Difference between revisions of "Language/Italian/Grammar/Do-and-Say"

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Ciao, Italian learners!
The Italian verbs ''fare'' (to do) and ''dire'' (to say) are closely related to each other due to their similar irregular conjugation pattern.  
The Italian verbs ''fare'' (to do) and ''dire'' (to say) are closely related to each other due to their similar irregular conjugation pattern.  


Their infinitive form endings may suggest they belong respectively to first (-are) and third (-ire) conjugation. Actually these two verbs are classifiable as '''second conjugation''' (-ere) further to their respective Latin stems fa''c'''ĕre''''' and ''dic'''ĕre.''''' As shown in table below, the original Latin stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as base form to which we will add the present tense endings:
Their infinitive form endings may suggest they belong respectively to first (-are) and third (-ire) conjugation.  


Actually these two verbs are classifiable as '''second conjugation''' (-ere) further to their respective Latin stems fa''c'''ĕre''''' and ''dic'''ĕre.'''''
As shown in table below, the original Latin stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as base form to which we will add the present tense endings:
.
==='''Simple Present (Indicativo Presente)'''===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |                                                                                                        '''P R E S E N T  T E N S E'''
!'''<big>Verb: Fare</big>'''
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
!'''<big>Verb: Dire</big>'''
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
|-
|-
!'''Fare'''
|io '''fac'''cio*
!Prononciation
|['io 'faʧ:o]
!'''Dire'''
|io '''dic'''o
!Prononciation
|['io 'diko]
|-
|-
|Io '''fac'''cio*
|tu fai
|['Io 'faʧ:o]
|[tu 'fai̯]
|Io '''dic'''o
|tu '''dic'''i
|['Io 'diko]
|[tu 'diʧi]
|-
|-
|Tu fai
|egli fa
|[Tu 'fai̯]
|['eʎʎi fa]
|Tu '''dic'''i
|egli '''dic'''e
|[Tu 'diʧi]
|['eʎʎi 'diʧe]
|-
|-
|Egli fa
|noi '''fac'''ciamo*
|['Eʎʎi fa]
|[ˈnoi̯ fa'tʧamo] 
|Egli '''dic'''e
|noi '''dic'''iamo
|['Eʎʎi 'diʧe]
|[ˈnoi̯ di'ʧamo] 
|-
|-
|Noi '''fac'''ciamo*
|voi fate
|[ˈNoi̯ fa'tʧamo] 
|[ˈvoi̯ 'fate] 
|Noi '''dic'''iamo
|voi dite
|[ˈNoi̯ di'ʧamo] 
|[ˈvoi̯ 'dite] 
|-
|-
|Voi fate
|essi fanno
|[ˈVoi̯ 'fate] 
|['essi 'fanno]
|Voi dite
|essi '''dic'''ono
|[ˈVoi̯ 'dite] 
|['essi 'dikono]
|-
|Essi fanno
|['Essi 'fanno]
|Essi '''dic'''ono
|['Essi 'dikono]
|}
|}
Remarks:
Remarks:


<nowiki>*</nowiki> The 1st singular and plural person of fare double the stem consonant -c when taking the personal ending. As a consequence, the prononciation of the sound will be stronger.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> The 1st singular and plural person of fare double the stem consonant -c when taking the personal ending. As a consequence, the Pronunciation of the sound will be stronger.


The second-decletion stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as a base form in the imperfect tense as well:
The second-conjugation stems ''fac*'' and ''dic*'' act as a base form in the imperfect tense as well:


==='''Imperfect Tense (Imperfetto)'''===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |                                                                                                '''I M P E R F E C T  T E N S E'''
!'''<big>Verb: Fare</big>'''
|-
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
!'''Fare'''
!'''<big>Verb: Dire</big>'''
!Prononciation
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
!'''Dire'''
!Prononciation
|-
|-
|Io '''fac'''evo
|io '''fac'''evo
|['Io faʧ'evo]
|['io faʧ'evo]
|Io '''dic'''evo
|io '''dic'''evo
|['Io diʧ'evo]
|['io diʧ'evo]
|-
|-
|Tu '''fac'''evi
|tu '''fac'''evi
|[Tu faʧ'evi]
|[tu faʧ'evi]
|Tu '''dic'''evi
|tu '''dic'''evi
|[Tu diʧ'evi]
|[tu diʧ'evi]
|-
|-
|Egli '''fac'''eva
|egli '''fac'''eva
|['Eʎʎi faʧ'eva]
|['eʎʎi faʧ'eva]
|Egli '''dic'''eva
|egli '''dic'''eva
|['Eʎʎi diʧ'eva]
|['eʎʎi diʧ'eva]
|-
|-
|Noi '''fac'''evamo
|noi '''fac'''evamo
|[ˈNoi̯ faʧe'vamo]
|[ˈnoi̯ faʧe'vamo]
|Noi '''dic'''evamo
|noi '''dic'''evamo
|[ˈNoi̯ diʧe'vamo]
|[ˈnoi̯ diʧe'vamo]
|-
|-
|Voi '''fac'''evate
|voi '''fac'''evate
|[ˈVoi̯ faʧe'vate]
|[ˈvoi̯ faʧe'vate]
|Voi '''dic'''evate
|voi '''dic'''evate
|[ˈVoi̯ diʧe'vate]
|[ˈvoi̯ diʧe'vate]
|-
|-
|Essi '''fac'''evano
|essi '''fac'''evano
|[ˈEssi fa'ʧevano]
|[ˈessi fa'ʧevano]
|Essi '''dic'''evano
|essi '''dic'''evano
|[ˈEssi di'ʧevano]
|[ˈessi di'ʧevano]
|}
|}
The stems ''fac''* and ''dic''* act as base item for past participle as well, thoug they undergo partial modication as an effect of regressive assimilation produced by sound -t.
The stems ''fac''* and ''dic''* act as base item for past participle as well, thoug they undergo partial modication as an effect of regressive assimilation produced by sound -t.
Line 93: Line 101:
As a consequence of the regressive assimilation process, the -t sound will result as doubled.
As a consequence of the regressive assimilation process, the -t sound will result as doubled.


==='''Simple Past (Passato Prossimo)'''===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |                                                                                                          '''P A S T  P E R F E C T'''
!'''<big>Verb: Fare</big>'''
|-
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
!'''Fare'''
!'''<big>Verb: Dire</big>'''
!Prononciation
!'''<big>Pronunciation</big>'''
!'''Dire'''
!Prononciation
|-
|-
|Io ho '''fatt'''o
|io ho '''fatt'''o
|['Io o 'fatto]
|['io o 'fatto]
|Io ho '''dett'''o
|io ho '''dett'''o
|['Io o 'detto]
|['io o 'detto]
|-
|-
|Tu hai '''fatt'''o
|tu hai '''fatt'''o
|[Tu ai̯ 'fatto]
|[tu ai̯ 'fatto]
|Tu hai '''dett'''o
|tu hai '''dett'''o
|[Tu ai̯ 'detto]
|[tu ai̯ 'detto]
|-
|-
|Egli ha '''fatt'''o
|egli ha '''fatt'''o
|['Eʎʎi a 'fatto]
|['eʎʎi a 'fatto]
|Egli ha '''dett'''o
|egli ha '''dett'''o
|['Eʎʎi a 'detto]
|['eʎʎi a 'detto]
|-
|-
|Noi abbiamo '''fatt'''o
|noi abbiamo '''fatt'''o
|[ˈNoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'fatto]
|[ˈnoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'fatto]
|Noi abbiamo '''dett'''o
|noi abbiamo '''dett'''o
|[ˈNoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'detto]
|[ˈnoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'detto]
|-
|-
|Voi avete '''fatt'''o
|voi avete '''fatt'''o
|[ˈVoi̯ a'vete 'fatto]
|[ˈvoi̯ a'vete 'fatto]
|Voi avete '''dett'''o
|voi avete '''dett'''o
|[ˈVoi̯ a'vete 'detto]
|[ˈvoi̯ a'vete 'detto]
|-
|-
|Essi hanno '''fatt'''o
|essi hanno '''fatt'''o
|[ˈEssi 'anno 'fatto]
|[ˈessi 'anno 'fatto]
|Essi hanno '''dett'''o
|essi hanno '''dett'''o
|[ˈEssi 'anno 'detto]
|[ˈessi 'anno 'detto]
|}
|}
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Definite-Articles|Definite Articles]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Definite-Articles-in-Italian|Definite Articles in Italian]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Past-Participle-in-Italian|Past Participle in Italian]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Past-Tense|Past Tense]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Plural|Plural]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Conditional-Tense|Conditional Tense]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Future-Tense|Future Tense]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 23:13, 26 March 2023

Italian-polyglot-club.jpg

Ciao, Italian learners!

The Italian verbs fare (to do) and dire (to say) are closely related to each other due to their similar irregular conjugation pattern.

Their infinitive form endings may suggest they belong respectively to first (-are) and third (-ire) conjugation.

Actually these two verbs are classifiable as second conjugation (-ere) further to their respective Latin stems facĕre and dicĕre.

As shown in table below, the original Latin stems fac* and dic* act as base form to which we will add the present tense endings:

.

Simple Present (Indicativo Presente)[edit | edit source]

Verb: Fare Pronunciation Verb: Dire Pronunciation
io faccio* ['io 'faʧ:o] io dico ['io 'diko]
tu fai [tu 'fai̯] tu dici [tu 'diʧi]
egli fa ['eʎʎi fa] egli dice ['eʎʎi 'diʧe]
noi facciamo* [ˈnoi̯ fa'tʧamo]  noi diciamo [ˈnoi̯ di'ʧamo] 
voi fate [ˈvoi̯ 'fate]  voi dite [ˈvoi̯ 'dite] 
essi fanno ['essi 'fanno] essi dicono ['essi 'dikono]

Remarks:

* The 1st singular and plural person of fare double the stem consonant -c when taking the personal ending. As a consequence, the Pronunciation of the sound will be stronger.

The second-conjugation stems fac* and dic* act as a base form in the imperfect tense as well:


Imperfect Tense (Imperfetto)[edit | edit source]

Verb: Fare Pronunciation Verb: Dire Pronunciation
io facevo ['io faʧ'evo] io dicevo ['io diʧ'evo]
tu facevi [tu faʧ'evi] tu dicevi [tu diʧ'evi]
egli faceva ['eʎʎi faʧ'eva] egli diceva ['eʎʎi diʧ'eva]
noi facevamo [ˈnoi̯ faʧe'vamo] noi dicevamo [ˈnoi̯ diʧe'vamo]
voi facevate [ˈvoi̯ faʧe'vate] voi dicevate [ˈvoi̯ diʧe'vate]
essi facevano [ˈessi fa'ʧevano] essi dicevano [ˈessi di'ʧevano]

The stems fac* and dic* act as base item for past participle as well, thoug they undergo partial modication as an effect of regressive assimilation produced by sound -t.

fac* + -t (past participle particle) => fatt*

dic* + -t (past participle particle) => dett* (stem vowel change follows as well)

As a consequence of the regressive assimilation process, the -t sound will result as doubled.

Simple Past (Passato Prossimo)[edit | edit source]

Verb: Fare Pronunciation Verb: Dire Pronunciation
io ho fatto ['io o 'fatto] io ho detto ['io o 'detto]
tu hai fatto [tu ai̯ 'fatto] tu hai detto [tu ai̯ 'detto]
egli ha fatto ['eʎʎi a 'fatto] egli ha detto ['eʎʎi a 'detto]
noi abbiamo fatto [ˈnoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'fatto] noi abbiamo detto [ˈnoi̯ ab'bi̯amo 'detto]
voi avete fatto [ˈvoi̯ a'vete 'fatto] voi avete detto [ˈvoi̯ a'vete 'detto]
essi hanno fatto [ˈessi 'anno 'fatto] essi hanno detto [ˈessi 'anno 'detto]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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