Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns

If you have learned some languages, you will want to ask a question like this: what can I do to express something in this language.

Different languages have different answers.

Far from being completed.

pronoun

Note: every “word” is in nominative case.

How to indicate the speaker?

By the first-person singular pronoun.

Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use?

No.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Amharic	እኔ
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Arabic	أَنَا‎‎
Language isolate	Basque	ni
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Bengali	আমি
Indo-European, Germanic	English	I
Indo-European, Italic	French	je
Indo-European, Germanic	German	ich
Afro-Asiatic, Chadic	Hausa	ni
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Hebrew	אֲנִי
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Hindi	मैं; हम
Indo-European, Italic	Italian	io
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Javanese	aku
Afro-Asiatic, Berber	Kabyle	nekk
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Kannada	ನಾನು
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Malayalam	ഞാന്
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic	Mandarin Chinese	我
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Marathi	मी
Austro-Asiatic, Monic	Mon	အဲ
Indo-European, Italic	Portuguese	eu
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Punjabi	ਮੈਂ
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic	Russian	я
Indo-European, Italic	Spanish	yo
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo	Swahili	mimi
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Tamil	நான்
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Telugu	నేను
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Tigrinya	ኣነ
Turkic, Common Turkic	Turkish	ben
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Urdu	ہم; میں

Yes.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese	Burmese	ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ်	formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Indonesian	saya; aku	formal; informal
Japonic	Japanese	私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺	common; formal; informal; female; male
Austro-Asiatic	Khmer	ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់	common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo	Korean	나; 저	common; formal
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Malay	saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta	formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties
Kra–Dai, Tai	Thai	ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู	male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude
Barbacoan, Southern Barbacoan	Tsafiki	la; čiʰké; če	adult male; adult female; immature
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic	Vietnamese	tôi; tớ; ta; mình	common; informal; informal; intimate

How to indicate the listener?

By the second-person singular pronoun.

Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use?

No.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Indo-European, Germanic	English	you
(Constructed language)	Esperanto	vi
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Malayalam	നീ
Austro-Asiatic, Monic	Mon	ဗှ်ေ
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo	Swahili	wewe
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Kanauri	Tibetan	ཁྱེད་རང
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic	Vietnamese	bạn

Yes.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Amharic	አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ	to male; to female; formal
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Arabic	أَنْتَ‎‎ ; أَنْتِ‎‎ ; حَضْرَتَك‎‎ ; حَضْرَتِك‎‎	to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Bengali	তুই; তুমি; আপনি	informal; intimate; formal
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese	Burmese	နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင်	informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female
Indo-European, Italic	French	tu; vous	informal; formal
Indo-European, Germanic	German	du; Sie	informal; formal
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Hebrew	אַתָּה; אַתְּ‎‎	to male; to female
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Hindi	तू; तुम; आप	informal; polite; more polite
Indo-European, Italic	Italian	tu; lei	informal; formal
Japonic	Japanese	貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様	polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting
Austro-Asiatic	Khmer	លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក	to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo	Korean	당신; 너; 네; 자네	common; informal; informal; to low social strata
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Malay	kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau	common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic	Mandarin Chinese	你; 您	informal; formal
Indo-European, Italic	Portuguese	tu; você	familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic	Russian	ты; Вы; вы	familiar; polite; polite
Indo-European, Italic	Spanish	tú; usted; vos	familiar; polite; familiar
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Tamil	நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள்	familiar; polite; more polite
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Telugu	నీవు; మీరు	familiar; polite
Kra–Dai, Tai	Thai	คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา	colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Tigrinya	ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን	informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female
Turkic, Common Turkic	Turkish	sen; siz	familiar; polite
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Urdu	آپ‎‎; تم‎‎; تو‎‎	formal; less informal; informal
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo	Yoruba	ìwọ; ệyin	informal; formal

How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener?

By the third-person singular pronoun.

Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use?

No.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Hindi	वह; यह
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Persian	او
Turkic, Common Turkic	Turkish	o
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Urdu	وہ‎‎; يہ‎

Yes.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Amharic	እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው	male or non-human; female; polite
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Arabic	هُوَ; هِيَ‎‎	male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese	Burmese	သူ; သူမ	male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female
Indo-European, Germanic	English	he; she; it	male; female; non-human
Indo-European, Italic	French	il; elle; ce; ça	male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human
Indo-European, Germanic	German	er; sie; es	male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Hebrew	הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת	male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human
Indo-European, Italic	Italian	lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella	male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary
Japonic	Japanese	彼; 彼女	male; female
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Kannada	ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು	this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human
Austro-Asiatic	Khmer	គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា	polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo	Korean	그; 그이; 그녀	male or female; polite, male; female
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Malay	dia; ia; baginda; beliau	male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic	Mandarin Chinese	他; 她; 它	male; female; non-human
Indo-European, Italic	Portuguese	ele; ela	male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic	Russian	он; она́; оно́	male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
Indo-European, Italic	Spanish	él; ella; ello	male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Tigrinya	ንሱ; ንሳ	male or non-human; female
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic	Vietnamese	anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó	young male; older or respected male; young female or older than the speaker; young female; older or respected female; informal or pejorative; child or non-human

How to indicate non-human in languages without third-person non-human pronoun?

By demonstrative pronouns.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Japonic	Japanese	それ	thing near the listener
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo	Korean	그것	thing near the listener

How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener?

By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”).

Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use?

No.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Amharic	እኛ
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Arabic	نَحْنُ‎‎
Language isolate	Basque	gu
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Bengali	আমরা
Indo-European, Germanic	English	we
Indo-European, Germanic	German	wir
Afro-Asiatic, Chadic	Hausa	múu
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Hindi	हम
Indo-European, Italic	Italian	noi
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Kannada	ನಾವು
Austro-Asiatic	Khmer	យើង
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Malay	kami
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic	Mandarin Chinese	我們/我们
Austro-Asiatic, Monic	Mon	ပိုဲ
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic	Russian	мы
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo	Swahili	sisi
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Tamil	நாங்கள்
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian	Telugu	మేము
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Tigrinya	ንሕና
Turkic, Common Turkic	Turkish	biz
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian	Urdu	ہم‎‎
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic	Vietnamese	chúng ta

Yes.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
English Creole, Pacific	Bislama	mitufala; mitrifala; mifala	dual; trial; plural*
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese	Burmese	ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့	informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal
Indo-European, Italic	French	nous; on	formal; informal
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Hawaiian	māua; mākou	dual; plural*
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Hebrew	אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ	formal; informal
Japonic	Japanese	私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら	common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo	Korean	우리; 저희	common; humble
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Maori	māua; mātou	dual; plural*
Uralic, Sami	Northern Sami	moai; mii	dual; plural*
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic	Old Church Slavonic	вѣ; мꙑ	dual; plural*
Indo-European, Italic	Portuguese	nós; a gente	common; informal
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Rapa Nui	maua; matou	dual; plural*
Indo-European, Italic	Spanish	nosotros; nosotras	masculine; feminine
English Creole, Pacific	Tok Pisin	mitupela; mitripela; mipela	dual; trial; plural*

*“plural” in these languages means more than two or more than three.

How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener?

By the second-person plural pronoun.

Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use?

No.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note

Yes.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
	Arabic	أَنْتُمَا; أَنْتُم; أَنْتُنَّ‎; حَضْرَتْكُم	common gender, dual; masculine, plural; feminine, plural; formal
	Aramaic	ܐܢܬܘܢ/אנתון‎; אנתין‎/ܐܢܬܝܢ‎	masculine; feminine
	Bengali	তোরা; তোমরা; আপনারা; তোমরা	familiar; very familiar; polite; polite
	Burmese	နင်တို့; နင်တို့; ရှင်တို့	to younger people; polite, by male; polite, by female
	Danish	I; De	familiar; polite
	German	ihr; Sie	familiar; polite
	Hawaiian	ʻolua; ʻoukou	dual; plural
	Hebrew	אֲתֶּם‎; אֲתֶּן‎	masculine; feminine
Hindi	तुम; आप	mid-polite; polite
	Hungarian	ti; önök	familiar; polite
	Japanese	貴方達; 貴方方; お前達; 君達; 貴様等	generic; honorific; slightly rude; intimate or toward subordinates; highly insulting
	Korean	너희; 여러분; 너희; 당신들; 이놈들; 니네; 니들; 자네들	generic, discourteous if used for a superior; honorific; slightly rude; slightly rude; highly insulting; very familiar; very familiar; intimate toward subordinates
	Kyrgyz	силер; сиздер	familiar; polite

How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener?

By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”).

Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use?

No.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic	Arabic	نَحْنُ‎‎

How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener?

By the third-person plural pronoun.

Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use?

No.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note

Yes.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note

Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words?

No.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
Indo-European, Germanic	English	we
Uralic, Finnic	Finnish	me
Indo-European, Germanic	German	wir
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic	Mandarin Chinese	我們/我们

Yes.

family & 1st-level branch	language	word	note
English Creole, Pacific	Bislama	yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala	inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian	Hawaiian	kāua; kākou; māua; mākou	inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic	Vietnamese	chúng ta; chúng tôi	inclusive; exclusive