|-
| byliśmy || bih-weesh-m || we were
|'''My'''
|szliśmy
|szłyśmy
|-
|-
| byliście || bih-weesh-tyeh || you (plural) were
|'''Wy'''
|szliście
|szłyście
|-
|-
| byli || bih-wee || they were
|'''Oni/one'''
|szli
|szły
|}
|}


=== Mieć (to have) ===
=== Jeść - eat ===
 
The verb "mieć" (to have) is another irregular verb in Polish. Here are its forms in the past tense:


==== Singulier ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
!''' '''
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
|-
|-
| miałem || myah-wem || I had
|'''Ja'''
|jadłem
|jadłam
|
|-
|-
| miałeś || myah-wesh || you (singular) had
|'''Ty'''
|jadłeś
|jadłaś
|
|-
|-
| miał || myahw || he had
|'''On/ona/ono'''
|jadł
|jadła
|jadło
|}
 
==== Pluriel ====
{| class="wikitable"
!''' '''
!'''Viriles'''
!'''Non-viriles'''
|-
|-
| mieliśmy || myeh-leesh-m || we had
|'''My'''
|jedliśmy
|jadłyśmy
|-
|-
| mieliście || myeh-leesh-tyeh || you (plural) had
|'''Wy'''
|jedliście
|jadłyście
|-
|-
| mieli || myeh-lee || they had
|'''Oni/one'''
|jedli
|jadły
|}
|}


=== Przyjść (to come) ===
==More examples==
 
The verb "przyjść" (to come) is irregular in the past tense as well. Let's take a look at its conjugation:
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
!English
!Polish
|-
| colspan="2" |
=== To love ===
|-
|I loved
|Já kochałem
|-
|You loved
|Ty  kochałeś
|-
|He loved
|On  kochał
|-
|We loved
|My  kochaliśmy
|-
|You loved
|Wy  kochaliście
|-
|They loved
|Oni  kochali
|-
| colspan="2" |
=== To speak ===
|-
|I spoke
|Já mówiłem
|-
|You spoke
|Ty  mówiłeś
|-
|-
| przyszedłem || pshih-shed-wem || I came
|He spoke
|On  mówił
|-
|-
| przyszedłeś || pshih-shed-wesh || you (singular) came
|We spoke
|My  mówiliśmy
|-
|-
| przyszedł || pshih-shed-wew || he came
|You spoke
|Wy  mówiliście
|-
|-
| przyszliśmy || pshih-shem-yesh-m || we came
|They spoke
|Oni  mówili
|-
|-
| przyszliście || pshih-shem-yesh-tyeh || you (plural) came
| colspan="2" |
=== To sleep ===
|-
|-
| przyszli || pshih-shem-yee || they came
|I slept
|}
|Já spałem
 
=== Examples ===
 
Here are some example sentences using irregular verbs in the past tense:
 
* Byłem w Polsce. (I was in Poland.)
* Miałeś dużo pracy. (You had a lot of work.)
* Przyszedł do mnie wczoraj. (He came to me yesterday.)
 
== Perfective and Imperfective Aspects ==
 
In Polish, verbs can be classified into two aspects: perfective and imperfective. The aspect of a verb indicates whether the action is seen as completed or ongoing. The past tense forms for perfective and imperfective verbs differ slightly. Let's explore the differences between the two aspects in the past tense:
 
=== Perfective Verbs ===
 
Perfective verbs in the past tense have a distinct set of endings. Here are the forms for each gender and number:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| zrobiłem || zroh-bee-wem || I did
|You slept
|Ty  spałeś
|-
|-
| zrobiłeś || zroh-bee-wesh || you (singular) did
|He slept
|On  spał
|-
|-
| zrobił || zroh-beew || he did
|We slept
|My  spaliśmy
|-
|-
| zrobiliśmy || zroh-bee-weesh-m || we did
|You slept
|Wy  spaliście
|-
|-
| zrobiliście || zroh-bee-weesh-tyeh || you (plural) did
|They slept
|Oni  spali
|-
|-
| zrobili || zroh-bee-wee || they did
| colspan="2" |
|}
=== To eat ===
 
=== Imperfective Verbs ===
 
The past tense forms for imperfective verbs have different endings compared to perfective verbs. Let's take a look:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| robiłem || roh-bee-wem || I was doing
|I ate
|Já jadłem
|-
|-
| robiłeś || roh-bee-wesh || you (singular) were doing
|You ate
|Ty  jadłeś
|-
|-
| robił || roh-beew || he was doing
|He ate
|On  jadł
|-
|-
| robiliśmy || roh-bee-weesh-m || we were doing
|We ate
|My  jedliśmy
|-
|-
| robiliście || roh-bee-weesh-tyeh || you (plural) were doing
|You ate
|Wy  jedliście
|-
|-
| robili || roh-bee-wee || they were doing
|They ate
|Oni  jedli
|}
|}
=== Examples ===
Let's see how perfective and imperfective verbs are used in sentences:
* Zrobiłem zadanie. (I did the task.) - perfective
* Robiłem zadanie. (I was doing the task.) - imperfective
* Zrobiłeś prezent dla mnie. (You did a present for me.) - perfective
* Robiłeś prezent dla mnie. (You were doing a present for me.) - imperfective
== Conclusion ==
Congratulations! You have learned how to form and use the past tense in Polish. We covered regular and irregular verbs, as well as the distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects. By practicing the past tense, you will become more confident in expressing past events and experiences in Polish. Keep up the great work and continue exploring the rich world of Polish grammar and language!
{{#seo:
|title=Polish Grammar → Verbs and Tenses → Past Tense
|keywords=Polish grammar, Polish verbs, Polish past tense, regular verbs, irregular verbs, perfective aspect, imperfective aspect
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use the past tense in Polish, including regular and irregular verbs, and the difference between perfective and imperfective aspects.
}}
{{Polish-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
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[[Category:Polish-Course]]
[[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
[[Category:Polish-0-to-A1-Course]]
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==Videos==
==Videos==
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<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCtVWurtIrI</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCtVWurtIrI</youtube>


 
== Sources ==
 
* https://www.po-polsku.fr
 
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_grammar
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NonHfFiTKU
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCtVWurtIrI


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]


{{Polish-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}


 
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