Difference between revisions of "Language/Italian/Grammar/Do-and-Say"

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(Verb to do and verb to say in Italian)
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[[File:Verb to do and verb to say in Italian.png|alt=Verb to do and verb to say in Italian|thumb|Verb to do and verb to say in Italian]]
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Ciao, Italian learners!
Ciao, Italian learners!


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As shown in table below, the original Latin stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as base form to which we will add the present tense endings:
As shown in table below, the original Latin stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as base form to which we will add the present tense endings:


 
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==INDICATIVO PRESENTE (SIMPLE PRESENT)==
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==='''Simple Present (Indicativo Presente)'''===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Fare'''
!'''<big>Verb: Fare</big>'''
!Pronunciation
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
!'''Dire'''
!'''<big>Verb: Dire</big>'''
!Pronunciation
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
|-
|-
|io '''fac'''cio*
|io '''fac'''cio*
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The second-conjugation stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as a base form in the imperfect tense as well:
The second-conjugation stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as a base form in the imperfect tense as well:


==INDICATIVO IMPERFETTO (IMPERFECT)==
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==='''Imperfect Tense (Imperfetto)'''===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Fare'''
!'''<big>Verb: Fare</big>'''
!Pronunciation
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
!'''Dire'''
!'''<big>Verb: Dire</big>'''
!Pronunciation
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
|-
|-
|io '''fac'''evo
|io '''fac'''evo
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As a consequence of the regressive assimilation process, the -t sound will result as doubled.
As a consequence of the regressive assimilation process, the -t sound will result as doubled.
==PASSATO PROSSIMO (SIMPLE PAST)==
 
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==='''Simple Past (Passato Prossimo)'''===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Fare'''
!'''<big>Verb: Fare</big>'''
!Pronunciation
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
!'''Dire'''
!'''<big>Verb: Dire</big>'''
!Pronunciation
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
|-
|-
|io ho '''fatt'''o
|io ho '''fatt'''o

Revision as of 23:15, 2 May 2020

Verb to do and verb to say in Italian
Verb to do and verb to say in Italian

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Ciao, Italian learners!

The Italian verbs fare (to do) and dire (to say) are closely related to each other due to their similar irregular conjugation pattern.

Their infinitive form endings may suggest they belong respectively to first (-are) and third (-ire) conjugation.

Actually these two verbs are classifiable as second conjugation (-ere) further to their respective Latin stems facĕre and dicĕre.

As shown in table below, the original Latin stems fac* and dic* act as base form to which we will add the present tense endings:

. .

Simple Present (Indicativo Presente)

Verb: Fare Pronunciation Verb: Dire Pronunciation
io faccio* ['io 'faʧ:o] io dico ['io 'diko]
tu fai [tu 'fai̯] tu dici [tu 'diʧi]
egli fa ['eʎʎi fa] egli dice ['eʎʎi 'diʧe]
noi facciamo* [ˈnoi̯ fa'tʧamo]  noi diciamo [ˈnoi̯ di'ʧamo] 
voi fate [ˈvoi̯ 'fate]  voi dite [ˈvoi̯ 'dite] 
essi fanno ['essi 'fanno] essi dicono ['essi 'dikono]

Remarks:

* The 1st singular and plural person of fare double the stem consonant -c when taking the personal ending. As a consequence, the Pronunciation of the sound will be stronger.

The second-conjugation stems fac* and dic* act as a base form in the imperfect tense as well:

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Imperfect Tense (Imperfetto)

Verb: Fare Pronunciation Verb: Dire Pronunciation
io facevo ['io faʧ'evo] io dicevo ['io diʧ'evo]
tu facevi [tu faʧ'evi] tu dicevi [tu diʧ'evi]
egli faceva ['eʎʎi faʧ'eva] egli diceva ['eʎʎi diʧ'eva]
noi facevamo [ˈnoi̯ faʧe'vamo] noi dicevamo [ˈnoi̯ diʧe'vamo]
voi facevate [ˈvoi̯ faʧe'vate] voi dicevate [ˈvoi̯ diʧe'vate]
essi facevano [ˈessi fa'ʧevano] essi dicevano [ˈessi di'ʧevano]

The stems fac* and dic* act as base item for past participle as well, thoug they undergo partial modication as an effect of regressive assimilation produced by sound -t.

fac* + -t (past participle particle) => fatt*

dic* + -t (past participle particle) => dett* (stem vowel change follows as well)

As a consequence of the regressive assimilation process, the -t sound will result as doubled.

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Simple Past (Passato Prossimo)

Verb: Fare Pronunciation Verb: Dire Pronunciation
io ho fatto ['io o 'fatto] io ho detto ['io o 'detto]
tu hai fatto [tu ai̯ 'fatto] tu hai detto [tu ai̯ 'detto]
egli ha fatto ['eʎʎi a 'fatto] egli ha detto ['eʎʎi a 'detto]
noi abbiamo fatto [ˈnoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'fatto] noi abbiamo detto [ˈnoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'detto]
voi avete fatto [ˈvoi̯ a'vete 'fatto] voi avete detto [ˈvoi̯ a'vete 'detto]
essi hanno fatto [ˈessi 'anno 'fatto] essi hanno detto [ˈessi 'anno 'detto]
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